BTE 210 Final Exam Review PDF

BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs The internal operating unit or "brain" of a CPU (Central Processing Unit) computer....

BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs The internal operating unit or "brain" of a CPU (Central Processing Unit) computer. temporarily stores data and program in- Primary Storage structions during processing RAM ROM What are types of primary storage? Registers Cache memory RAM (Random Access Memory): Function: Temporary storage for data and programs currently in use. Volatility: Volatile (data is lost when pow- er is off). ROM (Read-Only Memory): Function: Permanent storage for firmware and system-level software. Volatility: Non-volatile (data remains when power is off). Differentiate between RAM, ROM, Reg- Registers: isters, and Cache Memory Function: Small, fast storage locations within the CPU for immediate data ma- nipulation. Volatility: Volatile (data is lost when pow- er is off). Cache Memory: Function: High-speed memory that stores frequently accessed data for quick retrieval by the CPU. Volatility: Volatile (data is lost when pow- er is off). Storage that is remote to the CPU and Secondary storage permanently holds data, even when the PC is turned off, such as a hard drive. 1 / 16  BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs Magnetic Tape: Features: Sequential access, high stor- age capacity, low cost per unit of storage, used for backups and archiving. Magnetic Discs (Hard Disk Drives - HDD): Features: Random access, high storage capacity, cost-effective for large storage needs, moving parts (spinning platters and read/write heads). Solid State Drives (SSD): What are type of secondary storage? Features: No moving parts, faster data What are the features of these? access and transfer speeds, more durable, lower power consumption. Optical Storage Devices (CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray): Features: Use laser technology to read/write data, portable, good for media storage, relatively lower storage capacity compared to HDDs and SSDs. Flash Memory: Features: Non-volatile, no moving parts, used in USB drives, memory cards, and SSDs, quick data access, portable. accept data and instructions and convert them to a form that the computer can What are input technologies? Exam- understand ples? -Keyboard, mouse, microphone, touch- screen, camera refers to devices and equipment that con- What are output technologies? Exam- vert digital data from a computer into a ples? form that can be perceived by humans 2 / 16  BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs -Monitor (computer screen), speakers, projector, headphones Byte (B) < Kilobyte (KB) < Megabyte What are the different byte sizes (in or- (MB) < Gigabyte (GB) < Terabyte (TB) < der)? Petabyte (PB) 1. Write the Letter: Start with the letter you want to convert. Example: 'A' 2. Find the ASCII Value: Look up the ASCII value for 'A'. 'A' = 65 3. Convert ASCII to Binary: Start with the ASCII value 65. Convert 65 to binary by dividing by 2 and How to you do binary ASCII? (Step by recording the remainder, then continue step) dividing the quotient by 2 until you reach 0. Here's the breakdown: 65 ÷ 2 = 32, remainder 1 32 ÷ 2 = 16, remainder 0 16 ÷ 2 = 8, remainder 0 8 ÷ 2 = 4, remainder 0 4 ÷ 2 = 2, remainder 0 2 ÷ 2 = 1, remainder 0 1 ÷ 2 = 0, remainder 1 Add a leading 0 to have 8 digits, so 01000001 As you move from Register to Magnetic Tape: -Cost decreases. Know the relationship between cost, -Speed decreases. size, and speed for register, cash, RAM, -Size increases. ROM, SSD, Magnetic disk, optical, and magnetic tape The order: [Primary Storage] Register > Cache > Ram > Rom 3 / 16  BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs [Secondary Storage] SSD > Magnetic Disk > Optical > Magnetic Tape System software includes the operating system and utility programs that manage and maintain the computer's resources and provide a platform for running appli- cation software. Examples include Win- dows, macOS, Linux, and antivirus pro- Distinguish between system software grams. and application software, and give some examples of each Application software consists of pro- grams designed to help users perform specific tasks or activities, such as word processing, web browsing, and gam- ing. Examples include Microsoft Word, Google Chrome, and Adobe Photoshop. Which operating systems are open Linux, Haiku source? Microsoft Windows, macOS, iOS, An- Which operating systems are proprietary droid, Bandwidth - measured in bits per second How are bandwidth and broadband mea- (bps) sured differently? Broadband - measured in megabits per second (mbps) Personal Area Networks (PAN): Bluetooth headsets connected to a smartphone Wireless keyboards and mice connected to a computer Fitness trackers syncing with a smart- phone Local Area Networks (LAN): Home Wi-Fi network connecting multiple devices like computers, smartphones, and smart TVs Office network connecting employees' 4 / 16  BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs computers, printers, and servers within a single building School network connecting computers in a classroom or library What are examples of Personal Area Wide Area Networks (WAN): Networks (PAN), Local Area Networks Internet itself, connecting millions of (LAN), and Wide Area Networks (WAN)? smaller networks globally Corporate networks connecting different branch offices across cities or countries Banking networks linking ATMs, bank branches, and central offices -Clients are computers that request net- work resources or services What are clients and what are servers? -Servers are computers that manage and provide network resources and ser- vices to clients 1. Twisted-Pair Wire: Common, afford- able, low-speed. 