Second Nine Weeks Exam Review Guide PDF

Review guide for the Second Nine Weeks exam 1. What important things happened in these years: 1607, 1620, 1776, 1787, 1803, and 1861-1865 1607- founding of Jamestown 1620- Mayflower Compact 1776- Declaration of Independence was signed 1787- The Constitution was made 1803- Louisian...

Review guide for the Second Nine Weeks exam 1. What important things happened in these years: 1607, 1620, 1776, 1787, 1803, and 1861-1865 1607- founding of Jamestown 1620- Mayflower Compact 1776- Declaration of Independence was signed 1787- The Constitution was made 1803- Louisiana Purchase was made 1861-1865- the Civil War 2. Name three major reasons for European colonization of the New World. a. Religious freedom b. Economic opportunities (gold, land, etc) c. Political freedom 3. What countries were involved in the exploration of the New World? England, France, Spain, and the Netherlands 4. Where was the first PERMANENT English settlement in the New World? Jamestown, Virginia 5. What were 4 of the problems faced at the first permanent English Settlement? Mosquitoes, starvation, cold winter, Indians 6. What was the main cash crop of the Southern colonies? Tobacco, and became cotton once the colonies became states 7. Who saved Jamestown from destruction? John Smith 8. What was the name of the government in Virginia? Why was it important? Virginia House of Burgesses- First form of Representative Government in the colonies 9. What is the Magna Carta? Written in 1215, it limited the power of the king and guaranteed Englishmen certain rights. Those rights include, right to trial by jury, and the king could not tax without consent of the council 10. What is the English Bill of Rights? It stated the King had to get the agreement of Parliament before it could tax the citizens. It influenced the writing of the Bill of Rights and the Constitution. 11. Why did the Pilgrims come to America? They were looking for Religious freedom 12. What was the Mayflower Compact? Written by the Pilgrim males. It established a government based on majority rule. It was the beginning of self-government. 13. How did the Puritans feel about different religions? Did not like them, or trust them 14. What did Puritans do to people who spoke against their religion? Banished them from the colony 15. Who were some of the people that spoke out against the Puritan religion and what did they do? Roger Williams- Started colony of Rhode Island Anne Hutchison- was banished because she said she could pray and talk to God 16. Which colony did William Penn found? Pennsylvania 17. How did the Quakers feel about people? They believed all people were equal and should be treated that way. They were also the first abolitionists. 18. Maryland was a safe haven for what group? Roman Catholics 19. Georgia was a refuge for what group? For debtors 20. Why were the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut important? First written Constitution in the New World, expanded idea of representative government 21. The 13 colonies can be divided up into 3 regions. The New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. Describe how each of these colonies made their money. New England- fishing, timber, and shipbuilding Middle- farming, known as the “Breadbasket” colonies Southern colony- Growing tobacco and later plantations for growing cotton. 22. What was the purpose of the British mercantilist policies? To make a profit from the colonies, to control colonial taxation, requiring the colonies to only trade with Britain. 23. What were some reasons the British made the Proclamation of 1763? They did not want the colonist settling west of the Appalachian Mountains since they did not pay for the French and Indian War. They also could not properly defend against the Indians 24. Why did Britain decide to tax the colonies? Britain taxed the colonies to pay for the debt accumulated during the French and Indian War. The colonies rebelled against the unfair taxation. 25. Major pre-Revolutionary War events Navigation Acts- 1651 Laws passed by Parliament to ensure it made money from the colonies. After the French and Indian War Britain passed this law forbidding Proclamation of 1763 the colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. They moved west anyway. Law requiring colonies to pay taxes on sugar and molasses. Sugar Act- 1764 Later Repealed The law passed by Parliament requiring the colonies to house and Quartering Act- 1765 supply British soldiers. Parliament passes this law without the consent of the people. “No Stamp Act- 1765 taxation without Representation”. This law said colonist had to pay taxes on all legal documents. Later repealed Townshend Acts- 1767 Laws passed to suspend New York’s assembly. Required tax on all British good brought into the colonies Later Repealed Boston Massacre- 1770 Colonists in Boston provoke British soldiers into firing on them. It left five colonists dead, most notably Crispus Attucks. Tea Act- 1773 This gave the American tea trade over to the British East India Company. They would now have to pay taxes on the tea. Boston Tea Party- 1773 Reaction to the Tea Act. Sons of Liberty dressed as Indian dumped tea into Boston Harbor Intolerable Acts- 1774 Britain punishes Boston for the Boston Tea Party. The included closing Boston Harbor and quartering of soldiers. 