Grade 6 Natural Sciences and Technology Summaries, Term 4, Platinum (PDF)

 Moon can be seen What we can see on the moon The Sun is at the centre of Moons do not give out because the light...

 Moon can be seen What we can see on the moon The Sun is at the centre of Moons do not give out because the light our solar system their own heat and light Surface of the moon is not flat and from the sun shines smooth – mountains, plains (lower- The Sun is the only star in our solar system – other Moons and planets do not stars are too far away. on its surface lying flat areas) and craters (large give off their own heat and circular holes. Stars are made of gas and give out their own heat Moon seems to shine light, because they are because light from the Craters formed by large rocky and light. made of rock not gas. Sun – centre point of our solar system. sun shines on its surface. objects crashing into the moon. Only stars are made of gas Temp. on surface of the Sun - 6000°C. We only see the part of Mountains – light areas, plains – and give off their heat and the moon lit by the sun. dark areas. light. Planets and the asteroid belt Would not be able to see the Moon from Earth Planets are different from stars: without sunlight, because T14(A) – The They are not made of hot gas. Moons the Moon does not give They don’t give out their own heat and light. Moons – rocky bodies that out its own light. solar system Eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, travel in an orbit around a Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. planet. All the planets revolve around the sun in their Mercury and Venus have no How to make a Planets and asteroids take own orbits. (ellipse / flattened circle). moons, some others have model different amounts of time to Asteroids – chunk of rocks revolving around more than 60. Believe there the Sun, differs in shape and size. are still many to discover. Model – simplified revolve around the sun version of something. Earth takes 365 ¼ days to revolve Asteroid belt – travel around the sun between Moons that we know of has the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Does not always give around the sun – 365 days. names. Ceres – largest asteroid – diameter of 1000 km. all the detail of the Every fourth year – extra day on 29 Moon – name for the Earth’s real thing and is not Feb – leap year. moon. the same size. Use Earth days and years to measure Each planet is different Moons differ in size and Can show what how long other planets take to surfaces – some rocky, others Each planet has its own features – size, different something looks like, revolve around the sun. covered with ice. orbits, different distance from the Sun. how it works, way Takes longer the further away the Ganymede – one of Jupiter’s Some are rocky others are gas planets. something is planet is from the sun. moons, bigger than Mercury. Four inner planets – solid rocky bodies. happening. Planets closest to the sun move faster Rocky body covered with ice. Four outer planets – gas giants (huge balls of gas). Make models to – shorter distance. Telesto – Saturn’s moon, Different numbers of moons (moon – a solid rocky understand the real Asteroids are all at different distances diameter of 24km, surface body that travels around a planet.) thing better and try from the sun – different times to covered with ice. ideas. revolve around it. GR6 NST T4-T14 Mind Map Platinum Copyright © www.summariessa.co.za (DO NOT COPY)  Made of frozen gas – “ice giant”. Uranus Neptune Mercury Thick atmosphere made of hydrogen and helium Made of frozen gas – “ice giant”. Rocky – covered in a layer of fine soil. – some methane gives it a green-blue Blue-green colour because of methane in Many huge craters. appearance. atmosphere. Only planet with no atmosphere. Axis is tilted – one pole always faces the sun, Has extremely fast winds reaching 1 400km Average temp: 168°C. appears ton lay km.on its side. p/h. Evidence of ice near north pole, no evidence of liquid water. 9 Dark and 2 brightly coloured rings. Several dark rings – not known what it is No moon. 27 Known moons. made of. Diameter: 4 878km. Average temp: -216°C. 13 Moons. Distance from the Sun: 60 million. km. Diameter: 51 118 km. Average temp: -218°C. Venus Distance from the sun: 3 000 million km. Diameter: 49 528 km. Distance from the Sun: 4 500 million km. Bare rocky surface, many volcanoes. Saturn Thick atmosphere – blocks surface from Gas planet – hydrogen and helium. observers on Earth. Gasses make it light – think it could float on water. Atmosphere – Carbon dioxide, traps the Yellow bands cause by winds blowing fast through gassy atmosphere. sun’s heat – making the planet very hot. Bright colourful rings – made of frozen water. Average temp: 500°C. Furthest planet from the Earth that can be seen without a telescope or binoculars. O14(B) – White clouds – not made of water. 