Business Technology Practice Final Exam

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Questions and Answers

What is the correct order of primary storage from fastest to slowest?

Cache > Register > RAM > ROM

RAM > Cache > Register > ROM

ROM > RAM > Cache > Register

Which of the following is an example of system software?

Windows (correct)

Microsoft Word

Google Chrome

Adobe Photoshop

Which of the following is classified as secondary storage?

Optical Disk (correct)

Cache

Registers

RAM

What distinguishes application software from system software?

Application software is for end-user tasks. Signup and view all the answers

Which operating systems are categorized as open source?

Linux, Haiku Signup and view all the answers

Which storage type typically has the highest access speed?

SSD Signup and view all the answers

How is bandwidth generally measured?

In bits per second Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of application software?

It directly manages computer hardware. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by each leaf node in a decision tree?

The final decisions or classifications based on attribute tests Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Reactive AI?

It has predefined responses to specific inputs Signup and view all the answers

What does the Turing Test assess in a machine?

The ability to exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Limited Memory AI from Reactive AI?

Limited Memory AI can learn from past data to inform decisions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about AI types is true?

The Turing Test was proposed to evaluate if machines can mimic human intelligence. Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended characteristic of an app's name for better visibility in search results?

It should be under 11 characters. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how to enable selection of multiple items in an app's interface?

Use a checkbox. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using contrast in app design?

To emphasize differences between elements. Signup and view all the answers

What design strategy helps maintain consistency across an app's interface?

Avoiding repetition. Signup and view all the answers

Which interface component is best suited for making a selection from a specific range of values?

Slider. Signup and view all the answers

What type of malware disguises itself as legitimate software and allows unauthorized access once installed?

Trojan horse Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a back door in a computer system?

A hidden method for bypassing normal authentication Signup and view all the answers

What defines a logic bomb within a software system?

Malicious code triggering actions under certain conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a key theme in emerging technologies?

Legacy Software Signup and view all the answers

Why are emerging technologies considered important?

They address complex challenges and create opportunities Signup and view all the answers

What can intelligent systems do in regards to data collection?

Monitor and analyze data through embedded sensors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following technologies is associated with creating immersive experiences?

Augmented Reality Signup and view all the answers

What might be a result of leveraging emerging technologies in business?

Competitive advantage and innovation Signup and view all the answers

What defines the Internet of Things (IoT)?

A network of interconnected physical devices communicating over the internet. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of cloud computing allows resources to adjust based on demand?

Flexibility and elasticity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a blockchain primarily used for?

Recording transactions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common data type in Python?

Files Signup and view all the answers

How does edge computing primarily differ from cloud computing?

Edge computing processes data at the network's edge, reducing latency. Signup and view all the answers

What is an important benefit of edge computing regarding data processing?

It minimizes data travel time, crucial for real-time applications. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a class in programming?

To create instances of objects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a basic characteristic of cloud computing?

High latency for processing. Signup and view all the answers

How is a function defined in Python?

def function(a, b) Signup and view all the answers

What does the command 'print()' do in Python?

Outputs text to the console Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of edge computing related to its functionality?

Distributes processing tasks near the data source. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the accessibility of cloud computing?

It is always on and accessible from anywhere. Signup and view all the answers

In a for loop, 'range(0, 5, 1)' specifies which of the following?

The starting value is 0, ending at 4. Signup and view all the answers

What type of loop will execute a block of code based on a specified condition?

While loop Signup and view all the answers

Which statement captures a key advantage of edge computing?

It reduces bandwidth usage by processing data locally. Signup and view all the answers

How does an object relate to a class?

An object is an instance of a class. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The internal operating unit of a computer
Temporarily stores data and program instructions during processing

Primary Storage

RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage for current data and programs. Volatile (data lost when power off).
ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent storage for firmware and system software. Non-volatile (data remains when power off).
Registers: Small, fast storage locations within the CPU for immediate data manipulation. Volatile (data lost when power off).
Cache Memory: High-speed memory that stores frequently accessed data for quick retrieval. Volatile (data lost when power off).

