ABE 31: Introduction to Water Management and Irrigation PDF

Central Mindanao University Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon ABE 31: Introduction to Water Management and Irrigation Chapter 1: Introduction Topics Concept of Water Management & Irrigation Water Management in the Philippines Overview of Philipp...

Central Mindanao University Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon ABE 31: Introduction to Water Management and Irrigation Chapter 1: Introduction Topics Concept of Water Management & Irrigation Water Management in the Philippines Overview of Philippine Irrigation Irrigation Terminologies Chapter 1: Introduction Intended Learning Outcome Explain the basic concepts of water management, irrigation the benefits and effects of irrigation and drainage Discuss water management in the Philippines and irrigation status Compare the different types of irrigation systems in the Philippines Discuss the basic terminologies in irrigation Concept of Water Management & Irrigation What is Water Management? ❑ is the control and movement of water resources to minimize damage to life and property and to maximize efficient beneficial use. (USDA) ❑ is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and optimum use of water resources under defined water policies and regulations. (Wikipedia) What is Water Management? ❑ is the integrated process of intake, conveyance, regulation, measurement, distribution, application and use of irrigation water and drainage of excess water with proper amount and at right time for the purpose of increasing crop production and water economy in conjunction with improved agricultural practices. What is Water Management in Agriculture? ❑ Agricultural water management includes the management of water used in crop production (both rainfed and irrigated), livestock production and inland fisheries. ❑ Agricultural water management seeks to use water in a way that provides crop and animals the amount of water they need, enhances productivity and conserves natural resources for the benefit of downstream users and ecosystems services. Irrigation Water Management ❑ is the act of timing and regulating water applications in a way that will satisfy the water requirement of the crop without the waste of water, soil, plant nutrients or energy. Irrigation Water Management OBJECTIVES : 1. Maximize water utilization a. Supply the right amount of water to meet crop needs b. More effective utilization of rainfall c. Control or reduction of conveyance, distribution and farm losses d. Adoption of suitable scheme of distribution and application of irrigation water e. Reduction of drainage problems 2. Promote increased production a. Proper land use b. Proper cultural practices c. better farm management technique Characteristics and Water Needs of Some Crops (PCCARD, 1983) Crop Growing Average Consumptive Seasonal Period Depth of use (mm/day) water (day) Rootzone Requirement (cm) (cm) Corn 90-120 80-100 4-7 60 Rice 100-130 15-35 4-6 100 Sugarcane 270-365 100-120 4-8 150-250 Tobacco 90-120 90 5-8 40-60 Cotton 150-180 120-125 5-8 70-130 Cassava 180-200 50-75 4-6 100-150 Sweet Potato 60-120 100-150 3-6 46 Irish Potato 100-150 40-60 - 40-50 Fruit Trees 240-365 100-500 7 90-120 Vegetables 30-60 40-50 4-6 30-50  Major Components of Water Management Irrigation -is the artificial application of water to the soil essential for plants growth. the agricultural process of applying controlled amounts of water to land to assist in the production of crops, as well as to grow landscape plants and lawns. refers to the artificial application of water to the soil to assist in the growing of agricultural and forest crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Drainage- is the removal of excess water from the field. Why we need to manage the water? ❖ Non-uniform distribution of water round the year Shortage of water resulting to drought Excess of Water resulting from floods ❖ Different water regime (level) of crops ❖ Uncertainty of rainfall ❖ Intensive cropping to meet the food requirement ❖ Cultivation of high yielding varieties require more water Water Management in the Philippines WATER SOURCES ❑ The Philippines obtains its water supply from different sources. These include: ❖ Rainfall 421 principal rivers 18 river basins ❖ Surface water resources, e.g rivers, lakes, and reservoirs ❖ Groundwater resources 59 natural lakes 100,000 ha + freshwater swamps (Source: NWRB, FAO 2011 ) WATER SOURCES ❑ The five principal river basins cover more than 5,000km2 are the ff. ✔ Cagayan river basin in North Luzon (25, 469 km2) ✔ Mindanao river basin in Mindanao Island(23,169 km2) ✔ Agusan river basin in Mindanao Island (10,921 km2) ✔ Pampanga river basin in Luzon Island (9,759 km2) ✔ Agno river basin in Luzon Island (5,952km2) WATER SOURCES WATER PRECIPITATION IN DEPTH WATER PRECIPITATION IN VOLUME 2,348 mm/year 704.4 billion m3/year Long term average annual precipitation in depth Long term average annual precipitation in volume (mm/yr, 2017) (billion m3/yr, 2017) This is the sum of renewable groundwater and renewable surface water sources (both internal and external) RENEWABLE WATER WATER RESOURCES PER WATER RESOURCES CAPITA DEPENDENCY 479 billion m3/year 4,565 m3/ person/year 0% Water