1 Mbps to 100 Mbps Wired communications media and chan- nels (in increasing speeds). Know the 2. Coaxial Cable: Faster than twist- advantages and disadvantages of each. ed-pair, moderate cost. Also know the general speed range (in Fiber Optics: High-speed, high-cost. 10 mbps) of each: Twisted-Pair Wire, Coax- Mbps to 1 Gbps ial Cable, and Fiber Optics 3. Fiber Optics: High-speed, high-cost. 100 Mbps to 10+ Gbps What is the general range for satellite 12 Mbps to 100 Mbps speeds? What is the most common wavelength we use in the electromagnetic spec- Microwaves trum? 5 / 16  BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO): Altitude: ~35,786 km Pros: Continuous area coverage. Cons: High latency, expensive. Middle Earth Orbit (MEO): Altitude: 2,000 - 35,786 km What are the three basic types of Pros: Lower latency, good for navigation. telecommunications satellites and their Cons: Needs multiple satellites, moder- characteristics? ate cost. Low Earth Orbit (LEO): Altitude: 160 - 2,000 km Pros: Low latency, cheaper. Cons: Requires many satellites, shorter lifespan. a network of interconnected physical de- Internet of things (IoT) vices that communicate and exchange data over the internet The delivery of computing services, such as storage, processing, and software, Cloud computing over the internet, allowing for on-demand access to resources without direct active management by the user "No need to know" "Flexibility and elasticity" allow these sys- What are the basic cloud characteristics tems to scale up and down as phrases? "Pay as much as used and needed" "Always on, anywhere and any place" Edge computing involves processing data closer to where it is generated (at the "edge" of the network) rather than in What is edge computing? How is it differ- a centralized cloud. This reduces latency ent from cloud computing? and bandwidth use. Unlike cloud com- puting, which relies on centralized data centers to process and store data, edge 6 / 16  BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs computing handles data locally, making it faster for time-sensitive applications. Decentralized: Processes data near the source, reducing reliance on central servers Low latency: Minimizes data travel time, crucial for real-time applications What are the characteristics of edge Scalability: Distributes processing tasks computing? across multiple edge devices, enhancing efficiency Data privacy and security: Processes data locally, improving privacy and re- ducing transmission risks 1. Web 1.0: Reading information 2. Web 2.0: Publishing content and build- Distinguish between Web 1.0, 2.0, and ing communities 3.0 - characteristics and differences of 3. Web 3.0: Internet of value (read, pub- each lish, own digital content, execute digital agreements) a comprehensive record-keeping book or digital file used to track financial trans- Leger actions, detailing the accounts, amounts, and dates of all financial activities for an organization or individual A decentralized, digital ledger that records transactions across multiple computers in a way that ensures the data is secure, transparent, and tamper-proof 1. Distributed database with shared Blockchain creation - definition and copies process 2. Transactions recorded as blocks 3. Blocks processed sequentially 4. All participants approve new blocks 5. Blocks linked using cryptographic hashes 6. Digital signatures used for recording 7 / 16  BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs Distributed digital ledger technology Consensus-based validation Blockchain technology characteristics Secured using cryptography Immutable records Provenance tracking A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual cur- rency that uses cryptography for security and operates independently of a central bank Define Crypto Currency and Cryptogra- phy Cryptography is the practice of securing information and communication through the use of codes, so that only those for whom the information is intended can read and process it A decentralized digital currency that op- erates without a central bank or single administrator. It uses peer-to-peer tech- nology to facilitate instant payments and Bitcoin employs cryptography to secure trans- actions and control the creation of new units. Transactions are recorded on a public ledger called the blockchain a named storage location that holds a Variables value which can be changed during pro- gram execution Strings What are the common Data types in Numbers python? Lists Boolean Values Objects are instances of a class What are Objects and classes? How are A class is a collection of objects who they related? share the same variables What is function syntax for declaring a def function(a, b) function? What are Input and output functions 8 / 16  BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs Input () Print () for x in range (0, 5, 1) 0: The starting value of x. For loops - understand the notation and 5: The ending value (exclusive), meaning how they work the loop runs until x is 4. 