62 Moons. No water, no Moon. Average Temp: -141°C. Planets Diameter: 12 000km. Diameter: 120 660 km. Distance from the sun: 108 million km. Distance from the sun: 1 400 million km. All the planets can fit into Jupiter. Jupiter Earth Gas planet – hydrogen and helium. Mars Rocky – most covered with soil and water. Fast winds blowing from east to west – streaky The ‘Red Planet’ – rocky surface covered with red dust. Atmosphere of oxygen and carbon dioxide. appearance. Many volcanic mountains – Mons Olympus 28 km high. Water in oceans and atmosphere makes it Giant red spot – huge storm of swirling gases, wind Frozen water in deep craters near its pole. appear blue – “the blue planet”. speeds of 800 km/h. Dry river beds – there once was liquid. Only planet that can support life. Three thin dark rings – made of dust. Thin atmosphere. Average temp: 15°C. 64 Moons. Average temp: -55°C. One Moon. Average Temp: -145°C. Two moons. Diameter: 12 750 km. Diameter: 142 800 km. Diameter: 6 787 km. Distance from the sun: 150 million km. Distance from the sun: 800 million km. Distance from the sun – 240 million km. GR6 NST T4-T14 Mindm Map Platinum Copyright © www.summariessa.co.za (DO NOT COPY) Together, the Earth and Moon The rotation of the Earth Using units of measurement Eight planets in the solar system – each rotates on its own axis. revolve around the Sun Unit of measurement – used to give us Axis – Imaginary line through the centre of something. The Moon revolves around the Earth. accurate information about the size of Earth Axis – goes through the centre of the Earth from the North something. pole to the South pole. The Earth revolves around the Sun at the same time. Length – length or distance of something – Rotation – planets turns round and round on its own axis. The Earth revolves on its own orbit. km, m, cm, mm. Planet Earth rotates on its own axis from west to east. Volume – amount of liquid – l, ml. Takes the Earth 24 hours to rotate once. The Moon revolves around the Sun with the Earth – it does not revolve Mass – amount of matter in an object – kg, As it rotates, one side faces the sun and the other side away from it. around the sun in its own orbit. g. We experience day and night. Temperature – how hot or cold something is - °C. Time – amount of time it takes for The revolution of the Earth something to happen – h, min, s. The revolution of Earth takes 365 ¼ to revolve around once. the Moon All the planets revolve around the Sun. The Moon revolves around the Earth once in 28 All planets are part of the solar system – days. sun as the centre. T15 – Movement of Planets all revolve around the sun. The moon travels in an anticlockwise direction. It takes the Moon the same time to rotate on its the Earth, Planets Revolution – movement of one body around another. axis as it takes to revolve around the Earth. and the Moon As the moon rotates, all sides of it face the sun at Orbit – the pathway every planet follows. some time. Earth takes 365 ¼ days to complete one The same side of the Moon always faces the Earth. revolution – 3 years 365 days in a year, 4th year 366 – leap year (29 Feb). The rotation of the Moon Earth moves further along every day in its orbit. The Moon is the nearest object in the solar system to Earth – nearer than the Sun. After a year the Earth is back where it The moon rotates on its own orbit –takes 28 days to rotate once. started on its orbit. In one month, the Moon has rotated once, and the Earth has rotated 28 times. As the moon rotates, one side faces the sun and is lit, the other faces away and is dark. Moon is a rocky body – does not give off its own light. Only shines if the suns light is falling on it. GR6 NST T4-T15 Mind Map Platinum Copyright © www.summariessa.co.za (DO NOT COPY)  SA has clear skies and good SALT What is a telescope? weather; scientists can take Southern African Large Telescope. Telescope is an instrument that allows clear photographs with One of the world’s largest optical telescopes in Sutherland in the Karroo in Northern Cape. people to see distant objects in much optical telescopes. Chosen for its dark, clear skies and good weather conditions. more detail than with the naked eye. Builds telescopes far from towns – air pollution and Used for looking into space and light from buildings don’t KAT-7 and MeerKAT gathering information. affect their observations. MeerKAT array is a collection of radio telescopes. History of the solar system – helps Will be largest radio telescope in the southern hemisphere and will be able to pick up understand the history of Earth. faint radio signals from outer space. Telescope is invented by Galileo Telescopes in space Galilei, an Italian scientist. Earth’s atmosphere stops us from getting SKA perfect pictures. SKA-Square Kilometre Array. How a telescope works Scientists have sent telescopes into space on Most powerful telescope. Simple telescope has the following parts: rockets now working as satellites – go 50x more accurate than other radio telescopes. long tube, made of metal or plastic; glass around the earth in an orbit. Will be constructed near Carnarvon. lens at the front end, nearest to what