ABPSYCH 1.pdf

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Prepared by: Camille Faye J. Elcano-de la Paz, RPm, MA(Cand)  INTRODUCTION TO ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Prepared by: Camille Faye J. Elcano-de la Paz, RPm, MA(Cand) 01. DEFINING MENTAL...

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Prepared by: Camille Faye J. Elcano-de la Paz, RPm, MA(Cand)  INTRODUCTION TO ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Prepared by: Camille Faye J. Elcano-de la Paz, RPm, MA(Cand) 01. DEFINING MENTAL DISORDER CRITERIA FOR NORMALITY NORMALITY IS AVERAGE What is accepted by the majority. NORMALITY IS SOCIAL CONFORMITY Anyone who conforms to social norms is normal. NORMALITY IS PERSONAL COMFORT If a person feels comfort or pleasure, then it is normal  CULTURAL RELATIVISM The view that there are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior as abnormal Behaviors can only be abnormal relative to cultural norms WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER? Psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected. 01. DISTRESS Personal Distress 02. DEVIANCE Violation of Social Norms 03. DANGEROUSNESS 4 D’S OF ABNORMAL 04. DYSFUNCTION BEHAVIOR PERSONAL DISTRESS People suffer or experience psychological pain. Although subjective distress is an element of abnormality in many cases, it is neither a sufficient condition nor even a necessary condition for us to consider something abnormal. DEVIANCE Unusual or deviant behaviors. A behavior is statisitically rare and undesirable compared to something that is undesirable but is statistically common DANGEROUSNESS Someone can cause potential harm to self or to others. DYSFUNCTION Interferes with one’s daily functioning. The behavior already impedes with our ability to enjoy our work and our relationships.  CULTURE PLAYS A ROLE IN DETERMINING WHAT IS AND IS NOT ABNORMAL Society is constantly shifting. Decisions on abnormal behavior depends on the values and expectation of society at large. What is considered abnormal or deviant in one decade may not be considered abnormal or deviant a decade or two later.  WHAT ARE THE ROLE OF PRACTITIONERS IN THE FIELD OF PSYCHOLOGY? 01. PSYCHIATRIST 03. PSYCHOMETRICIAN 02. PSYCHOLOGIST 04. GUIDANCE COUNSELOR 05. PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKERS THE DSM American Psychiatric Association‘s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Current version called DSM-5, was published in 2013. 947 pages long and contains a total of 541 diagnostic categories. First edition of DSM was published on 1952. ICD-10 World Health Organization (WHO) produces a document that classifies the diseases and related mental health problems. The 11th revision has just been published. Chapter 5 of this document covers mental and behavioral disorders. WHY DO WE NEED TO CLASSIFY HUNDREDS OF MENTAL DISORDERS?  ADVANTAGES OF CLASSIFICATION COMMON LANGUAGE STRUCTURE AND INFORMATION FACILITATES SHORTHAND IN A MORE RESEARCH TERMS FOR HELPFUL COMPLEX MANNER CONDITIONS  DISADVANTAGES OF CLASSIFICATION SHORTHAND CAN LEAD TO A STIGMA DUE TO STEREOTYPING LOSS OF LABELING INFORMATION  WHAT ARE THE COMMON CLINICAL TERMS WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND?  CLINICAL DESCRIPTION PRESENTING Unique combination of PROBLEM behaviors, thoughts and feelings that comprises a Specific concern or problem disorder. identified by patient or Specifies what makes the referring party. disorder different from Why the person came to the normal behavior. clinic?  INCIDENCE The number of new cases that have occured during a given period which represents the disorder. -New Case PREVALENCE How many in the population as a whole have had the disorder? -Existing Case  TYPES OF PREVALENCE POINT ONE-YEAR LIFETIME PREVALENCE PREVALENCE FIGURE PREVALENCE Refers to the Would count every estimated Estimate number of one who proportion of actual, people who have experiences the active cases of a had a particular certain disorder in disorder in a given disorder at any time time throughout the population at a given of their lives. entire one year point in time  COURSE Individual pattern of symptoms  COURSES CHRONIC EPISODIC TIME-LIMITED Tends to last a Happening in a Occuring within a long time or a certain time and short or certain lifetime then recurring period of time only.  