from outside the country Total Renewable water sources, 2017 Renewable water per inhabitant, 2017 2017 Source: https://worldometers.info Water Management Sector ❑ Government Institutions governing Water resources in the Philippines (National Level) Institution (National Level) Mandate and Function DENR: FMB, EMB Primarily responsible for the management, conservation and development (Department of Environment and Natural Resources: of forest lands and watersheds and maintaining water quality. Forest Management Bureau, Environmental Management Bureau) DA: BSWM Authority on matters relative to the utilization and management of soil and (Department of Agriculture: Bureau of Soil and Water water as vital resources; Design, construction and maintenance of SWIPs Management) NPC Authority to take water from any public stream, river, creek, lake or waterfall (National Power Corporation) for power generation; complete jurisdiction and control over watersheds surrounding the reservoirs of plants and/ or projects. PNOC Jurisdiction, control management, protection, development and (Philippine National Oil Corporation) rehabilitation of watershed reserves. NIA Improve, construct and administer all national irrigation system of the (National Irrigation Administration) country. DOE Allocate reforestation, watershed management health and environment (Department of Energy) enhancement fund. Water Management Sector ❑ Government Institutions governing Water resources in the Philippines (National level) Institution (National Level) Mandate and Function DOH Set quality standards for water testing, treatment and surveillance and (Department of Health) sanitary practices. DPWH Set technical standards for engineering surveys design and construction of (Department of Public Works and Highways) level I water systems NEDA Policy making and infrastructure, coordination of activities of various (National Economic and Development Authority) sectors NCIP Formulate and implement policies for the protection of indigenous people, (National Commission on Indigenous People) e.g. ancestral domain in critical watersheds NWRB Coordinate and regulate water resources management and development (National Water Resources Board) and water uses. Joint Executive and Legislative Address the water crisis including supply, distribution, finance, privatization Water Crisis Commission of state-run water facilities, protection and conservation of water sheds and pilferage of water. (Source: SANREM CRSP-SEA, 2002) Water Management Sector Government Institutions governing Water resources in the Philippines (Local level) Institution (Local Level) Mandate and Function LGUs Implement community- based forestry projects and (Local Government Units) management communal forest with an area not exceeding 50 sq.km and enforce laws, etc. LWUA Own and operate water supply and distribution systems for (Local Water Utilities Administration) domestic, industrial, municipal and agricultural uses MAYNILAD; MWSS Policy making and infrastructure, coordination of activities of (Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System) various sectors (Source: SANREM CRSP-SEA, 2002)  Water Management Sector ❑ The interference of major institutions involved in water resources governance NWRB NEDA DPWH NIA DILG PNOC NPC DENR DOH National Water Policy Water Water Quality Administration Management Monitoring Local LGU LWUA MWSS Source: SANREM CRSP-SEA, 2002 Overview of Irrigation, purpose, advantages, benefits and effects of irrigation and agricultural drainage Overview of Philippine Irrigation Agricultural Land- 10.3M ha Considered irrigable- 3.1M ha (up to 3%slope) National Irrigation Administration- responsible for irrigation development and management Created under Republic Act RA 3601 on June 22, 1963 Categories of Irrigation Systems: ✔ National Irrigation System (NIS) ✔ Communal Irrigation System (CIS) ✔ Private Irrigation System PhP 9.4B- allocated budget in 2019 Overview of Philippine Irrigation ❑ Comparison between the national and communal irrigation systems For Comparison National Irrigation System Communal Irrigation System Area, (ha) > 1000 < 1000 Implementation/ Construction National Irrigation NIA with farmers participation Administration Operation and Maintenance NIA and Irrigators Irrigators Association Association Water Charges Farmers pay for irrigation Farmers pay amortization service Purpose of water charges Purpose of water charges Capital cost recovery Source: nia.gov.ph Overview of Philippine Irrigation ❑ Republic Act No. 10969 (2018) Also known as “Free Irrigation Services Act” Scope of irrigation service ✔ all farmers with landholdings of 8 hectares and below are hereby exempted from paying irrigation service fee (ISF), for water derived from national irrigation system (NIS) and communal irrigation system (CIS) that were, or to be funded, constructed, maintained and administered by NIA or other government agencies including those that have been turned over to irrigator associations (IAs). Overview: Bukidnon Pulangi River- is one of the major tributaries of the Rio Grande de Mindanao, an extensive river system - It is the longest river in Bukidnon and the 5th longest river in the Philippines. Munipali River- is a major tributary of