you Take pictures without looking through the are looking at (objective lens); second glass atmosphere – sent back to Earth. lens, near your eye (eyepiece). Hubble Space Telescope sent to space in T16 – Systems The objective lens collects light from a 1990, serviced by astronauts. for looking Radio telescopes distant object and brings that light, or Bodies in space give out radio waves into space image, to a point of focus. Eyepiece lens takes this bright light and Array we can’t see with our eyes. magnifies it – like a magnifying glass. Radio telescopes don’t have lenses or Array – a group of telescopes Magnification mirrors, we don’t look through them. working together. Magnification – how big the Optical telescope Usually have a dish to collect Telescopes are spread out so information. telescope makes it look. Telescopes we look through. each one collects different Scientists can make pictures from Ten times magnification (x10) Binoculars and camera lenses – types of optical information, slightly makes the object 10 times radio waves. telescopes. different from the others. Radio telescopes need to be far away bigger. Have to look through the Earth’s atmosphere. When the information is put Hundred times magnified from cell-phone and radio networks. Gases of atmosphere make images look fuzzy. together, we have a much A radio telescope can only collect a (x100) makes object 100 Most large telescopes are placed high on mountains. better image than one small amount of information – a times bigger. Mainly used at night. telescope on its own. group of radio telescopes together The bigger the magnification Research telescopes are placed in country areas – can collect much more information. – the bigger the object looks. less light. Photographs are taken by optical telescopes. GR6 NST T4-T16 Mind Map Platinum Copyright © www.summariessa.co.za (DO NOT COPY)  Moon rovers in the future Mars rovers What is a rover? All Mars rovers are controlled by robots. Rover – vehicle with special wheels 1972 was the last time astronauts was on the Curiosity – new robotic rover for NASA’s Mars Science and axles designed to travel on the Moon, but NASA plans to send people there Laboratory mission. Moon and other planets. again by 2020. Spent eight months travelling to Mars and landed there in Main purpose – to help human beings Wants to build a base on the Moon where August 2012; Size of a car but travels more slowly. to explore other objects in space more astronauts could live for months at a time. 17 Cameras will be its “eyes” and many scientific closely. Will need vehicles with mechanical arms that can do heavy work like digging and hauling instruments for testing rocks and gases. loads. Rover drivers will control the Curiosity rover from Earth. People explore the moon Vehicles will need to travel long distances and The drivers monitor the rover and send new instructions 20 July 1969 – Neil Armstrong, first human to astronauts would need to work and live there daily. Found evidence that there used to be water on Mars. walk on the Moon. for a few days. Walked around in a space suit and collected Two prototype vehicles developed: soil and rocks for scientists on Earth to study. Lunar truck – astronauts could operate Rovers was used during the Apollo missions wearing their space suits. T17 – Systems to in 1971 & 1972 to travel further across the Pressurised rover like a campervan – adapted Moon’s surface. so astronauts don’t need spacesuits when they explore the Moon are inside it. and Mars New rovers – each wheel have its own axle which works on its own. Each wheel can turn Robotic rovers explore the Moon and Mars in any direction to help the vehicle move Robotic rovers – vehicles controlled by robots. around on rocky ground, sideways movement. Robots – machines that can move on their own and do tasks like a person. Rovers help us explore planets in our solar system – they can go to Moon rovers in the past People on Mars places and do things that are dangerous or difficult for people to do. No person ever on Mars. Communication systems for sending and receiving messages. Moon rovers that the Apollo astronauts Takes two years to travel to People instruct and programme the robots to do what they need used to drive on the Moon looked like Mars and back. them to do and robots send information back to Earth. beach buggies. No air gets much hotter and Built-in cameras and mechanical arms for gathering information. Allowed the astronauts to travel further much colder than on Earth. Solar panels – use the sun’s energy to make the rover work. distances than they could on foot, in their Sojourner-Mars Rover – first Curiosity – rover from Russia that landed on Mars in 2012. heavy spacesuits. robotic rover to land on Searching for evidence of past or present life on the “Red Planet”. Meant they could gather more rocks and another planet. Lunokhod 1 – first robotic rover to land on the Moon. soil samples. GR6 NST T4-T17 Mind Map Platinum Copyright © www.summariessa.co.za (DO NOT COPY)