1: The step value, indicating how much x increments after each iteration A while loop repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a specified condition remains true. While loops while condition: # code block a broad category of applications, tech- nologies, and processes for gathering, Business intelligence (BI) storing, accessing, and analyzing data to help business users make better de- cisions The process of discovering patterns, cor- relations, and useful information from large datasets using statistical, machine learning, and database systems to trans- What is Data Mining and what are its two form raw data into meaningful insights basic operations? 1. Predicting trends and behaviors 2. Identifying previously unknown pat- terns and relationships A decision tree is a model used for decision-making and predictive analysis. Here's how it is structured: Root Node: This is the topmost node rep- resenting the entire dataset or decision problem. It splits into branches based on certain attributes. Non-Leaf Nodes: Also known as internal 9 / 16  BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs nodes, these represent decision points that test attributes and split further into branches leading to other non-leaf nodes or leaf nodes. Leaf Nodes: These are the terminal Decision trees nodes that represent the final decisions or classifications. Each leaf node indi- cates an outcome based on the attribute tests along the path from the root to the leaf. A measure of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguish- able from that of a human. Proposed by Alan Turing, it involves an evaluator who Turing Test interacts with a machine and a human without knowing which is which. If the evaluator cannot reliably distinguish the machine from the human, the machine is considered to have passed the test Reactive AI: Basic type of AI that re- acts to specific inputs with predefined responses. It doesn't have memory or the ability to learn from past experiences Limited Memory: AI that can use past experiences to inform current decisions. It has a limited ability to learn and re- member data over a short period What are the four types of AI? Define them too Theory of Mind: Advanced type of AI that can understand and attribute mental states (beliefs, intents, desires, etc.) to itself and others, allowing it to interact more naturally Self-Aware: The most advanced form of AI, which possesses self-consciousness and awareness. It can perceive and un- 10 / 16  BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs derstand its own existence and motiva- tions 1. Knowledge base What are the components of expert sys- 2. Inference Engine tems? 3. User Interface -Increased output and productivity -Increased Quality What are the benefits of expert systems? -Capture and dissemination of scarce re- sources -Operation in hazardous environments -Transferring domain expertise from hu- man expertise to the expert system What are the difficulties of expert sys- -Potential liability from the use of expert tems? systems -Automating the process may not be pos- sible Neural networks are a type of artificial intelligence modeled after the human brain's network of neurons. They consist of interconnected layers of nodes (neu- rons), each with a specific weight. 1. Input Layer: Receives input data. What are neural networks and how do 2. Hidden Layers: Process inputs us- they work? ing weighted connections and activation functions. They can have multiple lay- ers, which helps in learning complex pat- terns. 3. Output Layer: Produces the final out- put based on the processing from the hidden layers. Lack of management support Smaller, faster, cheaper computers and Information security - factors contributing storage devices to vulnerability Decreasing skills necessary to become a computer hacker 11 / 16  BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs International organized crime taking over cybercrime Unintentional threats to information sys- Human error tems (which one is most significant?) Firewalls What are some Communication controls Anti-malware systems Encryption Virus: A malicious software program that attaches itself to legitimate files and spreads to other files when executed, potentially causing damage or stealing data. Worm: A self-replicating malicious pro- gram that spreads across networks with- out the need to attach to a host file, often What are remote software attacks requir- causing widespread disruption ing user action: Phishing Attack: A fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information by mas- querading as a trustworthy entity in digi- tal communication Spear Phishing Attack: A targeted phish- ing attack aimed at a specific individual or organization, often personalized to in- crease the likelihood of success Denial of service attack: An attack that aims to make a computer or network re- source unavailable to its intended users by overwhelming it with a flood of illegiti- What are remote attacks needing no mate requests user action? Distributed denial of service attack: A type of DoS attack that involves