AB ATMB 1 Presentation PDF

Civil Aviation Training school (CATS) AB- Initio to ATC Training Course AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (ATMB) 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 1  Module Objective...

Civil Aviation Training school (CATS) AB- Initio to ATC Training Course AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (ATMB) 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 1  Module Objective Condition: At the completion of this module, based on an administered Progress Test covering the material presented within this module; Performance: Participants shall demonstrate the ability to describe the basic principles of Air Traffic Management and to apply basic operational procedures. Standard: In accordance with ICAO Doc 4444, Annex 11 and CATS Material. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 2  1. Air Traffic Management a. Units of measurement b. Air Traffic Control Service c. Flight Information Service d. Alerting Service e. Search and Rescue Service f. Air Traffic Advisory Service g. ATS System Capacity and Flow Management h. Airspace Management Outline 2. Altimetry and Level Allocation a. Altimetry b. Transition Level c. Level Allocation 3. Radiotelephony a. RTF General operating procedures 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 3  Course Objectives 1. Gain knowledge about how different units of measurement are used in aviation. 2. Learn about the functions and responsibilities of Air Traffic Control (ATC) services. 3. Understand the roles and procedures involved in providing flight information and alerting services. 4. Be familiar with the search and rescue operations in Guyana. 5. Learn about the advisory services provided to support air traffic management. 6. Understand the principles of Air Traffic Services (ATS) system capacity and how air traffic flow is managed. 7. Gain insights into the strategies and practices for effective airspace management. 8. Learn about altimetry principles and the processes for allocating flight levels. 9. Understand the use of radiotelephony in aviation communication. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 4 Reference documents ✓ICAO Annex 5- Units of Measurement ✓DOC 4444- PANS Air Traffic Management ✓Annex 12 ✓IAMSAR Doc.9731 ✓ATM OPS manual ✓IAIP 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 5  Air Traffic Management (ATM) ‘Air traffic management (ATM) is an aviation term encompassing all systems that assist aircraft to depart from an aerodrome, transit airspace, and land at a destination aerodrome, including Air Traffic Services (ATS), Airspace Management (ASM), and Air Traffic Flow and Capacity Management (ATFCM).’ 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 6  Definitions I. Air-ground communication Two-way communication between aircraft and stations or locations on the surface of the earth. II. Air traffic service A generic term meaning variously, flight information service, alerting service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic control service (area control service, approach control service or aerodrome control service). III. Air traffic services unit A generic term meaning variously, air traffic control unit, flight information center or air traffic services reporting office. 4 8/27/2024 FIS/ALR- ATS Definitions IV. Flight Information Service. A service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights V. Flight Information Centre. A unit established to provide flight information service and alerting service. VI. Flight Information Region. An airspace of defined dimensions within which flight information service and alerting service are provided. 8/27/2024 5 FIS/ALR- ATS  Definitions VII. Air traffic control service A service provided for the purpose of: a) preventing collisions: 1) between aircraft, and 2) on the maneuvering area between aircraft and obstructions; and b) expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic. VIII. Alerting service A service provided to notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required 6 8/27/2024 FIS/ALR- ATS  ATM: Units of Measurement Definition Specific quantities (in terms of SI Unit units) Distance (long) nautical mile 1 NM = 1 852 m Distance (vertical) 1 ft = 0.304 8 foot E.g.altitude, elevation, height, m 1 kt = 0.514 Speed knot 444 m/s Eg, vertical speed 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 10  Unit of Measurement Runway length m Runway visual range m Visibilityc) km Air Pressure kPa Altimeter Setting hPa Atmospheric Pressure hPa Vertical Speed Ft/min Visibility of less than 5 km may be given in meters. Airspeed is sometimes reported in flight operations in terms of the ratio MACH number. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 11  Air Traffic Service (ATS) Definition A generic term meaning variously, flight information service, alerting service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic control service (area control service, approach control service or aerodrome control service). Source: ICAO Doc 4444 PANS-ATM 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 12  Air Traffic Services The objectives of the air traffic services shall be to: 1. Prevent collisions between aircraft 2. Prevent collisions between aircraft in the manoeuvring area and obstructions in that area 3. Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic 4. Provide advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights 5. Notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 13 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 14  Divisions of ATS Air Traffic Control Flight Information Alerting Service Service Service Prevent collisions Provide advice and Notify appropriate between all aircraft and information useful for organizations regarding expedite and maintain the safe and efficient aircraft in need of an orderly flow of air conduct of flights search and rescue aid, traffic and assist such organizations as required. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 15  Divisions of ATC Air Traffic Control Service comprises of three services: Area Control Approach Control Aerodrome Control the provision of air the provision of air the provision of air traffic control service traffic control service traffic control service for controlled flights for those parts of for aerodrome traffic controlled flights associated with arrival or departure 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 16  Air Traffic Control Service A service provided for the purpose of: -Preventing collisions: 1) between aircraft, and 2) on the manoeuvring area between aircraft and obstructions; and -Expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 17 Responsibility for the provision of ATC Contracting states of ICAO has the responsibility to provide ATS throughout their territory according to Annex 11. The appropriate authority can designate other entities to the provide ATS on behalf of the state. Air Traffic Control service in turn, is provided by the units responsible for specific service. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 18  Responsibility for the provision of ATC Air traffic control service shall be provided by the various units as follows: 1. Area control service: ▪ by an area control centre; or ▪ by the unit providing approach control service in a control zone or in a control area of limited extent which is designated primarily for the provision of approach control service and where no area control centre is established. 2. Approach control service: ▪ by an aerodrome control tower or area control centre when it is necessary or desirable to combine under the responsibility of one unit the functions of the approach control service with those of the aerodrome control service or the area control service; or ▪ by an approach control unit when it is necessary or desirable to establish a separate unit. 3. Aerodrome control service: ▪ by an aerodrome control tower. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 19 Methods of Providing ATC: Procedural Procedural control is a form of ATC that can be provided to aircraft in regions without radar, by providing horizontal separation based upon time, the geography of predetermined routes, or aircraft position reports based upon ground- based navigation aids, for those aircraft that are not vertically separated. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 20 Methods of Providing ATC: Surveillance The use of Satellite based and ground based or a combination of these equipment to determine the live position of an aircraft. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 21  Methods of Providing ATC: Aerodrome The primary method of controlling traffic in the air and on the ground in the immediate airport environment is visual observation from the airport control tower by the aerodrome controller. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 22 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 23 Flight Information Service 8/27/2024 FIS/ALR- ATS # Flight Information Service (FIS) ‘ A service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights.’ 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 25 Flight Information Service (FIS) Flight information service shall be provided to all aircraft which are likely to be affected by the information and which are: a) provided with air traffic control service; or b) otherwise known to the relevant air traffic services units Note.— Flight information service does not relieve the pilot-in-command of an aircraft of any responsibilities and the pilot-in-command has to make the final decision regarding any suggested alteration of flight plan. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 26 FIS shall include the provision of pertinent: Flight Information Service (FIS) Scope 1. SIGMET and AIRMET information; 2. information concerning pre-eruption volcanic activity, volcanic eruptions and volcanic ash clouds; 3. information concerning the release into the atmosphere of radioactive materials or toxic chemicals; 4. information on changes in the availability of radio navigation services; 5. information on changes in condition of aerodromes and associated facilities, including information on the state of the aerodrome movement areas when they are affected by snow, ice or significant depth of water; 6. information on unmanned free balloons; and of any other information likely to affect safety. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 27 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 28 Responsibility for Provision of FIS The responsibility for the provision of FIS to a flight normally passes from the appropriate ATS unit in an FIR to the appropriate ATS unit in the adjacent FIR at the time of crossing the common FIR boundary. However, when coordination is but communication facilities are inadequate, the former ATS unit shall, as far as practicable, continue to provide FIS to the flight until it has established two-way communication with the appropriate ATS unit in the FIR it is entering. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 29  Methods of transmitting Information Information shall be disseminated to aircraft by one or more of the following means as determined by the appropriate ATS authority: a) the preferred method of directed transmission on the initiative of the appropriate ATS unit to an aircraft, ensuring that receipt is acknowledged; or b) a general call, unacknowledged transmission to all aircraft concerned; or c) broadcast; or d) data link. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 30 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 31  Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) ATIS is a recording that some airports broadcast in order to reduce frequency ATIS: Content congestion.. ATIS broadcasts contain essential information, such as: SYCJ- 132.8Mhz -weather information, SYEC-132.6Mhz -active runways, VOLMET, or meteorological information for -available approaches, aircraft in flight, is the term applied to a worldwide network of radio stations that -NOTAM, and broadcast TAF, SIGMET and METAR reports -any other information required by on shortwave frequencies. Reports are sent the pilots. using automated voice transmissions. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 32 Activity 1.1 Review the ATIS recording on the following slide and provide a detailed list of its contents. 2 minutes 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 33 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 34  Alerting Service 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 35  Alerting Service (ALRS): Definition ‘A service provided to notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required’ 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 36  Alerting Service (ALRS): Scope Alerting service shall be provided: 1. for all aircraft provided with air traffic control service; 2. in so far as practicable, to all other aircraft having filed a flight plan or otherwise known to the air traffic services; and 3. to any aircraft known or believed to be the subject of unlawful interference. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 37  Responsibility for the provision of ALRS The unit responsible for alerting service shall: a) notify units providing alerting service in other affected FIRs or control areas of the emergency phase or phases, in addition to notifying the rescue coordination centre associated with it; b) request those units to assist in the search for any useful information pertaining to the aircraft presumed to be in an emergency, by all appropriate means; c) collect the information gathered during each phase of the emergency and, after verifying it as necessary, transmit it to the rescue coordination centre; d) announce the termination of the state of emergency as circumstances dictate. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 38 Phases of Emergency Uncertainty Alert Distress 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 39 Definition Uncertainty Phase. A situation wherein doubt exists as to the safety of an aircraft or a marine vessel, and of the persons on board. Alert Phase. A situation wherein apprehension exists as to the safety of an aircraft or marine vessel, and of the persons on board. Distress Phase. A situation wherein there is a reasonable certainty that a vessel or other craft, including an aircraft or a person, is threatened by grave and imminent danger and requires immediate assistance. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 40  Phases of Emergency: Uncertainty 1. No communication has been received from an aircraft within a period of thirty minutes after the time a communication should have been received, or from the time an unsuccessful attempt to establish communication with such aircraft was first made, whichever is the earlier, 2. or when an aircraft fails to arrive within thirty minutes of the estimated time of arrival last notified to or estimated by air traffic services units, whichever is the later, except when no doubt exists as to the safety of the aircraft and its occupants. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 41  Phases of Emergency: Alert 1. Following the uncertainty phase, subsequent attempts to establish communication with the aircraft or inquiries to other relevant sources have failed to reveal any news of the aircraft, or when 2. an aircraft has been cleared to land and fails to land within five minutes of the estimated time of landing and communication has not been re-established with the aircraft, or when 3. information has been received which indicates that the operating efficiency of the aircraft has been impaired, but not to the extent that a forced landing is likely, except when evidence exists that would allay apprehension as to the safety of the aircraft and its occupants, or when 4. an aircraft is known or believed to be the subject of unlawful interference. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 42 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 43 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 44  Phases of Emergency: Distress 1. Following the alert phase, further unsuccessful attempts to establish communication with the aircraft and more widespread unsuccessful inquiries point to the probability that the aircraft is in distress, or 2. the fuel on board is considered to be exhausted, or to be insufficient to enable the aircraft to reach safety, or when 3. information is received which indicates that the operating efficiency of the aircraft has been impaired to the extent that a forced landing is likely, or 4. information is received or it is reasonably certain that the aircraft is about to make or has made a forced landing except when there is reasonable certainty that the aircraft and its occupants are not threatened by grave and imminent danger and do not require immediate assistance 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 45 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 8/14/2024 46 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 47  Activity 1.2 Determine the phases as appropriate to the given situation. 