ONSET Beginning of the disorder  INSIDIOUS Developing gradually over an extended period ACUTE Disorder is beginning suddenly DIAGNOSIS VS. PROGNOSIS  DIAGNOSIS An official clinical PROGNOSIS description and label Anticipated course or of the syndromes of outcome of a the client disorder  SIGNS VS. SYMPTOMS  SIGNS Manifestation of SYMPTOMS disease as perceived Manifestation of by the clinician disease as perceived by the patient himself  ETIOLOGY The study of origin; has to do with why a disorder begins. Biological, Psychological, Social dimensions.  HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES SUPERNATURAL BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL MODEL MODEL Result of divine Similar to physical Result of traumes intervention disease, breakdown (bereavement, (curses, demonic of bodily systems chronic stress) posession, sin) Religious rituals, Rest, relaxation, exorcism, confession Restoration of change of and atonement health environment SUPERNATURAL MODEL DEMONS AND WITCHES Supernatural causes of psychological disorders ⚬ Work of the devil ⚬ Witchcraft Treatment ⚬ Sorcery and Magic ⚬ Exorcism ⚬ Shaving a cross pattern in the hair ⚬ Securing sufferers to a wall near the front of a church TREPHINATION Used by cave dwellers in which a stone instrument known as a trephine was used to remove part of the skull, creating an opening. ⚬ Skulls with multiple holes have also been unearthed, revealing that patients sometimes had—and survived—more than one surgery DEMONS AND WITCHES In the middle ages, if exorcism failed, some authorities resorted to confinement, beatings, and other forms of torture as treatment ⚬ (hanging people over a pit full of poisonous snakes DEMONS AND WITCHES Mental depression and anxiety were recognized as illness, although symptoms such as despair and lethargy were often identified by the church as a sin of acedia, or sloth Nicholas Oresme - ⚬ Adviser to the King of France ⚬ Melancholy is the source of bizarre behavior not demons IN THE MODERN TIMES OF THE PHILIPPINES, WHAT CAN THIS BE EQUATED TO? Gayuma, Barang at Kulam Engkanto at Diwata Pinaglaruan ng duwende o nuno sa punso Undin, Siokoy MASS HYSTERIA Whole groups of people were simultaneously compelled to run out in the streets, dance, shout, rave, and jump around in patterns as if they were a particularly wild party ⚬ (Saint Vitus’s Dance and Tarantism) ⚬ Reaction to insect bite PARACELSUS Rejected the notions of possession and suggested that the movement of moon and stars had profound effects on people’s psychological functioning ⚬ Lunatic BIOLOGICAL MODEL HIPPOCRATES Father of Modern Medicine Hippocratic Corpus (Hippocratic Oath) ⚬ Suggested that psychological disorders should be treated like any other disease. Coined the term Hysteria to describe a a concept he learned about from the Egyptians. ⚬ Wandering Uterus ￭ Somatoform Disorders GALEN Adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and developed Humoral Theory of Disorders ⚬ Blood - heart ; sanguine - cheerful and optimistic ⚬ Black Bile - liver ; melancholic - depressed and sentimental ⚬ Yellow Bile - spleen ; choleric - apathetic and chill ⚬ Phlegm - brain ; phlegmatic - hot-tempered ￭ Treatment Bloodletting and Induced Vomiting to balance the humors CHINESE BELIEF Chinese focused on the movement of air or “wind” throughout the body ⚬ Unexplained mental disorders were caused by the blockages of wind or the presence of cold,k dark wind (yin) as opposed to warm, life- sustaining (yang). ￭ Treatment Acupuncture 19TH CENTURY Advanced Syphilis ⚬ STD caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain ￭ Behavioral and Cognitive Symptoms Paranoia - believing that everyone is plotting against you Delusions of Grandeur - “I am the God” ⚬ Treatment ￭ Penicillin 19TH CENTURY General Paresis ⚬ Psychotic patients deteriorated streadily, becoming paralyzed abd dying within 5years of onset ⚬ Caused by late-stage syphilis 19TH CENTURY John P. Grey ⚬ Believed that the causes of insanity were always physical. ￭ Mentally ill patients are to be treated as though they are physically ill. IN THE 1930'S, THE PHYSICAL INTERVENTIONS OF ELECTRIC SHOCKS AND BRAIN SURGERIES WERE OFTEN USED. MANFRED SAKEL Used large doses of insulin to convulse and temporarily comatose patients ⚬ Insulin Shock Therapy BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Discovered that mild and modest electric shock to the head produced brief convulsion and memory loss but otherwise did little harm EMIL KRAEPELIN Founding Father of Modern Psychiatry ⚬ Contributed to the diagnosis and classification of disorders ￭ Dementia Praecox PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL ARISTOTLE Emphasized the influence of social environment and early learning on later