26. Who was the king of England who taxed the colonies? King George III 27. Why were the colonists most upset about the taxes? Because they did not get to vote on it,, or had any representation in Parliament. “No taxation without Representation” 28. How did the colonists show their dislike for the Tea Act? During the Boston Tea Party colonist called the Sons of Liberty dressed as Indians and dumped tea into Boston Harbor 29. Sam Adams- Adams played a role in many of the events, which contributed, to the Revolution including organized opposition to the Stamp Act, protests waged by the Sons of Liberty, and the Boston Massacre. He participated in the Continental Congress and supported the Constitution subject to the addition of the Bill of Rights. He organized the committees of correspondence. 30. George Washington- He gained war experience through his work in the French and Indian War. He became the leader of the Continental army during the Revolutionary War leading the victory over Britain. 31. King George III- He was the king of England that enforced the taxation on the colonies. He also was King of England during the Revolutionary War. 32. Benjamin Franklin- Franklin was a member of the committee, which wrote the Declaration of Independence but spent most of the period of the American Revolution in France. He was influential in getting France to join the American side during the Revolutionary War. 33. Marquis de Lafayette- He was a French aristocrat that played a leading role during the American Revolution. Between 1776 and 1779 he fought in the American Revolution, commanding forces as a major general in the colonial army. 34. John Paul Jones- He was a famous Naval hero for America. In the battle between the Serapis and the Bonhomme Richard, he had the quote, “I have not yet begun to fight”. 35. Patrick Henry- He was a leader in the Virginia legislatures. He wanted war with Britain, and had the quote, “Give me liberty or give me death”. 36. Baron von Steubon- A German officer who taught the American army how to march and how to fight using bayonets. 37.Who said Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death? What did he mean? Patrick Henry, he was saying that he would rather be dead than serve under British law anymore 38.Who wrote Common Sense, and why? Thomas Paine, to tell the colonies they need to break away from Britain 39.Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? Thomas Jefferson 40.What are unalienable rights? God given rights that cannot be taken away by the government 41.What 3 unalienable rights are listed in the Declaration of Independence? Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness 42.Where was the first battle of the Revolutionary War? Battle of Lexington and Concord- It had the short heard ‘round the world 43.What battle was the turning point of the American Revolution? Battle of Saratoga- it convinced France to join the American side against Britain 44.Where did the last battle of the American Revolution take place? Battle of Yorktown- Cornwallis surrenders to the combined American and French army, ending the Revolutionary War. The French Navy at the Chesapeake Bay trapped Cornwallis and the British. 45.What officially ended the American Revolution? Treaty of Paris 1783 46.What land did America receive as a result of the American Revolution? All lands west to the Mississippi River, south to northern border of Florida, north to Canada/great lakes 47.What is the name of our first government? Why didn’t we keep it? Articles of Confederation, gave too much power to the states and not enough to the national government. It did not allow the government to levy taxes, and had no president. 48.What were the first two political parties and why were they formed? Anti-Federalists (later called the Democratic-Republicans), and Federalists, they formed over differences in how much power the national government should have. 49.Who were the leaders of each of the first two political parties? Alexander Hamilton and John Jay- Federalists, George Mason, Patrick Henry, and Thomas Jefferson- Anti-Federalists, 50.Who was in favor of ratifying the constitution? Why did they like it? Federalist- because we needed a strong federal government 51.Who was against it? Why did they not like it?  Antifederalists- scared it would give too much power to the central government, and no protection of the people against the government, so they wanted a Bill or Rights added 52. Know the major issues of the Philadelphia Convention of 1787: i. New Jersey Plan- (small states) wanted the states to have equal representation. ii. Virginia Plan- (LARGE STATES) wanted representation to be based on population size iii. Great Compromise- Provided for two houses of Congress. One house would have equal representation (Senate). The other house would have representation based on population size. (House of Representative). iv. Three-Fifths Compromise- This allowed states to count three out of every five slaves for representation. 53. What is the purpose of the Constitution? To establish the supreme of the land, to list the part of the government controlled by the federal government and state governments 54. Analyze how the Constitution reflects the principles of:  Limited government- Government in which all authority must obey the laws.  