1. BN2 inbound SYCJ reports landing gears malfunction 2. PC12 enroute reports engine failure and you lost contact with the aircraft 3. ROR7130 fails to report position at your airspace boundary 4. Failure to obtain information for 45mins regarding an BN2 with 2hrs fuel 5. Information received that YV2378 B350 has a bomb in the aft of the aircraft 6. Failure to obtain information for 2hrs 30mins regarding an BN2 with 2hrs fuel 7. Mayday call received from an aircraft 10 minutes 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL #  Organization of Alerting Service When alerting service is required in respect of a flight operated through more than one FIR or control area, and when the position of the aircraft is in doubt, responsibility for coordinating such service shall rest with the ATS unit of the FIR or control area: 1. within which the aircraft was flying at the time of last air-ground radio contact; 2. that the aircraft was about to enter when last air-ground contact was established at or close to the boundary of two FIRs or control areas; 3. within which the aircraft’s intermediate stop or final destination point is located: if the aircraft was not equipped with suitable two-way radio communication equipment; or was not under obligation to transmit position reports. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 49  Organization of Alerting Service ▪FIC/ACC shall serve as the central point for collecting all information relevant to a state of emergency of an aircraft operating within the flight information region or control area concerned and for forwarding such information to the appropriate rescue coordination centre. ▪In the event of a state of emergency arising to an aircraft while it is under the control of an aerodrome control tower or approach control unit, such unit shall notify immediately the FIC/ACC responsible which shall in turn notify the RCC, except that notification of the ACC, FIC or RCC shall not be required when the nature of the emergency is such that the notification would be superfluous. ▪Nevertheless, whenever the urgency of the situation so requires, the aerodrome control tower or approach control unit responsible shall first alert and take other necessary steps to set in motion all appropriate local rescue and emergency organizations which can give the immediate assistance required. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 50 Cooperation between Alerting and SAR Units Units provided Alerting service maintain a close liaison with those providing Search and Rescue services for the continued provision of information regarding aircraft/ vessel in need of these services. The Units providing Alerting service can also initiate SAR until the RCC is fully established. The terms of reference and understanding between local units/organizations are made available to all the units involved to ensure a smooth flow of activities whenever required. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 51 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 52 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 53 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 54 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 55 What is SAR? ▪Search And Rescue ▪Simple Terms ▪Search and rescue (SAR) is the search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger 16/11/2022 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL (CATS) 56 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 57  Search and Rescue: Definition ▪Rescue. An operation to retrieve persons in distress, provide for their initial medical or other needs, and deliver them to a place of safety. ▪Rescue Co-ordination Centre (RCC). A unit responsible for promoting efficient organization of search and rescue services and for co-ordinating the conduct of search and rescue operations within a search and rescue region. ▪Rescue Sub-Centre (RSC). A unit subordinate to a rescue coordination centre, established to complement the latter according to particular provisions of the responsible authorities. ▪Emergency phase. A generic term meaning, as the case may be, uncertainty phase, alert phase or distress phase. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 58 Search and Rescue: Definition ▪Search. An operation, normally co-ordinated by a rescue coordination centre or rescue sub-centre, using available personnel and facilities to locate persons in distress. ▪Ditching. The forced landing of an aircraft on water. ▪Alerting post. Any facility intended to serve as an intermediary between a person reporting an emergency and a rescue coordination centre or rescue subcentre. ▪Search and rescue aircraft. An aircraft provided with specialized equipment suitable for the efficient conduct of search and rescue missions. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 59  Search and Rescue: Definition SAR Service: ‘The performance of distress monitoring, communication, coordination and search and rescue functions, initial medical assistance or medical evacuation, through the use of public and private resources, including cooperating aircraft, vessels and other craft and installations.’ 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 60  SAR Regulation Contracting States shall, individually or in cooperation with other States, arrange for the establishment and prompt provision of SAR services within their territories to ensure that assistance is rendered to persons in distress. Such services shall be provided on a 24-hour basis. Those portions of the high seas or areas of undetermined sovereignty for which SAR will be established shall be determined on the basis of regional air navigation agreements. Contracting States having accepted the responsibility to provide SAR in such areas shall thereafter, individually or in cooperation with other States, arrange for the services to be established and provided in accordance with the provisions of Annex 12 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 61 Search and Rescue (SAR) Service Cont’d Communication facilities Organised Workforce skilled in Basic Elements of coordination and available Search and Rescue operational functions resources Service : A Legal responsible authority framework 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 62  SAR Regulation Search and rescue services shall establish processes to improve service provision, including the aspects of planning, domestic and international cooperative arrangements and training. Contracting States having accepted responsibility to provide search and rescue services shall use search and rescue units and other available facilities to assist any aircraft or its occupants that are or appear to be in a state of emergency. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 63 Search and Rescue (SAR) Service Cont’d Contracting States shall provide assistance to distressed aircraft and/or persons, regardless of the nationality or status of such persons or the circumstances in which such persons are found. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 64 Search and Rescue Region 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 65  Search and Rescue Regions Contacting states shall delineate areas within which SAR services will be provided SAR regions shall not overlap with adjacent SAR Regions, but be contiguous; and should coincide with the corresponding FIR or Maritime SAR Region 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 66 Guyana’s SAR Region Coincides with the Georgetown Flight Information Region and is delineated by lines joining Punta Playa to 085500.00N 0595700.00W, 085500.00N 0570000.00W to Benab, then along the border between Suriname/Brazil/ Venezuela back to Punta Playa. https://sarcontacts.info/countries/guyana/ https://sarcontacts.info/countries/guyana/ 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 67 Establishment of Rescue Coordination Centres (RCC) and Sub- centres (RCS) ▪Contracting States shall establish a rescue coordination centre in each search and rescue region ▪A Contracting State may establish a rescue coordination centre with an associated search and rescue region that, in accordance with regional air navigation agreement, extends over an area greater than its sovereign airspace. ▪Each rescue coordination centre and, as appropriate, rescue sub-centre, shall be staffed 24 hours a day by trained personnel proficient in the use of the language used for radiotelephony communication 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 68  Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC) Location of the RCC : Timehri Control Tower Complex Cheddi Jagan International Airport Timehri, East Bank Demerara Guyana 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 69  SAR: Agencies involved 1. Contracting States should designate suitable units of public or private services as alerting posts. 