Earth Sci Long Test.pdf

Earth Science Long Test Universe Sir Isaac Newton Is everything (NASA) static, steady-state infinite Humans used religion, tradition, universe philosophy, and science to describe...

Earth Science Long Test Universe Sir Isaac Newton Is everything (NASA) static, steady-state infinite Humans used religion, tradition, universe philosophy, and science to describe Albert Einstein its origin and structure. All of space static, dynamically-stable universe Including energy, time, and you Edwin Hubble the universe was not static Genesis one of the books of the Hebrew bible & Christian Old Testament The Big Bang Theory How God made the Earth in 6 days Current accepted model Originated from an infinitely tiny & Rigveda dense point (singularity) Hindu text George Lemaitre (1927) Describes the universe as an Supported by Edwin Hubble’s oscillating “cosmic egg” or demonstration of the expanding “Brahmanda.” universe universe expands & collapses (never-ending process) Gluons messenger particle Leucippus & Democritus atomic universe Quarks elementary particles and a Aristotle & Ptolemy fundamental constituent of matter geocentric universe (earth-focused) Nuclear solid force binds sub-atomic particles Nicolaus Copernicus together (quarks) heliocentric universe (sun-focused) Earth Science Long Test Natural Laws Created natural laws of the four fundamental forces of the universe 1. Strong nuclear force 2. Weak nuclear force 3. Electromagnetic force 4. Gravity Steady State Theory Hadron & Lepton Era Proposed by Fred Hoyle, Thomas The universe cools down; quarks Gold & Hermann Bondi create new particles called The universe expanded but did not hadrons & leptons. change its density It also forms particles such as Matter is continuously created to protons, electrons, and neutrons. form new stars and galaxies at the same rate Nucleosynthesis Era Created the first element; Solar System Hydrogen The sun and everything bound to it by gravity (planets, moons, Opaque Era asteroids, comets &, etc.) - NASA Hydrogen gases clumped together, galaxies start to form Geocentric Model Oscillating Theory Earth in the center Ptolemy Also known as the pulsating theory By Albert Einstein (1930) Heliocentric Model Cyclical event, each beginning with a Big Bang and ending with a Big Nicolaus Copernicus Crunch Published “on the revolutions of Contains an expansion (Big Bang) the celestial spheres.” following a collapse (Big Crunch) The sun is at the center of the universe.  Earth Science Long Test Sun - Discovered in 1930 - Reclassified (2006) as a dwarf planet by Center of the Solar System the IAU (International Astronomical It’s gravity holds the solar system Union) together - Did not meet the 3rd criteria 4.5 billion years old Made up of hydrogen and helium 864,000 miles in diameter & IAU Criteria 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit Vital (ocean currents, season, 1. It is in orbit around the sun climate & photosynthesis) 2. It has sufficient mass to assume hydrostatic equilibrium (round Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars - Jupiter - shape) Saturn - Uranus - Neptune 3. It has the ability to clear the neighborhood around its orbit Terrestrial Planets Derived from the Latin word Encounter Hypothesis “Terra” - Earth-Like Rogue sun passed the sun, Similar in structure & composition material was stripped from the to the Earth sun, and the rogue star Telluric or rocky planet This material fragments into It has a solid surface smaller lumps, which form the Mercury, Venus, Earth & Mars planets. Jovian Planets Nebular Hypothesis Gas giants developed out of a nebula, which “Jovian” - Jupiter-like collapsed & condensed Giant balls of gas exist in a rocky Forms a protostar core Accretion occurred (gradual The core is filled with liquid-heavy growth) compounds The nebula flattened into a disk Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune called the protoplanetary disk Planets form on this disk Pluto: Dwarf Planet - Found in the Kuiper Belt Earth Science Long Test Protoplanet Hypothesis Mantle “leading hypothesis” Earth’s thickest layer Tiny objects stuck to each other Made up of Iron, Magnesium, and and grew bigger & bigger Silicon Nebula started as a loose 3000 - 30 km beneath collection of gas and dust Asthenosphere Slowly shrinks, making the cloud compress and spin faster Layer between mantle and crust The compression formed a Crust hydrogen fusion that became our sun Divided into oceanic and Compressed into planetesimals continental into protoplanets and planets Made up of Silica, Aluminum and Planetesimals -> Protoplanets -> Oxygen Planets Lithosphere