Checks and balances- system of government that allows the branches to limit the powers of the other branches.  Federalism- the sharing of power between the state government and the national government.  Separation of powers- the separation of governmental powers into the legislative, judicial, and executive powers.  Popular sovereignty- idea that the power rest in the people. Example: When settling a territory, under popular sovereignty the people that move to the territory have the right to decide if it should be pro-slavery, or anti-slavery.  Individual rights- These are the rights that the government protects for every American citizen. The Bill of Rights guaranteed these rights.  Republicanism- The belief that government should be based on the consent of the people; people exercise their power by voting for political representatives. 55. Branches of Government:  Legislative Branch- The U.S. Congress is made up of two parts, the House of Representatives and the Senate. Its primary duty is to write, debate, and pass bills, which are then passed on to the President for approval to become laws. Judicial Branch- The judicial branch of government is made up of the court system. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land. It was established by the Constitution. Other federal courts were established by Congress. Courts decide arguments about: The meaning of laws How laws are applied Whether laws break the rules of the Constitution There are nine Supreme Court Justices, one of the nine being the Chief Justice. The Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President, and approved by the Senate. They can serve for life Executive Branch- The President of the United States is the leader of the executive branch. The President’s duties are to: Enforce federal laws and recommend new ones Serve as commander in chief of the military 56. Who is called the Father of the Constitution? Why is he called that? James Madison- because he contributed so much to the writing of the Constitution and took many pages of notes, called the most informed man. 57. What are the three main parts of the Constitution, and what is the purpose of each? The Preamble explains the purpose of the Constitution, the Articles outline the structure and powers of government, and the Amendments detail the rights of citizens and changes to the Constitution.) 58. What are the qualifications to serve as a member of the House of Representatives according to Article 1, Section 2? Must be at least 25 years old, a U.S. citizen for 7 years, and a resident of the state they represent. 59. How does Article 1, Section 3 define the qualifications for serving as a US Senator? Must be at least 30 years old, a U.S. citizen for 9 years, and a resident of the state they represent. 60. What powers does Article 1, Section 8 grant to Congress regarding the military?Congress has the power to declare war, raise and support an army, and provide and maintain a navy. 61. What are the qualifications to serve as President according to Article 2, Section 1? Must be a natural-born citizen, at least 35 years old, and a resident of the United States for 14 years. 62. Explain the process for amending the Constitution as outlined in Article 5. Amendments can be proposed by two-thirds of both houses of Congress or by two-thirds of state legislatures calling for a convention. Ratification requires approval by three-fourths of the state legislatures or conventions. 63. What is the purpose of the Supremacy Clause in Article 6? It establishes the Constitution and federal laws as the supreme law of the land, taking precedence over state laws. 64. What guarantee does Article 4, Section 4 provide to the states? The United States guarantees a republican form of government and protection against invasion and internal rebellion. 65. What powers does the President have regarding treaties and appointments according to Article 2, Section 2? The President can make treaties with the consent of two-thirds of the Senate and appoint Supreme Court justices, ambassadors, and other officials with Senate approval. 66. What is required for the ratification of the Constitution as outlined in Article 7? Ratification required the agreement of nine out of the original thirteen states. 67. What are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution called? What is their purpose? BILL OF RIGHTS- Rights that protect us from the government Amendment 1- Freedom of speech, press, religion, petition, and assembly Amendment 2- Right to bear arms- it is the right to own a weapon Amendment 3- quartering of troops- no troops during war or peace will be quartered in homes. Amendment 4- Search and Seizure- your possessions cannot be search or seized unless by a proper warrant Amendment 5- Rights of the accused, “I plead the fifth”. Double jeopardy, you have rights if you are accused of crime Amendment 6- Right to a speedy public trial Amendment 7- Trial by Jury in Civil Cases Amendment 8- Limits of fines and punishments- cruel and unusual punishment Amendment 9- Rights of the people Amendment 10- Powers of states and people