the Pulangi River Muleta River- found in southern part of the province covering the municipalities of Pangantucan, Don Carlos, Kitaotao, Dangcagan, Kibawe, Kadingilan and Damulog. Bobonawan River - is another tributary of Pulangi River found in the municipality of Cabanglasan. Other tributaries are: Tigwa River in San Fernando, Bukidnon Maradugao River,Kalabugao River & Dampisalan River in Impasug-ong, Bukidnon Sawaga River in Malaybalay City Abuhan River & Balongkot River in Managok, Mlybly Maapag River & Laligan River in Valencia City Overview: Bukidnon ❑ Major crops produced: ✔ Corn (Zea mays) ✔ Rice (Oryza sativa) ✔ Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) ✔ Pineapple (Ananas comusus) ✔ Banana (Musa sapientum) ✔ High value commercial vegetables: ✔ carrots ✔ potato ✔ cabbage ✔ tomato Overview: Bukidnon Irrigation System Solar Powered Irrigation River Irrigation System Diversion Canal System (SPIS) Solar Powered Irrigation System Irrigation system powered by solar energy instead of fossil fuel or electricity consists of solar panels, pump, electronic controls or a controller device to operate the pump, the required hardware and in some cases other items like inverters, batteries, etc. Typical Layout of SPIS Purposes of Irrigation ✔ To add water to the soil to supply the moisture essential for plant growth ✔ To provide crop insurance against short duration droughts. ✔ To cool the soil and atmosphere, making more favorable environment for plant growth. ✔ To reduce the hazard of frost. ✔ To wash out or dilute salts in the soil. ✔ To reduce the hazard of soil piping. ✔ To soften tillage pans and clods. ✔ To delay bud formation by evaporative cooling. Advantages of Irrigation ✔ Increased crop yield ✔ Crop diversification ✔ Risk mitigation ✔ Improved timing ✔ Optimized nutrient application ✔ Soil Erosion control ✔ Economic growth Benefits of Irrigation ✔ Food security irrigation contributes significantly to food production, reducing the risk of food shortages ✔ Rural development Irrigation supports livelihood and rural economies by creating employment opportunities and improving living standards ✔ Sustainable Agriculture Controlled irrigation practices can conserve water resources and prevent over extraction from natural sources ✔ Environmental Protection Proper irrigation can minimize negative environmental impacts by reducing water wastage and soil degradation Effects of Irrigation and Agricultural Drainage 1. Water logging -poorly manage irrigation can lead to water logging where excessive water accumulates in the soil, suffocating plant roots. 2. Salinization -improper irrigation practices can cause accumulation of salts in the soil. 3. Aquifer Depletion -excessive groundwater extraction for irrigation can lead to aquifer depletion 4. Ecological Impact - alterations in water availability due to irrigation can affect local ecosystems 5. Energy Consumption -mechanized systems can consume significant energy for water delivery 6. Soil Erosion -improper irrigation can lead to soil erosion especially if water distribution is uneven or excessive Brief history of Irrigation development in the Philippines Pre-Colonial Era Indigenous peoples in the Philippines practiced rudimentary irrigation techniques, such as diverting water from rivers and streams to their fields. Rice terraces, like the famous Banaue Rice Terraces, are examples of sophisticated pre-colonial irrigation systems designed to accommodate the mountainous terrain. Spanish Colonial Era (16th to 19th centuries) During Spanish colonization, limited efforts were made to improve irrigation systems. Some communities were granted the right to construct and maintain their own irrigation facilities, leading to the establishment of communal systems. American Colonial Period (20th century) The American colonial government recognized the need for irrigation to enhance agricultural productivity. In 1929, the Irrigation Service was created under the Bureau of Public Works. Efforts were made to construct small irrigation systems in different parts of the country. Post-World War II Era (mid-20th century) After World War II, the Philippine government prioritized agricultural development. The National Irrigation Administration (NIA) was established in 1963 to centralize irrigation planning, construction, and management. Major irrigation projects, including dams and reservoirs, were initiated to boost agricultural output.  Marcos Era (1970s and 1980s) During the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos, large-scale irrigation projects were undertaken as part of his "Green Revolution" program. Notable projects during this era included the construction of major dams like the Pantabangan Dam and the Magat Dam. Post-Marcos Era (1990s to early 2000s) The focus shifted to sustainable and participatory irrigation management. The government promoted community-based irrigation systems and encouraged local involvement in maintenance and management. 