Week 2 Computer Internal Components PDF

W2 THE COMPUTER INTERNAL COMPONENTS W2 Objectives At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: ▪ Identify the various internal parts of the computer and its functionalities TOPIC INTRODUCTION The internal components of a computer are the parts that a...

W2 THE COMPUTER INTERNAL COMPONENTS W2 Objectives At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: ▪ Identify the various internal parts of the computer and its functionalities TOPIC INTRODUCTION The internal components of a computer are the parts that are located inside the computer case. They are the essential parts that make the computer work.  TOPIC What is COMPUTER COMPONENTS Inside every computing device, no matter the size and power, you will find many of the same components. The components vary by size, complexity, and computing power; but these components are what make the item function as a computing device. Having a basic understanding of the components’ features and functions will help you select the right device for the job. TOPIC PARTS OF THE INTERNAL COMPUTER Computer Basics: Inside a Computer - YouTube PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER MOTHERBOARD It is the personal computer component that acts as the backbone for the entire computer system. Sometimes called the system board or mainboard, it consists of a large, flat circuit board with chips and other electrical components on it using various connectors. Some components are soldered directly to the board, and some components connect to the board by using slots or sockets. The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer. It connects all of the other components together and provides the electrical connections they need to function. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER Common problems of motherboard Power issues: Motherboards can experience power problems if they are not receiving enough power from the power supply unit (PSU). This can cause the computer to not turn on, or it may cause the computer to crash or restart randomly. Overheating: Motherboards can overheat if they are not properly cooled. This can cause the computer to slow down or crash. Short circuit: A short circuit can occur when two electrical conductors come into contact with each other, causing a sudden surge of current. This can damage the motherboard and other components. Incompatible components: If you try to install incompatible components on the motherboard, it can cause problems. For example, if you try to install a CPU that is not supported by the motherboard, it will not work. Damaged components: The motherboard can be damaged by physical damage, such as dropping the computer or spilling liquid on it. BIOS or firmware errors: The BIOS or firmware is the software that is stored on the motherboard. If this software is corrupted or damaged, it can cause problems with the motherboard. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER Tips to prevent motherboard problems Use a high-quality power supply unit that provides enough power for all of the components in your computer. Keep your computer well-ventilated to prevent overheating. Avoid installing incompatible components on the motherboard. Handle your computer with care to prevent physical damage. Update the BIOS or firmware regularly to fix any known errors. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER Central Processing Unit (CPU) It is the brain of the computer and is responsible for carrying out the instructions of the computer programs. Also called “Processor”. The CPU is made up of millions of transistors that are arranged in a complex circuitry. A processor's speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions of instructions per second; and gigahertz (GHz), or billions of instructions per second. A faster processor can execute instructions more quickly. However, the actual speed of the computer depends on the speed of many different components—not just the processor. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER Central Processing Unit (CPU) The gold you see on the CPU is only a thin plating that is applied to the pins to protect them from corrosion and improve their conductivity. Gold is a good choice for plating CPU pins because it is a very malleable metal that can be easily shaped. It is also a good conductor of electricity, which helps to ensure that the pins make good contact with the motherboard. The amount of gold used in a CPU is very small. A typical CPU may only contain about 0.1 to 0.3 grams of gold. This is not enough to make the CPU valuable, and it is not worth extracting the gold from old CPUs. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER AMD & Intel Processor AMD CPUs are a better value for money, while Intel CPUs offer better performance for gaming at high resolutions. However, there are many other factors to consider when choosing a CPU, such as your budget, the type of work you will be doing, and the other components in your computer. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER AMD & Intel Processor AMD Ryzen 5 5600X: This is a mid-range CPU that offers excellent value for money. It has 6 cores and 12 threads, and it is based on the AMD Zen 3 architecture. Ryzen 9 5900X: This is a high-end CPU that offers great performance for gaming and productivity. It has 12 cores and 24 threads, and it is also based on the AMD Zen 3 architecture. Intel Core i5-12600K: This is a mid-range CPU that offers good performance for gaming and productivity. It has 6 cores and 12 threads, and it is based on the Intel Alder Lake architecture. Core i9-12900K: This is a high-end CPU that offers the best performance for gaming and productivity. It has 16 cores and 24 threads, and it is also based on the Intel Alder Lake architecture. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER POWER SUPPLY UNIT (PSU) The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of power needed by the computer. It sends power through cables to the motherboard and other components. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER Common problems of PSU Overheating: PSUs can overheat if they are not properly cooled. This can cause the PSU to fail, or it may cause other components in the computer to overheat. Power surges: Power surges can occur when there is a sudden spike in voltage in the power supply. This can damage the PSU and other components in the computer. Short circuits: A short circuit can occur when two electrical conductors come into contact with each other, causing a sudden surge of current. This can damage the PSU and other components in the computer. Faulty capacitors: Capacitors are used to store electrical energy in PSUs. If a capacitor fails, it can cause the PSU to fail. Damaged components: The PSU can be damaged by physical damage, such as dropping the computer or spilling liquid on it. Old age: PSUs can wear out over time. As they age, they become less efficient and more likely to fail. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER Tips to prevent PSU problems Use a high-quality PSU that is rated for the power requirements of your computer. Keep your computer well-ventilated to prevent overheating. Avoid using power strips or extension cords with your computer. Use a surge protector to protect your computer from power surges. Inspect your PSU regularly for signs of damage. Replace your PSU if it is old or damaged. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) RAM is your system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer performs calculations, it temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed. This short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're working on a document, spreadsheet, or other type of file, you'll need to save it to avoid losing it. When you save a file, the data is written to the hard drive, which acts as long-term storage. RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB). The more RAM you have, the more things your computer can do at the same time. If you don't have enough RAM, you may notice that your computer is sluggish when you have several programs open. Because of this, many people add extra RAM to their computers to improve performance. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER Types of RAM PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER Types of DDR RAM Here are some additional details about each type of DDR RAM: DDR1: DDR1 was the first generation of DDR RAM. It was introduced in 2000 and was superseded by DDR2 in 2003. DDR1 has a data rate of 266 MHz to 400 MHz. DDR2: DDR2 was the second generation of DDR RAM. It was introduced in 2003 and was superseded by DDR3 in 2007. DDR2 has a data rate of 400 MHz to 800 MHz. DDR3: DDR3 was the third generation of DDR RAM. It was introduced in 2007 and was superseded by DDR4 in 2014. DDR3 has a data rate of 800 MHz to 2133 MHz. DDR4: DDR4 is the fourth generation of DDR RAM. It was introduced in 2014 and is the current generation of DDR RAM. DDR4 has a data rate of 1600 MHz to 3200 MHz. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) Here are some of the symptoms of RAM problems: Blue screen of death: A blue screen of death (BSOD) is a fatal error that can occur when the computer encounters a problem that it cannot handle. A BSOD can be caused by a variety of problems, including RAM problems. Random crashes: The computer may randomly crash or restart. This can be caused by a variety of problems, including RAM problems. Performance issues: The computer may experience performance issues, such as slowness or unresponsiveness. This can be caused by a variety of problems, including RAM problems. Corrupted data: Data on the computer may become corrupted. This can be caused by a variety of problems, including RAM problems. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is possible that you have a problem with your RAM. You can try troubleshooting the issue yourself or take the computer to a qualified technician. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD) The hard drive is where your software, documents, and other files are stored. The hard drive is long-term storage, which means the data is still saved even if you turn the computer off or unplug it. When you run a program or open a file, the computer copies some of the data from the hard drive onto the RAM. When you save a file, the data is copied back to the hard drive. The faster the hard drive, the faster your computer can start up and load programs. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER SOLID STATE DRIVE (SDD) A solid-state drive (SSD) is a type of storage device that uses flash memory to store data. SSDs are much faster than traditional hard disk drives (HDDs) and are becoming increasingly popular as the price of SSDs has decreased. SSDs work by storing data in flash memory cells. Flash memory is a type of non-volatile memory, which means that it does not lose its contents when the power is turned off. SSDs are also much more durable than HDDs and are less susceptible to physical damage. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER HDD vs SSD Speed: SSDs are much faster than HDDs. This is because SSDs do not have any moving parts, which makes them more efficient. SSDs can boot up a computer in seconds and load programs and files much faster than HDDs. Durability: SSDs are more durable than HDDs. They are less susceptible to physical damage, such as drops and bumps. SSDs also do not have any moving parts, which makes them less likely to fail due to mechanical problems. Noise level: SSDs are silent in operation, unlike HDDs, which can make noise when the read/write heads move. Power consumption: SSDs consume less power than HDDs. This can help to extend the battery life of laptops and other portable devices. Cost: SSDs are typically more expensive than HDDs. However, the price of SSDs has been decreasing in recent years. Capacity: SSDs typically have a lower capacity than HDDs. However, this is becoming less of an issue as SSD capacities continue to increase. Ultimately, the best storage device for you will depend on your individual needs and budget. If you need a fast, durable, and silent storage device, then an SSD is the best option. If you need a lot of storage space and are on a budget, then an HDD is a good option. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER Common problems of HDD/SSD Physical damage: HDDs can be damaged by physical forces, such as dropping the computer or spilling liquid on it. This can cause the platters to scratch or the read/write heads to become misaligned. Overheating: HDDs can overheat if they are not properly cooled. This can cause the platters to warp and the read/write heads to malfunction. Head crashes: Head crashes occur when the read/write heads come into contact with the platters. This can cause the heads to become damaged or the platters to be scratched. Bad sectors: Bad sectors are areas on the platters that are unreadable. This can be caused by physical damage, overheating, or manufacturing defects. Firmware corruption: The firmware is the software that controls the HDD. If the firmware is corrupted, the HDD may not be able to function properly. Old age: HDDs can wear out over time. As they age, they become more likely to fail. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER Symptoms of HDD/SSD Problems The computer does not boot up: If the computer does not boot up, it is possible that the HDD is not working properly. The computer makes strange noises: If the computer makes strange noises, such as clicking or grinding, it is possible that the HDD is damaged. The computer is slow: If the computer is slow, it is possible that the HDD is fragmented or has bad sectors. Data is lost: If data is lost, it is possible that the HDD has bad sectors or that the firmware is corrupted. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER Tips to prevent HDD/SSD problems Back up your data regularly: This will help you to avoid losing data if the HDD fails. Use a surge protector: This will help to protect the HDD from power surges. Keep the HDD cool: Make sure that the computer has adequate ventilation to prevent the HDD from overheating. Defragment your HDD regularly: This will help to improve the performance of the HDD. Run a disk check regularly: This will help to identify and repair any problems with the HDD. Replace old HDDs: If your HDD is old, it may be time to replace it. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER EXPANSION CARDS Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add various types of expansion cards. These are sometimes called PCI (peripheral component interconnect) cards. You may never need to add any PCI cards because most motherboards have built-in video, sound, network, and other capabilities. However, if you want to boost the performance of your computer or update the capabilities of an older computer, you can always add one or more cards. Below are some of the most common types of expansion cards. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER VIDEO CARD The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most computers have a GPU (graphics processing unit) built into the motherboard instead of having a separate video card. If you like playing graphics-intensive games, you can add a faster video card to one of the expansion slots to get better performance. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER SOUND CARD The sound card also called an “audio card” is responsible for what you hear in the speakers or headphones. Most motherboards have integrated sound, but you can upgrade to a dedicated sound card for higher-quality sound. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER NETWORK CARD The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network and access the Internet. It can either connect with an Ethernet cable or through a wireless connection (often called Wi-Fi). Many motherboards have built-in network connections, and a network card can also be added to an expansion slot. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER BLUETOOTH CARD Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short distances. It's often used in computers to communicate with wireless keyboards, mice, and printers. It's commonly built into the motherboard or included in a wireless network card. For computers that don't have Bluetooth, you can purchase a USB adapter, often called a dongle. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER FLASH DRIVE (USB DRIVE) A flash drive is a small, portable storage device that uses flash memory to store data. It is typically connected to a computer or other device via a USB port. Flash drives are often referred to as pen drives, thumb drives, or jump drives. Flash drives are very popular because they are small, lightweight, and easy to use. They are also relatively inexpensive, making them a good option for storing and transferring data. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER Tips to prevent Flash Drive problems Choose a quality flash drive. Invest in a reputable brand and high-quality flash drive. This will help to ensure that your data is safe and secure. Avoid extreme temperatures. Do not expose your flash drive to extreme temperatures, such as hot or cold weather. This can damage the flash memory and make it more susceptible to data loss. Do not bend or damage the connector. The connector is the most delicate part of the flash drive. Be careful not to bend or damage it, as this can also cause data loss. Always remove the flash drive safely. When you are finished using the flash drive, always remove it safely by using the "Safely Remove Hardware" option in Windows. This will help to prevent data loss. Back up your data regularly. Even if you take good care of your flash drive, there is always a chance that data loss can occur. To protect yourself, make sure to back up your data regularly to another storage device. Avoid using cheap flash drives. Cheap flash drives are often made with low-quality materials and may not be as durable as more expensive drives. This can increase the risk of data loss. Keep your flash drive clean. Dust and dirt can build up on the connector and cause problems. Be sure to clean your flash drive regularly with a soft cloth. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER MULTI CARD READER & WRITERS A multi-card reader is a device that can read multiple types of memory cards, such as SD cards, microSD cards, CompactFlash cards, and XQD cards. This allows you to transfer photos, videos, and other files from your camera or other device to your computer quickly and easily. Multi-card readers come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and they can be connected to your computer via a USB port. Some multi- card readers also have built-in card readers for reading magnetic stripe cards, such as credit cards. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER COOLING FAN A cooling fan is a device that uses rotating blades to move air and cool an object. It is commonly used in computers, electronics, and other devices to prevent them from overheating. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER LIQUID COOLING SYSTEM A liquid cooling system is a type of cooling system that uses a liquid to transfer heat away from a component. The liquid is typically water or a mixture of water and antifreeze. The liquid is circulated through the system by a pump, and it absorbs heat from the component as it flows through. The heated liquid is then cooled in a radiator, and the cooled liquid is then circulated back to the component. PARTS OF THE INTERNAL TOPIC COMPUTER HEAT SINK A heat sink is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant, where it is dissipated away from the device, thereby allowing regulation of the device's temperature. In computers, heat sinks are used to cool CPUs, GPUs, and some chipsets and RAM modules. TAKE AWAYS! The internal components of a computer are the essential parts that make the computer work. These internal components are essential for the computer to function properly. If any of these components fails, the computer may not be able to start up or may not be able to run programs properly. The internal components of a computer are also important for the performance of the computer. The better the quality of the internal components, the better the performance of the computer. For example, a computer with a high-performance CPU will be able to run programs faster than a computer with a low- performance CPU. A computer with a lot of RAM will be able to store more programs and data than a computer with less RAM. The internal components of a computer are also important for the security of the computer. The better the security of the internal components, the more difficult it will be for hackers to gain access to the computer's data. Overall, the internal components of a computer are essential for the function, performance, and security of the computer. It is important to choose high-quality internal components when building or upgrading a computer.