Milky Way Crust and Uppermost part of the Mantle - A massive collection of stars, dust, and gas Earth’s Discontinuities - Spiral galaxy - Looks like a spinning pinwheel Transition zone of the layers Lehmann Earth’s Layers Inner and Outer Core Inner Core Gutenburg Hot iron ball the size of pluto Solid due to pressure Outer Core and Lower Mantle About 5,400 celsius Repetti 6,400 - 5180 km beneath Upper and Lower Mantle Outer Core Mohorovicic Responsible for the magnetic field Made up of liquid Iron and Nickel Lower Crust and Upper Mantle 5,180 - 2,880 km beneath Earth Science Long Test Conrad Diaphaneity Upper and Lower Mantle Transparency Minerals Luster Naturally Occurring, Pure, How it reflects light Inorganic, Homogeneous solid and Tenacity with a definite structure How the mineral holds together Minerology Specific Gravity Study of Minerals Density of the mineral Minerologist Person who studies minerals Mineral Chemical Properties Minerals Physical Properties Solubility Ability to dissolve in a solvent Color Melting Point Clear or White is pure and rare Temp when solid turns into a liquid Streak Rock-Forming Minerals Color of a mineral’s powder Light Colored Hardness Feldspars Whether a mineral will scratch or Quartz be scratched Muscovite Carbonates Cleavage Aluminum Silicates Tendency to break along certain planes Dark Colored Olivine Crystalline Pyroxenes Arrangement of crystals Amphiboles How they are joined is called Biotite/Black Mica “Crystal Lattice” Earth Science Long Test Minerals in Our Daily Lives Sedimentary Rocks Halite - Found in table salt and From the word “Sediments” - to preservatives settle at the bottom Talc - Found in powders because it Formed by erosion and deposition absorbs oils, moisture, and odor by other rocks Diamond - Used as a gemstone for jewelry Clastic Quartz - Used in concrete, glass, Accumulation of little pieces of watches, and scientific broken rocks and shells instruments; also used to make Ex. Sandstone silicon and semiconductors Chemicals Rocks Formed from dissolved minerals in Two or More minerals a solution Ex. Limestone Petrology Study of Rocks Organic Remains of plants and animals; Petrologist may contain fossils Person that studies rocks Ex. Coal Formation Process Igneous Rocks From Latin “Ignis” - Fire Erosion Formed from cooling and Broken down by natural forces like solidification of magma and or lava wind and water Extrusive/Volcanic Deposition Lava makes its way to the Earth’s Laying down of sediment surface and cools quickly Keyword: Deposit Fine-grained/Aphanitic Cementation Intrusive/Plutonic When new minerals stick together Cools down beneath the Earth’s surface (Magma) Coarse-grained/Phaneritic Earth Science Long Test Metamorphic Rocks Ranking (Softest to Hardest) Meta means “Change” and morph Talc means “form” Gypsum Re-crystallization of rocks Calcite Fluorite Metamorphism Apatite Orthoclase Contact Quartz Heat; due to contact with magma Topaz Corundum Regional Diamond Changes in pressure and temperature over a large region Energy Ability to do work Foliated Metamorphic Banded or Layered Law of the Conservation of Energy Ex. Gneiss Energy cannot be created nor destroyed; only transformed into Non-Foliated Metamorphic other forms Random and is not in layers Ex. Marble Types of Energy Rock Cycle Kinetic Potential Melting Thermal Energy Chemical Energy Cooling Heat and Pressure Electrical Energy Elastic Energy Weathering and Lithification Mechanical Energy Nuclear Energy Compact and Cementation Magnetic Energy Gravitational Mohs’ Hardness Scale Energy Ranked softest to hardest Ability to be scratched by other minerals Energy as a Resource Was created by Friedrich Mohs Renewable Non-renewable Earth Science Long Test Non-renewables Geothermal Nuclear Energy Energy Nuclear Wind Energy Coal Energy from Fission or Fusion of Solar Energy Oil and Diesel atoms Hydroelectric Natural Gas Fission - Break apart Energy Fusion - Combine Biomass Coal Black or brownish rock that is combustible; from organic matter Renewables Largest Deposit is in Semirara Geothermal Island, Antique From the heat of the Earth; PH Oil and Diesel ranks third in geothermal deposits Useful necessities for daily life Solar Natural Gas From the sun; free for all and Fossil fuel from the remains of gas; renewable mainly composed of methane CH4 Hydroelectric Falling water to generate Water electricity; first dam is in Bokod, Liquid that makes life possible on Benguet earth Wind Hydrologic Cycle (Water Cycle) Moving air to turn turbines to generate electricity; Bangui Wind Evaporation Farm is one of the country’s pride Water vapor Biomass Liquid to Gas From living