2. Contracting States shall designate as SAR units elements of public or private services suitably located and equipped for SAR operations. 3. Contracting States should enter into agreements with neighboring States to strengthen SAR cooperation and coordination 4. Contracting States shall arrange for all aircraft, vessels and local services and facilities which do not form part of the SAR organization to cooperate fully with the latter in SAR and to extend any possible assistance to the survivors of aircraft accidents 5. States should ensure the closest practicable coordination between the relevant aeronautical and maritime authorities to provide for the most effective and efficient search and rescue services 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 70 SAR Co-ordination 22/03/2022 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL SAR 71 SAR Co-ordination Caribbean Airlines Crash 2011 Fly Jamaica Airlines Crash 2018 22/03/2022 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL SAR 72  SAR: Agencies involved 1. Local Aircraft Operators 2. Mining Agents in the interior 3. Maritime Vessels 4. Members of Public Offices (Forestry Commission, Police Force etc) 5. Guyana defence Force 6. Civil Defence Commission 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 73  Coordination with other Services 22/03/2022 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL SAR 74 SAR Communications  SAR Communications Each RCC shall have means of rapid and reliable two- way communication with: associated air traffic services units; associated rescue sub-centres; appropriate direction-finding and position-fixing stations; where appropriate, coastal radio stations capable of alerting and communicating with surface vessels in the region; the headquarters of search and rescue units in the region; 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 76  SAR communications cont’d all maritime RCCs in the region and aeronautical, maritime or joint RCCs in adjacent regions; a designated meteorological office or meteorological watch office; search and rescue units; alerting posts; and the Cospas-Sarsat Mission Control Centre servicing the search and rescue region. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 77  Search and Rescue Equipment 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 78  Search and Rescue Equipment Search and rescue units shall be provided with equipment for locating promptly, and for providing adequate assistance at, the scene of an accident. Each search and rescue aircraft shall be equipped to be able to communicate on the aeronautical distress and on- scene frequencies and on such other frequencies as may be prescribed. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 79  SAR Equipment cont’d Each search and rescue aircraft shall be equipped with a device for homing on distress frequencies. Each search and rescue aircraft, when used for search and rescue over maritime areas, shall be equipped to be able to communicate with vessels. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 80 SAR Equipment cont’d Each search and rescue aircraft, when used for search and rescue over maritime areas shall carry a copy of the International Code of Signals to enable it to overcome language difficulties that may be experienced in communicating with ships. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 81  COSPAS SARSAT System COSPAS (COsmicheskaya Sisteyama Poiska Avariynich Sudov) is a Russian acronym meaning Space System for Search of Distress Vessels and SARSAT means Search and Rescue Satellite- Aided Tracking. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 82  Local Procedures Cont’d COSPAS/SARSAT System Distress radio beacons which transmit signals during distress situations; Instruments on board satellites detect the signals transmitted by distress radio beacons; Ground receiving stations(LUTs), receive and process the satellite downlink signal to generate distress alerts; Mission Control Centers (MCCs) receive alerts and dispatch these alerts to Rescue Coordination Centers (RCCs), Search and Rescue Points Of Contacts (SPOCs) or other MCCs. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 83  COSPAS/SARSAT System 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 84  Types of Beacons 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 85  Local Procedures cont’d Types of Beacons Emergency Locator Transmitter beacon or ELT – Carried on board Aircraft. Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons or EPIRB – For Maritime Use. Personal Locator Beacons (PLBs) - PLBs are portable units. Ship Security Alert System (SASS) - A new system that contributes to the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) efforts to strengthen maritime security 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 86 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 87 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 88 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 89 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 90 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 91  Message Content For SIT 185  COSPAS/SARSAT cont’d Action by ATS COSPAS-SARSAT is received by the Aeronautical Information Service(SPOC) via AMHS. The data is partially decoded. The information is taken to the shift supervisor or DATCO ACC and alert coordinates are plotted on the map. Aircraft positions are checked (ELT) or if necessary; Information is forwarded to Georgetown Lighthouse (EPIRB). Shift Supervisor or DATCO ACC determines any further actions to be taken. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 94 Air Traffic Advisory Service ‘A service provided within advisory airspace to ensure separation, in so far as practical, between aircraft which are operating on IFR flight plans.’ 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 95 Air Traffic Advisory Service: Scope The objective of the air traffic advisory service is to make information on collision hazards more effective than it would be in the mere provision of FIS. It may be provided to aircraft conducting IFR flights in advisory airspace or on advisory routes (Class F airspace). Such areas or routes will be specified by the State concerned. class G airspace provides only FIS, class F supplies ADVS as well to aid in separation This service should only be implemented where the air traffic services are inadequate for the provision of air traffic control, and the limited advice on collision hazards otherwise provided by FIS will not meet the requirement. Where air traffic advisory service is implemented, this should be considered normally as a temporary measure only until such time as it can be replaced by air traffic control service. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 96 Air Traffic Advisory Service: Responsibility An ATS unit providing air traffic advisory service shall: a) advise the aircraft to depart at the time specified and to cruise at the levels indicated in the flight plan if it does not foresee any conflict with other known traffic; b) suggest to aircraft a course of action by which a potential hazard may be avoided, giving priority to an aircraft already in advisory airspace over other aircraft desiring to enter such advisory airspace; and c) pass to aircraft traffic information comprising the same information as that prescribed for area control service. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 97  Air Traffic Advisory Service IFR flights operating within Class F airspace may elect to utilize the air traffic advisory service providing it is available. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 98 Assignment What type of service is provided by the various ATS facilities in ANS? FIC- Flight information and Alerting service ACC- Area control service, FIS, Alerting Tower- Approach control, Aerodrome control, FIS, Alerting service Ogle- Aerodrome control, FIS, Alerting service All facilities can notify necessary services about aircraft in need of search and rescue 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 99 ATS System Capacity and Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 100 ATS System Capacity and Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) ‘Air traffic flow management (ATFM): A service established with the objective of contributing to a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic by ensuring that ATC capacity is utilized to the maximum extent possible, and that the traffic volume is compatible with the capacities declared by the appropriate ATS authority.’ 