Anatomy of Reproductive System PDF

Anatomy of reproductive system External genital organ The external organs of the female reproductive system include; 1. Mons Pubis. This is the fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone It protects the pubic symphysis During adolescence sex hormones trigger the gr...

Anatomy of reproductive system External genital organ The external organs of the female reproductive system include; 1. Mons Pubis. This is the fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone It protects the pubic symphysis During adolescence sex hormones trigger the growth of pubic hair on the mons pubis Hair varies in coarseness curliness, amount, color and thickness 2. Labia Majora. - Two folds of skin containing fatty tissue and covered with hair and sebaceous glands - Located on either side of the vaginal opening, extending from the mons pubis to the perineum - Color; a darker pigmentation - They enclose and protect other external reproductive organs. - Become flaccid with age and after childbirth 3. Labia Minora. - Two thin folds of tissue located within the folds of the labia majora - Extends from the clitoris downward toward the perineum - They protect the opening of the vagina and urethra. - Made up of erectile, connective tissue that darkens and swells during sexual arousal - They are more sensitive and responsive to touch than the labia majora - The labia minora tightens during intercourse 4. Vestibule. The vestibule consists of the clitoris, urethral meatus, and the vaginal introitus. 5. Clitoris  Short, elongated organ composed of erectile tissue  Located just behind the upper junction of the labia minora  Homologous to the penis The urethral meatus.  Not true part of female reproductive system, but part of the vulva  It is the opening of the urethra.  The urethra is a small tubular structure that drains urine from the bladder. 6. The vaginal introitus  Located in lower portion of the vestibule, below the urinary meatus  Opening may be covered by a thin sheath called the hymen   Using the presence of an intact hymen for determining virginity is erroneous  Some women are born without hymens  The hymen can be perforated by many different events 7. Perineum.  Area between vaginal orifice and anus  Consists of muscular and fibrous tissue and support for pelvic structures.  It aids in constricting the urinary, vaginal, and anal opening.  The perineum contains an abundance of nerve endings that make it sensitive to touch.  An episiotomy is an incision of the perineum used during childbirth for widening the vaginal opening 8. Bartholin's glands (Vulvo-vaginal or Vestibular Glands). The Bartholin's glands lie on either side of the vaginal opening. They produce a mucoid substance, which provides lubrication for intercourse. Internal genitalia of the female It consists of the uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, and the ovaries. Uterus.  Location. Is located between the urinary bladder and the rectum.  Shape; is a hollow organ and pear-shaped.  Position: anteverted anteflexed a. Functions of Uterus  Protection of embryo/fetus  Nutritional support(during pregnancy it receives the fertilized ovum, retains and nourishes it )  Waste removal (menstruation)  Ejection of fetus at birth b. Divisions of the uterus. it consists of;  Body or corpus is a major portion of the uterus  Fundus is the superior, rounded region above the entrance of the fallopian tubes.  Cervix is the narrow, inferior outlet that protrudes into the vagina.  Isthmus is the slightly constricted portion that joins the corpus to the cervix. c. Walls of the uterus. are thick and composed of three layers: - Endometrium is the inner layer or mucosa. A fertilized egg burrows into the endometrium (implantation) and resides there for the rest of its development. When the female is not pregnant, the endometrial lining sloughs off about every 28 days in response to changes in levels of hormones in the blood (This process is called menses). - Myometrium is the smooth muscle component of the wall. These smooth muscle fibers are arranged. In longitudinal, circular, and spiral patterns, and are interlaced with connective tissues. During  - the monthly female cycles and during pregnancy, these layers undergo extensive changes. - Perimetrium is a strong, serous membrane that coats the entire uterine corpus except the lower one fourth and anterior surface where the bladder is attached. d. Blood supply - Uterine arteries from internal iliac - Ovarian arteries from abdominal aorta (inferior to renal arteries) 1. Cervix. attaches to vagina at ~ 90° angle 2. Vagina. a. Shape & size; it is the thin in walled muscular tube, about 6 inches long leading from the uterus to the external genitalia. b. Location; It is located between the bladder and the rectum. c. Function. The vagina provides the passageway for childbirth and menstrual flow; it receives the penis and semen during sexual intercourse. 3. Fallopian Tubes (Two). a. Two muscular tubes b. Location. Each tube is about 4 inches long and extends medially from each ovary to empty into the superior region of the uterus. c. Parts - Infundibulum with fimbriae; The distal end of each fallopian tube is expanded and has finger- like projections 1  - Ampulla (place of fertilization) - Isthmus - Intramural portion d. Function. - The fallopian tubes transport ovum from the ovaries to the uterus. There is no contact of fallopian tubes with the ovaries. 4. Ovaries a. Functions. The ovaries are for oogenesis-the production of eggs (female sex cells) and for hormone production (estrogen and progesterone). b. Location and gross anatomy. The ovaries are about the size and shape of almonds. They lie against the lateral walls of the pelvis, one on each side. They are enclosed and held in place by the broad ligament. There are compact like tissues on the ovaries, which are called ovarian follicles. The follicles are tiny sac-like structures that consist of an immature egg surrounded by one or more layers of follicle cells. As the developing egg begins to ripen or mature, follicle enlarges and develops a fluid filled central region. When the egg is matured, it is called a graafian follicle, and is ready to be ejected from the ovary.  c- Process of hormone production by the ovaries.  Estrogen; it is produced by the follicle cells, which are responsible secondary sex characteristics and for the maintenance of these traits. These secondary sex characteristics Include the enlargement of fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitals; breast development; increased deposits of fat in hips and breasts; widening of the pelvis; and onset of menses or menstrual cycle.  Progesterone; it is produced by the corpus luteum in presence of in the blood. It works with estrogen to produce a normal menstrual cycle. Progesterone is important during pregnancy and in preparing the breasts for milk production. 1. Blood supply The blood supply is derived from the uterine and ovarian arteries that extend from the internal iliac arteries and the aorta. The increased demands of pregnancy necessitate a rich supply of blood to the uterus. New, larger blood vessels develop to accommodate the need of the growing uterus. The venous circulation is accomplished via the internal iliac and common iliac vein.