multi- ple compromised devices, often spread across various locations, working togeth- 12 / 16  BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs er to flood a target with excessive traffic, making it even more difficult to mitigate. Trojan horse: A type of malware that dis- guises itself as legitimate software but, once installed, grants unauthorized ac- cess to the user's system Back door: A method of bypassing nor- What are some attacks by a programmer mal authentication or securing remote developing a system? access to a computer, while attempting to remain undetected Logic bomb: Malicious code inserted into a software system that triggers a harmful action when certain conditions are met, such as a specific date or user action -Cutting-edge technologies in the early stages of adoption Define emerging technologies -Poised to have significant impact on so- ciety, economy, and various industries -Drive innovation and create competitive advantage What is the importance of emerging -Address complex challenges and open technologies? new opportunities for progress -The engine behind transformative changes across sectors 1. Intelligent Systems 2. Smart Cities What are the 5 key themes in emerging 3. Augmented Experiences Reality and technologies? Immersive Technologies 4. Quantum Computing 5. 3D Printing -Intelligent Sensors and Wireless Sensor What are examples of intelligent sys- Networks tems? -Wearable Internet -Intelligent Cars & Smart Highways 13 / 16  BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs -Many cities will connect services, utili- ties and roads to the internet Smart cities -These smart cities will manage their en- ergy, material flows, logistics and traffic Overlays digital information and mod- els on the real- world environment in real-time, using devices such as smart- phones, tablets, or AR glasses Augmented reality- what is it and what Key features: are its key features? -Interactivity in real time. -Integration of 3D digital content with live camera feed or the user's environment. -Enhancing perception and providing contextual information about the physical world. Create or enhance digital environments in a way that fully immerses the user, often blurring the line between physical and virtual worlds 1. Virtual reality: Completely immersive experience that shuts out the physical Immersive technologies - including Virtu- world, transporting users to entirely vir- al Reality (VR) and Mixed Reality (MR) tual environments, typically using VR headsets. Ex. Oculus 2. Mixed Reality: Combines elements of both AR and VR, anchoring virtual ob- jects to the real world while allowing in- teraction with these objects as if they were present in the physical space. Ex. Apple's Vision Pro harnesses the principles of quantum me- chanics, a branch of physics that deals with the behavior of particles at the small- Quantum Computing est scales -Quantum bits (Qubits) -Superposition 14 / 16  BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs -Parallelism -Entanglement A manufacturing process that creates three-dimensional objects by adding ma- 3D Printing terial layer by layer, based on digital mod- els A graphical representation that shows the maturity and adoption of technolo- gies and applications over time Gartner Hype Cycle- definition and phas- 1. Innovation trigger es 2. peak of inflated expectations 3. trough of disillusionment 4. slope of enlightenment 5. plateau of productivity a gap between visionary early adopters The chasm and the pragmatic majority Niche Players: Companies that focus on a small segment of the market or are spe- cialized in specific capabilities. They may lack broad market reach or the ability to innovate at the pace of competitors Challengers: Strong performers with a large market presence and substantial resources. They may excel in execution but lag in innovation compared to market Gartner Magic Quadrant leaders Visionaries: Companies that demon- strate a strong ability to innovate and have a clear vision of market trends but may lack the ability to fully execute on their strategies Leaders: Top performers with a strong ability to execute and a clear, innovative vision for the future. They are well-posi- 15 / 16  BTE 210 Final Exam Review Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g4m5xs tioned to capture future market opportu- nities and set industry standards Websites: -Can be used on any phone for free with internet -Need to use/open browser Differentiate between websites and apps Apps: -Need to be installed -Device dependent -May cost money -Do not fully require internet Distinctive and memorable name (authentic) Clear: say what your app does How can you make an app discoverable? Short: under 11 characters Use words related to the app's purpose (so it shows up in search results) Dashboard Live search Login / authentication Common features of an app Menu of operations Navigation widget Profile screen Settings screens -Use radio button or dropdown list if you can't select more than 1 item -Use checkbox to enable selection of Usability in terms of selection of items more than one item -Use a slider to make selections from a range of values Balance visual weight across screen Elements of aesthetics Consistency, avoid repetition Use contrast to emphasize differences 16 / 16