KS3 States of Matter Knowledge Organiser PDF

KS3 States of Matter Knowledge Organiser Three States of Matter Melting and Boiling Points Changes of State There are three main states of matter: solid, liquid and gas....

KS3 States of Matter Knowledge Organiser Three States of Matter Melting and Boiling Points Changes of State There are three main states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. B – C When a solid substance is heated, the The arrangement of particles changes when the particles gain energy and begin to move around substance changes state. All matter is made up of tiny parts called particles. How they are arranged determines the state of more. Sublimation is when a solid changes to a gas, matter and the properties of the material. without going through the liquid phase. When a solid reaches its melting point, the particles begin to break off from the uniform Solid Liquid Gas structure and are free to flow. The solid melts into a liquid. particle model diagram F condensing regular structure irregular structure irregular structure evaporating gas particle arrangement no space between very little space between large space between sublimation D particles particles particles E Temperature volume increases to fill id fixed volume fixed volume capacity liqu volume and shape shape changes to fill fixed shape shape changes to fill B freezing bottom of container capacity C melting lid yes no yes so (forces between particles A able to flow (forces between particles (forces between particles are very weak and Energy Input are very strong and hold are weak and particles particles move randomly them in fixed positions) slide over one another) D – E When a liquid substance is heated, the and rapidly) particles gain energy and begin to move around high high low more. When a liquid reaches its boiling point, Gas Pressure evaporation occurs and the liquid boils. Liquid Gas pressure is the force exerted by the gas can be compressed density cannot be compressed cannot be compressed particles break free and evaporate into a gas. particles on the wall of the container it is in. The (particles are already (particles are already (particles are forced more frequently air particles hit the walls, the tightly packed) tightly packed) Every pure substance has a specific melting and closer together) higher the pressure rises. boiling point. The purity of a substance can be low moderate high checked for using knowledge of these specific particle energy Gas pressure is affected by: (particles vibrate around (particles can move and (particles moving rapidly melting and boiling points. levels amount of gas; a fixed point only) flow but slowly) and freely) For example, pure water boils at 100°C whereas volume of container; wood, metal, stone, air, oxygen, carbon pure ethanol boils at 78°C. examples water, milk, bleach, acid temperature. plastic dioxide Ice melts at 0°C, and iron has a melting point of High gas pressure can be created by a high matter - any substance that has mass and takes up space (volume) 1538 °C. volume of particles in a small space, or with a high temperature. properties – characteristics or features If a substance contains any impurities (dissolved solids), then its melting and boiling point will An inflated balloon will shrink if placed in ice water density - the mass of a substance per volume (density = mass ÷ volume) extend over a range of temperatures. and expand when placed in hot water. 1 of 2  KS3 States of Matter Knowledge Organiser Dissolving Diffusion Filtration Distillation Dissolving is the process When a liquid or gas is mixed into another, the thermometer (100°C) of mixing a soluble solute particles will flow and move about until they are residue into a solvent until it is fully evenly spread throughout. condenser incorporated to create a The particles move from an area of high mixture filtrate solution. concentration to an area of low concentration. This method is used to separate an insoluble salt Solutes dissolve faster with increased solid from a liquid. The solution is passed temperature, greater surface area and stirring. through a filter paper and a funnel. water heat soluble – able to be dissolved The residue remains in the filter paper, and the part which passes through the filter is called This method is used to separate a solvent from a solvent – the substance that something This process is called diffusion. the filtrate. A mixture of sand and water can be solution. It can separate the same type of solution dissolves in as in evaporation, e.g. salt water, but retrieving The rate of diffusion is affected by: separated by filtration. solute – the substance that is dissolved the other component of the mixture. solution – a liquid containing a dissolved solid concentration gradient; temperature. Evaporation As the water is heated and evaporates from the or another liquid flask, it flows upwards and into the condenser. Diffusion will occur at a faster rate when the water vapour The condenser is surrounded by cool water Compounds and Mixtures concentration gradient is steep, or the solution is which causes the water vapour to condense back at a higher temperature. mixture solid crystals into a liquid, this flows down the tube and into Compounds contain two or more different forming the beaker. The water collected in the beaker is elements chemically bonded together, for Separating Rock Salt distilled water. example, carbon dioxide contains carbon and oxygen. Rock salt is a mixture of sand and salt. Sand is Chromatography insoluble and salt is soluble, which means they Mixtures contain substances that are not can be separated easily using several separation chemically bonded. Mixtures can be separated This method is used to separate a soluble solid techniques. easily. from a solvent. The solution is heated, the liquid piece of wood 1. Create a solution of the rock salt with water. evaporates and the solid crystallises. A pure element or compound contains only pin Only the salt will dissolve into the water. one substance, with no other substances mixed If the evaporation and crystallisation occur in. Impure materials are mixtures of elements, 2. Filter this solution. The insoluble sand will quickly, the crystals formed will grow rapidly and paper compounds, or both. will be small. water collect as residue in the filter paper. The salt beaker ink will pass through, dissolved in the water. The Examples of different types of mixtures: If it can occur slowly, such as on a windowsill, then filtrate collected is a salt water solution. ink spot gas the crystals will have more time to form and be 3. Heat the salt water solution, evaporation larger in size. water start end or simple distillation can be used to collect gas air either the salt crystals or the water. A solution of salt water can be separated using liquid the evaporation method. Chromatography can be used to separate, for example, different dyes in ink. The colours are liquid aerosols solutions, Chemical and Physical Changes and foams e.g. beer separated because they have varying solubilities. solid When a chemical reaction occurs, there is a chemical change. New compounds or different solutions, elements are formed in the reaction. The separate inks are carried different distances metal solid smoke e.g. salt up the stationary phase (filter paper) by the alloys Physical changes do not form any new chemical substances. The substance simply changes physical water mobile phase (solvent). state, for example, from a solid to a liquid, or a liquid to a gas. 2 of 2