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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Understanding Psychopathology  PSYCHOPATHOLOGY study of mental disorders, symptoms, causes, and treatments. has a broad range of conditions affecting mood, behavior, cognition and perception. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Symptoms Etiology Diagnos...

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Understanding Psychopathology  PSYCHOPATHOLOGY study of mental disorders, symptoms, causes, and treatments. has a broad range of conditions affecting mood, behavior, cognition and perception. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Symptoms Etiology DiagnosisTreatm ent & Resear ch  PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR MENTAL DISORDER A Psychological Dysfunction within an individual that is associated w/ distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected to be. CRITERIA Psychological dysfunction Distress/Impairment Danger Atypical response  AN ACCEPTED DEFINITION A Psychological Dysfunction within an individual that is associated w/ distress or The most widely accepted definition used in the Statistical Diagnostic and Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM 5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) describes behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are  unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairmentin functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected to be. TRAINED PROFESSIONALS IN PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Clinical Psychologist Counseling Psychologist Psychiatrists Psychiatric Social Workers Clinical Psychologist Marriage and Family Therapist Mental Health Counselors STUDYING PSYCHOLOGICALDISORDERS CLINICAL DESCRIPTION CAUSATION (etiology) TREATMENT & OUTCOME CLINICAL DESCRIPTIONS Presenting Problem- traditional shorthand way of indicating why the person came to the clinic. Clinical Description- represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder. Prevalence- number of population who have the disorder Incidence of the disorder- statistics of how many new cases occur during a given period Sex ratio- percentage of males and females have the disorder—and the typical age of onset, which often differs from one disorder to another. CLINICAL DESCRIPTIONS Chronic Course- tend to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime. Episodic Course- the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time. Time-limited course- disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period with little or no risk of recurrence. Acute onset- disorders that begin suddenly Insidious onset- disorders that develop gradually over an extended period Prognosis- anticipated course of a disorder HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS OF  ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR MODELS SUPERNATURAL PSYCHOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL THE SUPERNATURAL TRADITIONS  DEMONS AND WITCHES During the Middle Ages, individuals with psychological disorders were sometimes thought to be possessed by evil spirits and exorcisms were attempted through rituals Individuals possessed by evil spirits were probably responsible for any misfortune experienced by people in the local community Treatments include: Exorcism, shaving the pattern of a cross in the hair of the victim’s head and securing sufferers to a wall near the front of a church so that they might benefit from hearing Mass. THE SUPERNATURAL TRADITIONS STRESS AND MELANCHOLY The emergence of the view that insanity was a natural phenomenon, caused by mental or emotional stress, and that it was curable. Common treatments were rest, sleep, and a healthy and happy environment. Other treatments included baths, ointments, and various potions. Medieval practice keep people who have psychological disturbances in their own community which was beneficial. NICHOLAS ORESME A Bishop and Philosopher Suggested that the disease MELANCHOLY was the source of some bizarre behavior TREATMENTS FOR POSSESSION  Exorcism Hanging people over a pit of snakes Dunking in ice cold water MASS HYSTERIA Large scale of outbreaks of bizarre behavior In popular language, this shared response is sometimes referred to as mob psychology/ emotion contagion PARACELSUS Swiss Physician THE MOON AND THE STARS This influential theory inspired the word lunatic, which is derived from the Latin word luna, mean ing “moon.” ACTIVITY 1 THE BIOLOGICAL TRADITION Hippocrates and Galen The Greek physician Hippocrates (460–377 b.c.) is considered to be the father of modern Western medicine. Hippocratic Corpus- psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease. They believed that psychological disorders might also be caused by brain pathology/ head trauma and could be influenced by heredity. Hippocrates considered brain as “the seat of wisdom” Hippocrates also recognized the importance of psychological and interpersonal contributions to psychopathology. The Roman physician Galen (approximately a.d. 129–198) later adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and his associates and developed them further HUMORAL THEORY Blood Black bile Came from the heart Came from the spleen “Sanguine- cheerful & optimistic” “Melancholic-depressive state” Yellow bile Phlegm Came from the liver Came from the brain “Choleric- hot tempered” “Phlegmatic- apathy and slugishness”  Two treatments were developed: Bleeding/ Bloodletting w/ leeches & to induce vomiting. Similar concept in the ancient China: Yin& Yang. Treatment: Acupuncture HYSTERIA Hippocrates also coined the word “hysteria” to describe a concept he learned from the Egyptians who had identified what we now call the “somatic symptom disorder” Physical symptoms appear to be the result of a medical problem for which no physical cause can be found. Because these disorders occurred primarily in women, the Egyptians and  Hippocrates mistakenly assumed that they were restricted to women. They presumed a cause: the empty uterus wandered to various parts of the body in search of conception. The Greek word for uterus is “ hysteron” and the prescribed cure is marriage/ fumigation of the vagina to lure back the uterus to its natural location. Knowledge of physiology eventually disproved the wandering uterus theory. THE 19TH CENTURY SYPHILIS A sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain. Other