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 101  Capacity Management : Scope The capacity of an ATS system depends on many factors, including the ATS route structure, the navigation accuracy of the aircraft using the airspace, weather-related factors, and controller workload. Every effort should be made to provide sufficient capacity to cater to both normal and peak traffic levels; however, in implementing any measures to increase capacity, the responsible ATS authority shall ensure, that safety levels are not jeopardized. ‘The number of aircraft provided with an ATC service shall not exceed that which can be safely handled by the ATC unit concerned under the prevailing circumstances.’ 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 102  Capacity Management : Scope In order to define the maximum number of flights which can be safely accommodated, the appropriate ATS authority should assess and declare the ATC capacity for control areas, for control sectors within a control area and for aerodromes. ATC capacity should be expressed as the maximum number of aircraft which can be accepted over a given period of time within the airspace or at the aerodrome concerned. Note.— The most appropriate measure of capacity is likely to be the sustainable hourly traffic flow. Such hourly capacities can, for example, be converted into daily, monthly or annual values 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 103  Air Traffic Flow and Capacity Management (ATFCM) ❖An ATFCM service shall be implemented for airspace where traffic demand at times exceeds the defined ATC capacity. ❖ATFCM should be implemented on the basis of a regional air navigation agreement or, when appropriate, as a multilateral agreement. ❖ The ATFCM service within a region or other defined area, should be developed and implemented as a centralized ATFM organization, supported by flow management positions established at each area control centre (ACC) within the region or area of applicability. ❖Certain flights may be exempt from ATFCM measures, or be given priority over other flights military, SAR, VIP, aircraft in emergency ❖Detailed procedures governing the provision of the ATFCM measures, and service within a region or area should be prescribed in a regional ATFM manual or handbook. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 104  ATFCM Responsibility The appropriate ATS authority should: a) periodically review ATS capacities in relation to traffic demand; and b) provide for flexible use of airspace in order to improve the efficiency of operations and increase capacity. In the event that traffic demand regularly exceeds ATC capacity, resulting in continuing and frequent traffic delays, or it becomes apparent that forecast traffic demand will exceed capacity values, the appropriate ATS authority should, as far as practicable: a) implement steps aimed at maximizing the use of the existing system capacity; and b) develop plans to increase capacity to meet the actual or forecast demand. Always changing to meet demand. May be advanced to allow more traffic or flights during unconventional met. conditions. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 105  ATFCM: Methods ATFCM should be carried out in three phases: a) strategic planning, if the action is carried out more than one day before the day on which it will take effect. Strategic planning is normally carried out well in advance, typically two to six months ahead; b) pre-tactical planning, if the action is to be taken on the day before the day on which it will take effect; c) tactical operations, if the action is taken on the day on which it will take effect. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 106  ATFCM: Methods -Re-routing certain traffic flows (traffic orientation); -Scheduling or rescheduling flights as appropriate; -Identifying the need for tactical ATFM measures. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 107  Airspace Management ‘Airspace management (ASM) : is the process by which airspace options are selected and applied to meet the needs of the airspace users’ air gets thinner as you go higher, so when jets fly higher its less strain on the engines. So less fuel burn leads to more efficient flights. ‘It is a planning function with the primary objective of maximizing the utilization of available airspace by dynamic time-sharing and, at times, the segregation of airspace among various categories of users based on short-term needs’ The more planes that fit in airspace means more profits 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 108  ADSB allows direct flights for less travel time and less fuel burn Airspace Management Guidelines The management of airspace should follow these guiding principles and strategies: ▪all available airspace should be managed flexibly Routes should be used by several aircraft types ▪airspace management processes should accommodate dynamic flight trajectories and provide optimum operational solutions; ▪when conditions require different types of traffic to be segregated by airspace organization, the size, shape, and time regulation of that airspace should be set so as to minimize the impact on operations; Every operational practice should be aimed at minimizing impact on aircraft operations optimum routes should be chosen to ensure most efficient flight ▪airspace use should be coordinated and monitored in order to accommodate the conflicting requirements of all users and to minimize any constraints on operations; must be coordinated effort between all airspaces to ensure most orderly and efficient flight 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 109  Airspace Management Airspace reservations should be planned in advance with changes made dynamically whenever possible. The system also needs to accommodate short-notice unplanned requirements; and Complexity of operations may limit the degree of flexibility. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 110  Responsibility of ASM The safe and efficient joint use of airspace management techniques rests on understanding and accommodating the airspace requirements of all users on a fair and equitable basis, while respecting State sovereignty and national/international security, defence and law enforcement obligations. must have cooperation between civil ATC and the military There must be a high level of cooperation and coordination between civil/military units to ensure efficiency of the ASM concept. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 111  Methods of Managing Airspace Flexible User Airspace (FUA) Concept: Based on the fundamental principle that airspace should not be designated as either pure civil or military airspace, but rather be considered as one continuum in which all user requirements have to be accommodated to the extent possible. Can be shared by the military and civil aircraft *Well organized airspace allows efficient travel Improving airspace design: Based on aircraft using PBN/GNSS technology to navigate seamlessly across the globe with minimal delay.Before satellite technology, planes used navigational aids. Because of uneven topography aircraft would have to fly over the nav aids(that weren't in a straight line). Because of the implementation of satellites, aircraft can now fly in a straight line Satellite navigation for flights without delay 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 112 Altimetry and Level Allocation 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 113  instrument used to measure vertical position of What is Altimetry? aircraft Emits radio wave and that bounces off the surface, it analyzes information to derive the veritical position of the aircraft Simple Definition Altimetry is a technique for measuring height using altimeters. Altimetry Principle The principle is that the altimeter emits a radar wave and analyses the return signal that bounces off the surface. More level information can be derived based on the reference datum on the surface of the earth. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 114  as you go up the air becomes thinner (barometric pressure = air pressure) altimeter calculates the pressure difference by measuring the difference between the air pressure on the ground(atmospheric pressure) and the air pressure during flight Altimetry 1 hPa = 30 ft Aircraft pressure altimeters indicate the elevation of the aircraft above a defined datum. The datum selected depends on the barometric pressure set on the altimeter sub-scale. *Height can have various meanings in aviation. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 115  STANDARD ATM PRESSURE - 1013.25 hPa Important Terms used in Altimetry Altitude: The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level altitude is measured from MSL mean sea level, the average level of the sea globally. From this the atmospheric pressure is worked out. Height: The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from a specified datum. Atmospheric pressure at Aerodrome elevation Flight level: A surface of constant atmospheric pressure which is related to a specific pressure datum, 1 013.2 hecto-pascals (hPa), and is separated from other such surfaces by specific pressure intervals. Flight level is measured from ground or other surfaces 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 116  Subtract standard pressure because air is thinner as you go up atm pressure in that area atm pressure in new area Add because pressure increases 117  changes depending of atmospheric pressure on the day changes depending of atmospheric pressure on Flight Level - FL the day in relation to MSL Pressure (1013.25 hPa) 3 hPa * 30ft = height 2910 subtract because it is closer Means it is relation to ATM (with reference to FL) with respect to MSL 7hPa * 30ft = Altitude 3210 add because it is further away 118 When aircraft pass 4000ft, they change to standard atm pressure when they're landing Altitude pressure at aerodrome elevation To prevent collisions atm pressure FL 55(5500 ft) mid-air, by with refrence using standard atm pressure standardizing the to MSL vertical positions of aircraft 119 120  Short hand - Thousands of feet Pressure Datum Long hand - hundreds of feet Pointer - 10,000s of feet A pressure type altimeter calibrated in accordance with the Standard Atmosphere: a) when set to a QNH altimeter setting, will indicate altitude; b) when set to a QFE altimeter setting, will indicate height above the QFE reference datum; c) when set to a pressure of 1 013.2 hPa, may be used to indicate flight levels. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 121  Vertical Position of Aircraft ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES For flights in the vicinity of aerodromes and within terminal control areas the vertical position of aircraft be expressed in terms of altitudes at or below the transition altitude and in terms of flight levels at or above the transition level. While passing through the transition layer, vertical position shall be expressed in terms of flight levels when climbing and in terms of altitudes when descending. When an aircraft which has been given clearance to land is completing its approach using atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation (QFE), the vertical position of the aircraft shall be expressed in terms of height above aerodrome elevation during that portion of its flight for which QFE may be used, except that it shall be expressed in terms of height above runway threshold elevation. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 122  At or below they must state altitude (atmospheric pressure In the transition level, must with reference to MSL or QNH) give vertical position in terms Guyana - 3000ft of Flight Levels aircraft taking off Transition Altitude Transition Layer Transition Level The altitude at or The airspace The lowest flight below which the between the level available for vertical position of transition altitude use above the an aircraft is and the transition transition altitude. controlled by level. reference to altitudes. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 123  ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES After entering the transition level, vertical position given as For flights en route, the vertical flight level(using standard position of aircraft shall be expressed atmospheric pressure) FLIGHT LEVEL in terms of: After entering the Transition Layer, Must use ALTITUDE standard atmospheric pressure, a) flight levels at or above the lowest usable flight level; and b) altitudes below the lowest usable flight level; ALTITUDE Transition altitude- Used to transfer from altitude to flight level Transition level- to transfer from flight level to altitude Must be given as Altitude in this area 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 124  Vertical Position of Aircraft: Vicinity of Aerodrome/ Terminal Control Area Flight Levels Transition Level F050 Transition Layer (1000FT) 3000ft amsl Transition Altitude Altitudes 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 125  Vertical Position of Aircraft: En-route FL065 FL060 Flight Levels FL055 Transition F050 Lowest Usable Flight Level level decided A045 by Approach control A040 A035 Altitudes Transition altitude stays the same 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 126  Determination of Transition Levels The Approach control unit is in charge of the TMA, so they monitor take offs and landings. The appropriate ATS unit shall establish the transition level to be used in the vicinity of the aerodrome(s) concerned and, when relevant, the terminal control area (TMA) concerned, for the appropriate period of time on the basis of QNH (altimeter subscale setting to obtain elevation when on the ground) reports and forecast mean sea level pressure, if required. The transition level shall be the lowest flight level available for use above the transition altitude established for the aerodrome(s) concerned. Where a common transition altitude has been established for two or more aerodromes which are so closely located as to require coordinated procedures, the appropriate ATS units shall establish a common transition level to be used at any given time in the vicinity of the aerodrome and, when relevant, in the TMA concerned. when airports are close to each other, they must agree on common transition level. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 127 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 128  Provision of Transition Levels Appropriate ATS units shall at all times have available for transmission to aircraft in flight, on request, the information required to determine the lowest flight level which will ensure adequate terrain clearance on routes or segments of routes for which this information is required. The flight crew shall be provided with the transition level in due time prior to reaching it during descent. When aircraft wants to descend, must give QNH value and will report vertical position in altitude The transition level shall be included in approach clearances when so prescribed by the appropriate authority or requested by the pilot 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 129  Provision of Altimeter setting A QNH altimeter setting shall be included in the descent clearance when first cleared to an altitude below the transition level, in approach clearances or clearances to enter the traffic circuit, and in taxi clearances for departing aircraft, except when it is known that the aircraft has already received the information. Pilots get information from ATIS broadcast, MUST give information to pilot if asked Altimeter settings provided to aircraft shall be rounded down to the nearest lower whole hectopascal. ROUND DOWN ALTIMETER READING 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 130  Level Allocation In uncontrolled airspace, these flight levels help avoid collisions in cruising flight (except for taking offs and landing) The table of cruising levels provided in ICAO Annex 2 Rules of the Air, has been selected and made available for use by ATS in the assignment of Flight levels/ altitudes. These levels/ altitudes are according to the direction of flight and the Vertical separation criteria required for operation in a particular airspace. FL 410, the separation is 2000(measure in place due to the altimeter settings from the air being thinner) ANY FLIGHT above FL 410 will be odd, due to separation being 2000ft (intervals FL430, FL450, FL470) 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 131  Radiotelephony General Operating Procedures 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 132  What is Radiotelephony The transmission of sound/speech over a radio. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 133  General Administrative Procedures Access All aeronautical telecommunication stations, of the aeronautical telecommunication network (ATN), shall be protected from unauthorized direct or remote access. ATN- any ATC unit used for two-way communication must be protected so only authorized trained personnel have access Hours of service ▪The Competent Authority shall give notification of the normal hours of service of stations of the international aeronautical telecommunication service under its control to the aeronautical telecommunication agencies designated to receive this information. The ANS will give hours of service in IAIP ▪It shall give notification of any change in the normal hours of service, before such a change is effected. Promulgate via NOTAM.NOTAMs in the IAIP about changes to facility ▪If a station of the ATN requests a change in the hours of service of another station, such change shall be requested as soon as possible after the need for change is known. ▪The station requesting the change shall be informed of the result of its request as soon as possible 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 134  General Administrative Procedures Supervision Each State shall designate the authority responsible for ensuring that the international aeronautical telecommunication service is conducted in accordance with the Procedures in this Annex Superfluous transmissions Each State shall ensure that there is no wilful transmission of unnecessary or anonymous signals, messages or data by any station within that State. Interference State must ensure only important and relevant information on the station Before authorizing tests and experiments in any station, each Administration, in order to avoid harmful interference, shall prescribe the taking of all possible precautions, such as the choice of frequency and of time, and the reduction or, if possible, the suppression of radiation. Any harmful interference resulting from tests and experiments shall be eliminated as soon as possible. must test fre 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 135  General Administrative Procedures Extensions of service and closing down of stations Stations of shall extend their normal hours of service as required to provide for traffic necessary for flight operation. Before closing down, a station shall notify its intention to all other stations with which it is in direct communication, confirm that an extension of service is not required and advise the time of re-opening if other than its normal hours of service Time system UTC must be used Universal Co-ordinated Time (UTC) shall be used by all stations in the aeronautical telecommunication service. Midnight shall be designated as 2400 for the end of the day and 0000 for the beginning of the day. A date-time group shall consist of six figures, the first two figures representing the date of the month and the last four figures the hours and minutes in UTC. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 136 General Administrative Procedures Record of Communications A telecommunication log, written or automatic, shall be maintained in each station of the aeronautical telecommunication service except that an aircraft station, when using radiotelephony in direct communication with an aeronautical station, need not maintain a telecommunication log. Only keep record of abnormal occurrences Note.— The telecommunication log will serve as a protection, should the operator’s watch activities be investigated. It may be required as legal evidence. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 137 Standard Phraseology Necessity The need for clear and unambiguous communication between pilots and Air Traffic Control (ATC) is vital in assisting the safe and expeditious operation of aircraft. Pilots and air traffic controllers communicate by using the radiotelephony phraseology that consists of a set of standardized words and phrases approved for the radiotelephony communications by ICAO in all routine aircraft situations While standard phraseology is available to cover most routine situations, not every conceivable scenario will be catered for and RTF users should be prepared to use plain language when necessary following the principle of keeping phrases clear and concise. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 138  Our World 7,200,000,000 people 3,000,000 airline passengers DAILY 6,500 native languages 1 Aviation Language Hence the importance of proper phraseology 139  The goal is to improve safety by raising RTF standards 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 140  Aviation Language In aviation, the universal language recognized worldwide and adopted by ICAO is English Language. Aviation Personnel (Pilots, Flight crews and Air Traffic Controllers) are required by ICAO to be at a minimum English Language Proficiency Level 4. Level 4 is considered ‘Operational’ 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 141  Aviation Language The proficiency scale ranges from Level 1 to Level 6, with guidelines published for: ▪Pronunciation Level 4 – Operational ▪Fluency Level 5- Extended ▪Structure Level 6 - Expert ▪Vocabulary ▪Comprehension ▪Interaction 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 142  Language Proficiency Rating Scale 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 143  Level 4 - Operational 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 144 Language Proficiency Rating Scale 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 145  Approved Phraseology Transmission Of Letters CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 8/14/2024 146  Letter Word Appropriate Pronunciation A ALPHA AL FAH B BRAVO BRAH VOH C CHARLIE CHAR LEE OR SHAR LEE D DELTA DELL TAH E ECHO ECK OH F FOXTROT FOKS TROT G GOLF GOLF H HOTEL HO TELL I INDIA IN DEE AH J JULIET JEW LEE ETT K KILO KEY LOW L LIMA LEE MAH M 8/14/2024 MIKE CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL MIKE 147  Letter Word Appropriate Pronunciation N NOVEMBER NO VEM BER O OSCAR OSS CAH P PAPA PAH PAH Q QUEBEC KEH BECK R ROMEO ROW ME OH S SIERRA SEE AIR RAH T TANGO TANG GO U UNIFORM YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM V VICTOR VIK TAH W WHISKEY WISS KEY X XRAY ECKS RAY Y YANKIE YANG KEE Z ZULU ZOO LOO 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 148 Activity 1.3 Using the Phonetic Alphabet spell -Your name -MINDA -EGEMA -BUVIP -REMOB -MUN -TIM 10 Minutes 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 149  Transmission of Numbers 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 150  Numeral or numeral element Latin alphabet representation 0 ZERO 1 WUN 2 TOO 3 TREE 4 FOW-er 5 FIFE 6 SIX 7 SEVEN 8 AIT 9 NINER. DAYSEEMAL 100 HUN DRED 1000 TOU SAND 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 151  Decode and encode aircraft operating agency, document 8585: Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, Aeronautical Authorities and Services Transmission of Numbers always 3 letters to representing agency in radiotelephony call sign all are kept in document 8585 All numbers, shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit separately.* The following examples illustrate the application of this procedure. Aircraft call signs transmitted as: CCA 238 Air China two three eight OAL 242 Olympic two four two if they don't an operating agency call sign, they use the aircraft registration number for easy identification and short coded form Headings transmitted as: 100 degrees heading one zero zero 080 degrees heading zero eight zero headings are direction in relation to magnetic north must be pronounced individually 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 152  Transmission of Numbers Flight levels shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit separately except for the case of flight levels in whole hundreds, which shall be transmitted by pronouncing the digit of the whole hundred followed by the word HUNDRED. Example Flight levels transmitted as: FL 180 flight level one eight zero FL 200 flight level two hundred ONLY flight level pronunciation you say hundred eg. FL400 is four hundred 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 153  Transmission of Numbers Wind direction and speed transmitted as: 200 degrees 70 knots wind two zero zero degrees seven zero knots 160 degrees 18 knots wind one six zero degrees one eight knots gusting three zero knots gusting 30 knots Must say RUNWAY before readinf code Runway transmitted as: 27 runway two seven 01 runway zero one 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 154  Transmission of Numbers The altimeter setting shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit separately except for the case of a setting of 1 000 hPa which shall be transmitted as ONE THOUSAND. similar to flight levels, you pronounce ONE THOUSAND, for altimeter settings MUST say QNH before reading code Example Altimeter setting transmitted as: 1009 QNH one zero zero niner 1000 QNH one thousand 993 QNH niner niner three 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 155  Transmission of Numbers All numbers used in the transmission of transponder codes shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit separately. Except that, when the transponder codes contain whole thousands only, the information shall be transmitted by pronouncing the digit in the number of thousands followed by the word THOUSAND. Each digit separately except ONE THOUSAND for transponder codes MUST say SQUAWK before reading the code Example Transponder codes transmitted as: 2400 squawk two four zero zero 1000 squawk one thousand 2000 squawk two thousand 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 156  Transmission of Numbers All numbers used in the transmission of altitude, cloud height, visibility and runway visual range (RVR) information, which contain whole hundreds and whole thousands, shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit in the number of hundreds or thousands followed by the word HUNDRED or THOUSAND as appropriate. Combinations of thousands and whole hundreds shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit in the number of thousands followed by the word THOUSAND followed by the number of hundreds followed by the word HUNDRED. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 157  Transmission of Numbers Altitude transmitted as: Visibility transmitted as: 800 eight hundred 1 000 visibility one thousand 3 400 three thousand four hundred 700 visibility seven hundred 12 000 one two thousand Say hundred and thousand pronounce hundred and thousand for altitude Runway Visual Range transmitted as: Cloud height transmitted as: 600 RVR six hundred 2 200 two thousand two hundred 1 700 RVR one thousand seven 4 300 four thousand three hundred hundred say thousand and hundred pronounce thousand and hundred 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 158  Transmission of Numbers When providing information regarding relative bearing to an object or to conflicting traffic in terms of the 12-hour clock, the information shall be given pronouncing the double digits as TEN, ELEVEN, or TWELVE [O’CLOCK]. Numbers containing a decimal point shall be transmitted separately, with the decimal point in appropriate sequence being indicated by the word DECIMAL Example Number Transmitted as: 100.3 ONE ZERO ZERO DECIMAL THREE 38 143.9 THREE EIGHT ONE FOUR THREE DECIMAL NINE 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 159  TGY ROR LIA CMP UAL AAL JBU TAM AZU GLO BAW AEA PUE EDR Suriname Airways Suriname four two two IWY780 BWA526 Inter Caribbean seven eight zero Caribbean Airlines Caribbean airlines five two six SLM422 160  no need to pronounce the number if you're within the same hour Time All time references should be made in Co-ordinated universal time (UTC).Guyana is 4 hours behind UTC This used to be called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). This time zone is sometimes referred to as Zulu (Z). Time is always in the 24 hour clock. 2400 is midnight and 0001 begins the new day. When transmitting time, only the minutes of the hour are normally required, each figure being pronounced separately. However, if there is any possibility of confusion or if crossing the hour, the full four- figure group will be spoken. Apart from UTC (Co-ordinated universal time), estimated times of arrival may sometimes be given as local time. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 161 Time 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 162 Activity 1.4 Pronounce the following using the Phonetic alphabet and the transmission of numbers -Clouds are 2900ft Twenty nine hundred feet Bravo Whiskey Alpha five two six -BWA526 -Runway 29 Runway Two Niner -H359 Heading three five niner -FL230 Flight level two three zero -1219z One two one niner Zulu (UTC time) 5 Minutes 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 163  Standard Phrases and Meaning 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 164  When person repeats the information, you gave them incorrectly MAINTAIN I SAY AGAIN HOW DO YOU “Continue in accordance “I repeat for clarity or READ with the condition(s) emphasis.” “What is the specified” or in its literal readability of my sense, e.g. “Maintain transmission?” VFR”. ACKNOWLEDGE “Let me know that you have AFFIRM APPROVED received and understood this “Permission for “Yes.” message.” proposed action granted.” BREAK “I hereby indicate the separation between CANCEL portions of the message.”(To be used where “Annul the previously there is no clear distinction between the text transmitted clearance.” and other portions of the message.) 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 165  CORRECTION “An error has been made in this transmission (or message indicated). The correct version is...” CORRECT DISREGARD “True” or “Accurate”. “Ignore.” Break BREAK BREAK CHECK separating part of the same “I hereby indicate the “Examine a system or message for the same aircraft separation between procedure.” Break Break messages transmitted to (Not to be used in any other separating messages for different different aircraft in a very busy context. No answer is aircraft environment.” normally expected.) CONFIRM CONTACT CLEARED “I request verification of: “Establish “Authorized to proceed under (clearance, instruction, action, communications the conditions specified.” information).” with...” 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 166  Report is immediate Request is not as urgent RECLEARED “A change has been REPORT REQUEST made to your last “Pass me the “I should like to clearance and this following know...” or “I wish to new clearance information...” obtain...” supersedes your previous clearance or part thereof.” NEGATIVE OVER MONITOR “No” or “Permission “My transmission is “Listen out on not granted” or “That ended, and I expect a (frequency).” is not correct” or “Not response from you.” capable”.. READ BACK so that they repeat what you say OUT “Repeat all, or the specified to ensure that they understand “This exchange of transmissions is part, of this message back to ended and no response is expected.” me exactly as received.” 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 167  WILCO (Abbreviation for “will comply”.) “I understand your message and will comply with it.” repeat, in case of miscommunication ROGER SAY AGAIN SPEAK SLOWER “I have received all of “Repeat all, or the “Reduce your rate of your last following part, of your speech.” transmission.” last transmission.” UNABLE STANDBY “I cannot comply with “Wait and I will call your request, you.” instruction, or clearance.” 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 168  Call-signs for Aeronautical Stations 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 169  Aeronautical stations- any aeronautical facility that has two-way communication Identification of Facilities Aeronautical stations in the aeronautical mobile service shall be identified by: a) the name of the location and b) the unit or service available. Unit/service available Area control centre -CONTROL Approach control -APPROACH Approach control radar arrivals - ARRIVAL Approach control radar departures -DEPARTURE 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 170 Identification of Facilities Aerodrome control -TOWER Surface movement control -GROUND Radar (in general) -RADAR Flight information service -INFORMATION Clearance delivery -DELIVERY Apron control - APRON Aeronautical station -RADIO 171 Activity 1.5 What are the unit callsigns for the ATS facilities in Guyana? Aerodrome control in Timehri - Timehri tower (or Timehri approach because they also provide approach service) Gerogetown control - the control unit of Guyana FIC of Guyana - Georgetown Information 5 Minutes 172  BWA-425(designator and flight number) Call-signs for Aircraft 9Y- GEO- Registration(9Y), Call Sign (GEO) Full call signs An aircraft radiotelephony call sign shall be one of the following types: Type a) — the characters corresponding to the registration marking of the aircraft; or eg. 8R- GER (8R given to Guyana by ICAO) Type b) — the telephony designator of the aircraft operating agency, followed by the last four characters of the registration marking of the aircraft; BWA-YGEO Type c) — the telephony designator of the aircraft operating agency, followed by the flight identification. eg. BWA-425 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 173  TGY 1011 BWA-425 8R- GAI 9Y GEO Call-signs for Aircraft Abbreviated call signs The aircraft radiotelephony call signs shown before with the exception of Type c), may be abbreviated in the following circumstances: Type a) — the first character of the registration and at least the last two characters of the call sign; 9 - EO (or 9-GEO because they asked for at least two) can be confusing if they have similar call signs Type b) — the telephony designator of the aircraft operating agency, followed by at least the last two characters of the call sign; BWA- EO Type c) — no abbreviated form. 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 174  Examples of Full and Abbreviated Call-signs 8/14/2024 CIVIL AVIATION TRAINING SCHOOL 175 Activity 1.6 Abbreviate the following regi