2000 to Present Irrigation remains a critical aspect of Philippine agriculture. The government, through NIA and other agencies, continues to invest in modernizing and expanding irrigation systems to improve water efficiency and increase agricultural productivity. The focus has shifted toward incorporating climate resilience, water conservation, and sustainable water management practices. Types of Irrigation Systems in the Philippines National Irrigation System (NIS) The National Irrigation Administration (NIA) manages the National Irrigation System (NIS), which includes both major and minor irrigation systems. Major dams, reservoirs, and canals are constructed to store and distribute water to large agricultural areas during dry periods. Communal Irrigation System These systems involve constructing canals and distributing water among members of the community. They are often adapted to local conditions and needs. Small Water Impounding Projects (SWIP) SWIPs involve constructing small dams or impounding areas to collect rainwater for irrigation. These projects are especially relevant in rainfed areas where water availability during dry seasons is a concern. SWIP is a small scale dam structure constructed across a narrow depression or valley to hold back water and develop a reservoir that will store rainfall during the rainy season for immediate or future use. Pump Irrigation System for Open Source (PISOS) Consists of pump and prime mover (e.g. electric, diesel or gasoline), suction and discharge pipes to lift water from surface waters to deliver water to point of use. With dependable surface water sources such as rivers and lakes. Shallow Tube Wells Shallow tube wells are drilled to tap into groundwater resources. Water is then pumped and distributed to fields. This approach is often used in areas with limited surface water sources. STW are effective in level areas with dependable shallow groundwater. In general, they are effective irrigation technology that provides water sources in rainfed lowland and supplements irrigation needs on areas not effectively serviced by existing irrigation system. This can also be located in level upland farms with dependable sources of shallow groundwater. Status of Irrigation Development Bukidnon has estimated total irrigable area of 81,984.30 hectares. 25,942.29 ha.- serviced by the National Irrigation System (NIS) 10,169.46 ha.- serviced by the Communal Irrigation System 7,323.25 hectares- serviced by Private Irrigation System 3,722.31 hectares- serviced by other government agency assisted 47, 157.31 ha.- total irrigated area (Based on Inventory as of December 31, 2021 by the NIA)  Irrigation Terminologies Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES 601:2016)  Basic Terminologies in Irrigation Irrigation-The artificial application of water to soil or land to assist in the growth of crops and plants. Water Source: The origin of the water used for irrigation, such as rivers, lakes, groundwater wells, or reservoirs. Water Supply: The amount of water available for irrigation purposes. Water Requirement: The amount of water needed by crops to grow optimally, which varies based on crop type, stage of growth, climate, and soil characteristics. Water Use Efficiency: The ratio of the amount of water beneficially used by plants to the total amount of water applied.  Basic Terminologies in Irrigation Irrigation Efficiency: The effectiveness of an irrigation system in delivering water to the crop root zone. It is the ratio of water beneficially used by plants to the total water applied. Evapotranspiration (ET): The combined process of water evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration from plant leaves. Cropping Pattern: The arrangement of different crops on a field over a specific period, considering factors such as crop rotation and intercropping. Irrigation Scheduling: Determining when and how much water to apply based on factors like crop needs, soil moisture levels, and weather conditions. Furrow Irrigation: A type of surface irrigation where water is allowed to flow down small channels or furrows between crop rows.  Basic Terminologies in Irrigation Basin Irrigation: A type of surface irrigation where the field is divided into leveled basins, which are flooded with water. Drip Irrigation: An irrigation method where water is applied directly to the root zone of plants through a network of pipes, tubes, and emitters. Sprinkler Irrigation: A method where water is distributed over crops in the form of droplets sprayed through nozzles, resembling natural rainfall. Subsurface Irrigation: Delivering water directly to the root zone below the soil surface to minimize water loss due to evaporation and surface runoff. Irrigation Controller: A device or system that automates the operation of irrigation based on preset schedules or sensor inputs.  Basic Terminologies in Irrigation Runoff: The excess water that flows off the field surface due to irrigation or rainfall and is not absorbed by the soil. Waterlogging: The saturation of soil with water to the extent that air is displaced from the pores, leading to suffocation of plant roots. Salinity: The concentration of salts in the soil or water, which can adversely affect plant growth and soil structure. Irrigation Infrastructure: The physical components of an irrigation system, including pipes, pumps, valves, and distribution networks. Irrigation Management: The planning, implementation, and monitoring of irrigation practices to ensure efficient water use and optimal crop growth.