behavioral and cognitive symptoms for General Paresis Delusion of persecution- belief that everyone is plotting against you Delusion of grandeur- belief that you are God. Progressive Paralysis It was found out that people with General Paresis also has Syphilis. In the 1860s and 1870s, Louis Pasteur established the germ theory of disease, which posited that disease is caused by infection of the body by minute organisms. Physicians observed a surprising recovery in patients with general paresis  who had contracted malaria, so they deliberately injected other patients with blood from a soldier who was ill with malaria. Many recovered because the high fever “burned out” the syphilis bacteria. Obviously, this type of experiment would not be ethically possible today. Ultimately, clinical investigators discovered that penicillin cures syphilis, but with the malaria cure,"madness” and associated behavioral and cognitive symptoms forthe first time were traced directly to a curable infection biological tradition in the JOHN P. GREY United States and the most The champion of the influential American Psychiatrist rest, diet and proper room temperature. Causes of insanity were Under Grey’s leadership, always physical. the conditions in the hospitals greatly Treatment’s emphasis i on improved and became more rest, diet and proper room humane and livable temperature. institutions but number of patients were increasing. Treatment’s emphasis i on THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS Renewed interest in the biological origin of psychological disorders led, ultimately, to greatly increased understanding of biological contributions to psychopathology and to the development of new treatments.  In the 1930s, the physical interventions of electric shock and brain surgery were often used. Drugs and its effects were discovered as an accident. in 1927, a Viennese physician, Manfred Sakel Invented the insulin shock therapy Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini electroconvulsive therapy sending six small shocks directly through his brain, producing convulsions THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS During the 1950's the first effective drugs for severe psychotic disorders were developed. Opium- used as sedatives Rauwolfia serpentine/ reserpine & neuroleptics (major tranquilizers)- which helps manage delusions and hallucinations; also controlled agitation and aggressiveness. Benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers)- common brand names are Valium and Librium THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION Modern psychosocial treatment approaches to the causation of psychopathology, which focus not only on psychological factors but also on social and cultural ones. MORAL THERAPY Strong Psychosocial approach to mental disorders.  Its basic tenets included treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction Relationships were carefully nurtured. Individual attention clearly emphasized positive consequences for appropriate interactions and behavior, and restraint and seclusion were eliminated Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin- spearheaded the systematic process of moral therapy ASYLUM REFORM AND THE DECLINE OF MORAL THERAPY After te mid-19th century, humane treatment declined because of a convergence of factors. 1. After the Civil War, patient loads in the hospitals increased to 1,000-2,000. Immigrants were not given moral treatments. 2. The Mental Hygiene Movement of Dorothea Dix. Unforeseen consequence of Dix’s heroic efforts was a substantial increase in the number of mental patients. This influx led to a rapid transition from moral therapy to custodial care because hospitals were inadequately staffed. A final blow to the practice of moral therapy was the decision in the middle of 19th century, that mental illness was caused by brain  pathology and therefore, was incurable. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Franz Anton Mesmer- was considered to be the father of Hypnosis Charcot studied with Freud. Charcot demonstrated that mesmerism were effective with a few psychological disorders. Freud teamed up with Josef Breuer and experimented with hypnotic procedure. Catharsis- it is therapeutic to recall and relive emotional trauma that has been made unconscious. The release of the emotional material.  Three major facets in the Psychoanalytic Model- structure of the mind; defense mechanisms and stages of early psychosexual development. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY STRUCTURES OF MIND ID- the source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings. EGO-reality principle SUPEREGO- moral principle DEFENSE MECHANISMS PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY  PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT- Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital Oedipus and Elektra Complex- castration anxiety and penis envy LATER DEVELOPMENTS IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THOUGHT Anna Freud the first proponent of the modern field of ego psychology Heinz Kohut- focused on a theory of the formation of self-concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allow an individual to progress toward health, or conversely, to develop neurosis. This psychoanalytic approach became known as self-psychology. Object relations is the study of how children incorporate the images, the memories, and sometimes the values of a person who was important to them and to whom they were (or are) emotionally attached.  Carl Jung- Collective unconscious Alfred Adler- Focused on feelings of inferiority and the striving for superiority. HUMANISTIC THEORY Self-actualizing- The underlying assumption is that all of us could reach our highest potential, in all areas of functioning, if only we had the freedom to grow Abraham Maslow- Hierarchy of needs Carl Rogers- client-centered therapy later known as centered therapy; unconditional positive regard THE BEHAVIORAL MODEL  Ivan Pavlov Classical ConditioningProponent of Proponent of Operant Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Conditioning Type of learning B. F Skinner a type of in which a response what follows the behavior. neutral stimulus is John B. Watson Postive/ paired with a learning in Negative response until which behavior changes Reinforcement it elicits that as a function of ACTIVITY 2 Let’s test your knowledge in Psychopathology