psychopathology ⚬ Precursor to modern psychosocial approaches 19TH CENTURY Moral Therapy ⚬ Basic tenets included treated institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction MORAL THERAPY Philippe Pinel and Jean- Baptiste Pussin - Moral Therapy in France William Tuke - Moral Therapy in England Benjamin Rush - Moral Therapy in US Dorothea Dix - Mental Hygiene Movement - decline of moral therapy ⚬ leads to construction of new institutions globally FRANZ ANTON MESMER Suggested to his patients that their problem was caused by an undetectable fluid found in all living organisms called animal magnetism JEAN MARTIN CHARCOT Demonstrated some techniques of mesmerism were effective with a number of psychological disorders, and he did much to legitimize the fledgling practice of hypnosis. JOSEF BREUER Freud partnered with Josef Breuer to experiment different hypnotic procedure and discovered “Unconscious” mind ⚬ Catharsis ￭ Release of emotional material JOSEF BREUER Freud partnered with Josef Breuer to experiment different hypnotic procedure and discovered “Unconscious” mind ⚬ Catharsis ￭ Release of emotional material SIGMUND FREUD Psychoanalytic Theory Structure of the mind Defense Mechanisms Psychosexual Development Stages Id, Ego, Super Ego CARL JUNG Introduced the concept of collective unconscious, which is wisdom accumulated by society and culture that is stored deep in individual memories and passed down from generation to generation ALFRED ADLER Early Recollection ⚬ A way to understand the client's view of self, others, the world, and how one deals with life challenges on her or his way to a desired sense of perfection and completion – through purposeful remembering. PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY Reveal the nature of unconscious through catharsis and insights ⚬ Free association ⚬ Dream analysis ⚬ Transference = Cl - Tr ⚬ Countertransference - Tr - Cl HUMANISTIC MODEL SELF-ACTUALIZATION All of us could reach our highest potential in all areas of functioning, if only we have the freedom to grow. ⚬ Variety of conditions can block our actualization. ￭ Blocks originate from the individual ABRAHAM MASLOW Postulated Hierarchy of Needs Hypothesized that we cannot progress up the hierarchy until we have satisfied the needs at lower levels. CARL ROGERS Originated Person-Centered Therapy ⚬ Unconditional Positive Regard ⚬ Empathy BEHAVIORAL MODEL CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Type of learning in which neutral stimulus is paired with response until it elicits that response ⚬ Unconditioned ⚬ Conditioned ⚬ Extinction ⚬ Stimulus Generalization LITTLE ALBERT OPERANT CONDITIONING B.F Skinner Reward and Punishment Schedule of Reinforcement  GENES AND ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION ERIC KENDEL Suggested that the very genetic structure of cells may change as a result of learning if genes that were inactive interact with the environment in such a way that it becomes active. Plasticity - brain is subjected to continual change in response to the environment, even at a level of genetic structure GENES AND ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION MODEL DIATHESIS- GENE- ENVIRONMENT STRESS CORRELATION MODEL MODEL DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL Individuals may inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activted under conditions of stress Diathesis - a condition that makes someone susceptible to developing a disorder. Diathesis - genetically-based Stress - environmental but they must inteact to produce a disorder. GENE-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION MODEL People might have genetically determined tendency to create the environment risk factors that trigger a genetic vulnerability It occurs when an individual selected an environment based in genetically influenced traits. ⚬ ex. introverts will choose a quieter environment NEUROSCIENCES CONTRIBUTION NEUROTRANSMITTERS Biochemicals that are released from the axon of one neuron and transmit impulse to another. NEUROTRANSMITTERS Agonists - substances that effectively increase the activity of neurotransmitters by mimicking its effects Antagonists - substances that decrease, or block, a neurotransmitter Inverse Agonist - produce effects opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitter 01. SEROTONIN 02. NOREPINEPHRINE 03. GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA) MAJOR 04. GLUTAMATE NEUROTRANSMITTERS RELEVANT TO 05. DOPAMINE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY  END OF CHAPTER 1