Secondary Storage

Storage remote to the CPU that permanently holds data, even when the computer is turned off (e.g., hard drive).

Secondary Storage Types

Magnetic Tape: Sequential access, high storage capacity, low cost per unit, used for backups and archiving.
Magnetic Discs (HDDs): Random access, high storage capacity, cost-effective for large storage, moving parts (spinning platters and read/write heads).
Solid State Drives (SSDs): No moving parts, faster data access, more durable, lower power consumption.
Optical Storage (CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray): Use laser technology, portable, relatively lower storage capacity compared to HDDs and SSDs, good for media storage.
Flash Memory: Non-volatile, no moving parts, used in USB drives, memory cards, and SSDs, quick data access, portable.

Input Technologies

Keyboard, mouse, microphone, touch screen, camera

Output Technologies

Monitor, speakers, projector, headphones

Byte Sizes (in order)

Byte (B) < Kilobyte (KB) < Megabyte (MB) < Gigabyte (GB) < Terabyte (TB) < Petabyte (PB)

Binary ASCII Conversion

Convert the ASCII value to binary by repeatedly dividing by 2 and recording the remainder until reaching 0.
Example: 'A' (ASCII 65) = 01000001 in binary. (Dividing successively by 2 until result is 0)

Cost, Size, and Speed Relationship

Moving from Register to Magnetic Tape: Cost decreases, speed decreases, size increases.

Operating Systems

Open Source: Linux, Haiku
Proprietary: Microsoft Windows, macOS, iOS, Android

Bandwidth and Broadband Measurement

Bandwidth: Measured in bits per second (bps).
Broadband: Measured in megabits per second (mbps)

Personal Area Networks (PAN)

Bluetooth headsets connected to a smartphone
Wireless keyboards and mice connected to a computer
Fitness trackers syncing with a smartphone

Local Area Networks (LAN)

Home Wi-Fi network connecting multiple devices (computers, smartphones, TVs).
Office network connecting employees' computers, printers, and servers within a building

Clients and Servers

Clients: Computers that request network resources/services
Servers: Computers that manage and provide network resources/services to clients

Wired Communication Media

Twisted-Pair Wire (Common, affordable, low-speed - 1 Mbps to 100 Mbps)
Coaxial Cable (Faster than twisted-pair, moderate cost - 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps, 12 Mbps to 100 Mbps)
Fiber Optics (High-speed, high-cost - 10 Mbps to 1 Gbps, 100 Mbps to 10+ Gbps)

Satellite Speeds

General range for satellite speeds: 12 Mbps to 100 Mbps

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Microwaves is the most common wavelength.

Telecommunications Satellites

Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO): High altitude (~35,786 km), continuous area coverage, high latency, expensive.
Middle Earth Orbit (MEO): ~2000-35,786 km, lower latency, moderately priced, needs more sats.
Low Earth Orbit (LEO): ~160-2000 km, low latency, least expensive, needs the most sats.

Internet of Things (IoT)

Network of interrelated physical devices that communicate and exchange data over the internet.

Cloud Computing

Delivery of computing services (storage, processing, software) over the internet, allowing on-demand access to resources without active management.

Basic Cloud Characteristics

"No need to know"
"Flexibility and elasticity"
"Pay as much as used and needed"
"Always on, anywhere and anytime"

Edge Computing

Processing data closer to its source, reducing latency and bandwidth costs. Typically at the "edge" of a network.

Web 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0

Web 1.0: Primarily reading information
Web 2.0: Publishing content and building communities
Web 3.0: Internet of value (publish, own digital content, execute digital agreements)

Ledger

A comprehensive record-keeping book for all financial transactions

Blockchain Creation

Distributed database with shared copies.
Transactions recorded as blocks
Blocks processed sequentially.
All participants approve new blocks
Blocks linked with cryptographic hashes
Digital signatures for recording.