or dead organic matter Transpiration Water vapor from plants and animals Earth Science Long Test Condensation Lakes Gas to Liquid Large inland bodies of fresh or Forms clouds saline water Precipitation Wetlands When liquid water falls back to Land where water covers it for an the earth extended period Surface Runoff Marsh Water that is not absorbed that Shallow wetland where grasses goes to bodies of water and weeds are the dominant vegetation Water Distribution Swamp 97% of Water is saltwater Lush trees and vegetation 3% is freshwater Estuary Fresh Water Where fresh and saline water 29% is in groundwater & 70% is in meet glaciers 1% is accessible freshwater Ground Water below the surface of the earth in Surface Water spaces between rock and soil Water that collects on the ground In aquifers in lakes, streams, rivers, etc. Aquifer Glaciers A groundwater that is found in the Permanent body of ice spaces between the rock and soil Permafrost Artesian Well Any ground that is permanently a well that doesn’t require a pump frozen for at least two years to bring water to the surface. Stream Spring Moving body of water that flows When groundwater emerges to down to sea level due to gravity the ground surface Earth Science Long Test Ocean Zones Philippines Laws and Made up of 5 zones after the Regulations for Water Resource intertidal zone: Epipelagic Management and Conservation (Sunlight), Mesopelagic (Twilight), Presidential Decree No. 1067 - Bathypelagic (Midnight), National Water Code of the Phils. Abyssopelagic (Abyssal), Trenches Executive Order No. 222 of 1995 - (Hadal) Nationwide Water Conservation Plan Epipelagic (Sunlight) Republic Act No. 8041 - Addresses 200 meters National Water Crisis “At the surfaces” “Of the sea” - The Philippine Water Act of 2004 - Greek Quality Water Standards and Regulations Mesopelagic (Twilight) 200 - 1000 meters No photosynthesizing organisms Soil Bathypelagic (Midnight) fundamental to life on Earth defined as organic & inorganic “Deep” - greek materials 1000 - 4000 meters; no sunlight Provide a medium for plant growth Abyssopelagic (Abyssal) develops slowly over time “Bottomless” - greek 4000 - 6000 meters Pedology 83% of the ocean and 60% of the a study of soils earth’s surface Trenches (Hadal) Different uses of soil From “Hades” the Greek God of Plantation the underworld Pottery Infrastructure Breakdown of Earth’s Land 29 % of the earth is land Earth Science Long Test - Agriculture is 38%, 62% is for Non-agriculture - Non-arable 67% (cannot be Horizon R - Bedrock planted on, places for poultry, etc.) Hard consolidated rock (tightly and Arable 33% (plantation) bonded) Soil Formation Different Kinds of Soil the soil has horizons (layers) Sand Horizon O - Humus or Organic drains well Organic matter It does not hold water or nutrients. Such as decomposing leaves Depends on place (can be absent) Clay used for ceramics Horizon A - Topsoil Holds water well Different living organisms It has the smallest particle Earthworms Silt Horizon E - Eluviated more fertile; used for growing Leached minerals & organic matter crops Materials moved downward Good water retention and air circulation Used by farmers in the field Horizon B - Subsoil Accumulation of minerals pushed down Illuviation Loam fertile, easy to work with, and provides good drainage Horizon C - Parent Material For gardens It contains weathered rock Mixture of sand, clay, silt fragments Earth Science Long Test Factors affecting soil formation Waste Disposal a. Landfill - layers of garbage and 1. Climate - develops faster in warm soil than cold 2. Topography - affects water runoff b. Incineration - combustion or that strips parent material burning of garbage. 3. Time - soil age - It is considered one of the most 4. Plants & Animals - organic matter hygienic methods of waste 5. Parent Material - starting point disposal. Environment c. Composting - decomposition of where organisms live or occupy organic matter by microorganisms All elements surrounding the organism d. Source reduction - the practice of Including the air, water, nature, eliminating waste before it is people & organism created e. Recycling - separating, recovering, Waste and reusing components of solid unwanted and unusable materials waste that may still have economic (no use) value Solid Waste Universal Recycling Symbol (Mobius any type of garbage, trash, refuse, Loop) or discarded material - One step in a three-step process It can be categorized to where it that forms a closed loop was generated - Collection, manufacturing & Ex. Municipal Waste, Agricultural Purchasing Waste, Industrial Waste & Mining Waste Earth Science Long Test