Abnormal Psychology PDF

CHAPTER 1 Psychopathology is the scientific study of psychological disorders. Within this field are specially trained professionals, including clinical Abnormal P...

CHAPTER 1 Psychopathology is the scientific study of psychological disorders. Within this field are specially trained professionals, including clinical Abnormal Psychology is the field of science that concerns the and counseling psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric social understanding of the nature, causes, and treatment of mental workers, and psychiatric nurses, as well as marriage and family disorders. therapists and mental health counselors. abnormal behavior & psychological disorder It is a psychological Many mental health professionals take dysfunction within an individual that is associated with distress or a scientific approach to their clinical work and therefore are impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or called scientist-practitioners culturally expected NATURE OF THE PROBLEM Defining abnormality presenting the problem (reason why you sougt help) (referral Suffering questions) Maladaptiveness clinical description and symptomatology (a thoughts, behavior or Statistical Deviancy feeling that characterizes the disorder) Violation of the standard of society classification and diagnosis of the problem Social discomfort Irrationality and unpredictability HOW COMMON IS THE DISORDER Dangerousness -prevalence (population), incidence(no. of new cases in the specific time), gender ratio, age of onset (first year of individual experience 5 D’s of abnormal behavior of that behavior) Deviance (unusual, bizarre) Distress (unpleasant, upsetting) (causing impairment to the usual PATTERN OF THE BEHAVIOR (how this disorder developed/ activity) manifestation of the disorder) dysfunction (interferes the individual to conduct a daily activities in -chronic (long period of time), episodic, time-limited, constructive way that might lead into danger) prognosis(anticipates the recovery of the disorder), acute Danger (destruction towards the individual or their environment) onset(signs and symptoms came sudden), insidious onset Duration (interval of the manifestation of behavior ideally 5 days to (developed gradually) indicate that behavior is abnormal) ETIOLOGY (what causes the psychological disorder) A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically -psychological significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion -biological regulation, or behavior. This disturbance reflects a dysfunction in the -socio cultural psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. TREATMENT: intervention/ it depends on etiology HISTORICAL ,CONCEPTIONS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Louis Pasteur- German theory was influential in curing syphilis (sexually transmitted disease) Supernatural John Grey- Emphasis on rest, diet, and proper room temperature All physical and mental disorders were and ventilation. Grey even invented the rotary fan to ventilate his considered the work of the devil. large hospital Emil Kraeplin- He attempted to classify mental disorders. Trephination- chipping away an area of the skull with crude stone instruments to make a hole letting the evil spirit in head to escape Psychological through it Psychoanalysis emphasizes the inner dynamics of unconscious motives. The moon and stars- Paracelsus, a Swiss physician who lived from 1493 to 1541, rejected notions of possession by the devil, Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) took the first major steps toward suggesting instead that the movements of the moon and stars had understanding psychological factors in mental disorders profound effects on people’s psychological functioning. KEY TERMS: Biological HYSTERIA, HYPNOSIS, CATHARSIS Psychological disorders might also be caused by brain pathology or head trauma RESEARCH and could be influenced by heredity Is defined as a careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or a problem using scientific methods. Hippocratic- Galenic approach is the humoral theory of disorders. CHAPTER 3 Clinical assessment is the systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder. Diagnosis is the process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder, as set forth in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Reliability is the degree to which a measurement is consistent. Validity is whether something measures what it is designed to People can also observe their own behavior to find patterns, a measure—in this case, whether a technique assesses what it is technique known as self-monitoring supposed to. Diagnosing Psychological Disorders Standardization is the process by which a certain set of standards or norms is determined for a technique to make its use consistent Idiographic strategy determine what is unique about an individual's across different measurements. personality, cultural background, or circumstances Mental status exam involves the systematic observation of an nomothetic strategy general class of problems to which the individual’s behavior. This type of observation occurs when any one presenting problem belongs. person interacts with another. classification refers simply to any effort to construct groups or 1. Appearance and behavior. The clinician notes any overt categories and to assign objects or people to these categories on the physical behaviors basis of their shared attributes or relations, a nomothetic strategy. 2. Thought processes. When clinicians listen to a patient talk, they’re getting a good idea of that person’s thought Taxonomy If the classification is in a scientific context. processes 3. Mood and affect. Determining mood and affect is an If you apply a taxonomic system to psychological or medical important part of the mental status exam. Mood is the phenomena or other clinical areas, you use the word nosology predominant feeling state of the individual. 4. Intellectual functioning. Clinicians make a rough estimate nomenclature describes the names or labels of the disorders that of others’ intellectual functioning just by talking to them. make up the nosology (for example, anxiety or mood disorders). 5. Sensorium. The term sensorium refers to our general awareness of our surroundings. The neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest Behavioral assessment takes this process one step further by early in development, often before the child enters school, and are using direct observation to formally assess an individual’s thoughts, characterized by developmental deficits or differences in brain feelings, and behavior in specific situations or contexts. Behavioral processes that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, assessment may be more appropriate than an interview in terms of or occupational functioning. assessing individuals who are not old enough or skilled enough to report their problems and experiences. aBcs of observation A- antecedents B- behavior C- consequences Signs and symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders vary, depending on the specific disorder: Schizophrenia: Withdrawing from friends and family, disorganized thoughts, delusions, and hallucinations ADHD: Inattention, distractibility, impulsivity, and hyperactivity Autism: Little or no eye contact, difficulty communicating, resisting touch, and self-harm Tourette Syndrome: Tics such as eye blinking, shoulder shrugging, and grunting or coughing