Crypto Currency and Cryptography

Cryptocurrency: Digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security and operates independently of a central bank.
Cryptography: Securing information with codes, so that only intended recipients can read and process it

Common Python Data Types

Numbers
Strings
Lists
Booleans
Variables

Objects and Classes

Objects are instances of a class.
A class is a collection of objects that share the same variables.

Function Syntax

def function(a, b):

Input and Output Functions

Input()
Print()

For Loops Notation

for x in range (start, stop, step)
- Start: Starting value.
- Stop: Ending value (exclusive)
- Step: Increment between values

While Loops

Execute a code block as long as a condition remains true.
- while condition:
  - # code block

Business Intelligence (BI)

Wide category of applications, technologies, and processes to gather, store, access, and analyze data to enhance decision-making.

Data Mining Operations

Predicting trends and behaviors
Identifying previously unknown patterns and relationships

Decision Trees

A model for decision-making and predictive analysis.

Turing Test

Measure of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human's.

Types of AI

Reactive AI: Reacts to specific inputs with predefined responses, without memory.
Limited Memory AI: Uses past experiences to inform current decisions.
Theory of Mind AI: Understands mental states of itself and others.
Self-Aware AI: Possesses self-consciousness and awareness.

Expert Systems Components

Knowledge base
Inference engine
User Interface

Expert System Benefits

Increased output and productivity
Increased quality
Capture and dissemination of scarce resources
Operation in hazardous environments
Transfer of expert knowledge

Expert System Difficulties

Transfer of human expertise
Potential liability
Automating the process may not be possible

Neural Networks

Artificial intelligence modeled after the human brain.
Input Layer: Receives input data
Hidden Layers: Process inputs using weighted connections and activation functions.
Output Layer: Produces final output based on processing from hidden layers.

Information Security Vulnerabilities

Lack of management support
Smaller, faster, and cheaper computers and storage devices

Unintentional Information System Threats

Most significant: Human Error

Communication Controls

Firewalls, anti-malware systems, and encryption.

Remote Software Attacks Requiring User Action

Phishing attacks
Spear phishing attacks
Denial of service attacks

Remote Attacks Needing No User Action

Viruses, worms

What are some attacks by a programmer developing a system?

Logic bombs, back doors

Define Emerging Technologies

Cutting-edge technologies in the early stages of adoption, poised to significantly impact society, economy, and industries.

Importance of Emerging Technologies

Drive innovation
Create competitive advantage
Address complex challenges
Engine for transformative changes

Five Key Themes in Emerging Technologies

Intelligent systems
Smart cities
Augmented experiences / immersive technologies
Quantum computing
3D printing

Examples of Intelligent Systems

Wearable internet
Intelligent cars & smart highways
Intelligent sensors and wireless networks

Smart Cities

Many cities connecting services, utilities, and roads to the internet.

Augmented Reality (AR) key features:

Interactivity in real time
Integration of 3D digital content
Enhance perception
Provide contextual info about the physical world

Immersive Technologies (VR, MR):

VR transports users to virtual environments (e.g., Oculus).
MR combines virtual and physical worlds (e.g., Apple Vision Pro).

Quantum Computing Key Concepts

Quantum bits (qubits)
Superposition

3D Printing

Manufacturing process creating 3D objects by adding material layer by layer.

Gartner Hype Cycle Phases

Innovation trigger
Peak of inflated expectations
Trough of disillusionment
Slope of enlightenment
Plateau of productivity

Gartner Magic Quadrant

Niche players
Challengers
Visionaries
Leaders

Websites vs. Apps

Websites: Accessed via browser, often free with internet connection.
Apps: Downloaded, installed, often require internet access, may be device-specific.

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Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts of computer architecture, focusing on the CPU, primary storage devices like RAM and ROM, and secondary storage systems. Test your understanding of how data is processed and stored in computers.