Drilling Fluid Terms A-E PDF

Abrasion test A laboratory test to evaluate the drilling grade weighting material for potential abrasiveness Absolute volume The volume a solid occupies or displace when added to water divided by its weight or the volume per unit mass Accretion The mechanism by which partially hydrated cuttings stic...

Abrasion test A laboratory test to evaluate the drilling grade weighting material for potential abrasiveness Absolute volume The volume a solid occupies or displace when added to water divided by its weight or the volume per unit mass Accretion The mechanism by which partially hydrated cuttings stick to parts of the bottom hole assembly Acetic acid Organic acid used in oil and gas well stimulation treatments Acid aqueous solution such as water base drilling fluid which has more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions and pH < 7 Acidity Chemical property of an aqueous system that implies that there are more hydrogen ions in the system Acrylamide acrylate polymer also called partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(PHPA). Linear copolymer of acrylate and acrylamide monomers. Acrylamide polymer Linear nonionic polymer made or acrylamide monomers AMPS/Acrylamido-methyl-propane sulfonate polymer Copolymer of 2-acrylamido-2 methyl propane sulfonate and acrylamide Acrylate polymer Linear, anionic polymer made from the monomer acrylic acid Active sulfide Compound of sulfur that contains the S-2 ion Activity of aqueous solutions The escaping tendency or vapor pressure of water molecules in an aqueous solution compared with that of pure water Acyclic compound/Aliphatic compound One of a group of organic compounds of carbon and hydrogen in which carbon atoms have linear branched chain or both Aerobic Condition in which free oxygen exists in an environment Agglomeration/Aggregation Formation of groups or clusters of particles in a fluid Aggregate Group or cluster of particles in a fluid Air cut mud A drilling fluid that has gas bubbles in it Alkaline Aqueous solution such as water base drilling fluid which has more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions and pH > 7 Alkalinity Chemical property of an aqueous system that implies that there are more hydroxyl ions in the system Alkalinity test Measure of the total amount of hydroxyl ions in a solution as determined by titration with standardized acid Alum Series of double salts of aluminum sulfate Aluminum stearate Salt of aluminum hydroxide and stearic acid Amides Group of organic chemicals with general formula R CO-NH2 formed from reaction of ammonia and carboxylic acid Amines Group of organic chemicals that are analogs of ammonia Anaerobic Condition of an environment in which free oxygen is absent Anhydrite [CaSO4] Member of the evaporite group of minerals and soft rock comprising anhydrite formed by precipitation of calcium sulfate from evaporation of water Aniline point test Test to evaluate base oils that are used in oil mud Anion/Anionic Negatively charged ion Anode Half of battery that is positively charged and to which anions migrate by electrostatic attraction Antifoam Mud additive used to lower interfacial tension so that trapped gas weill readily escape from mud API cement One of several classes of cement manufacture to the specifications of the API specification 10A API fluid loss test Test to measure static filtration behavior of water mud at ambient temperature and 100-psi differential pressure API Recommended Practice 10B: Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements Industry standard document that provides guideline for testing methods for cements and cement formulations for use in well cementing API Spec 10A: Specification for Cements and Materials for Well Cementing Industry standard documents that specified requirements for API cement and specification testing methods API water Amount of mixing water specified in API Specification 10A AV/Apparent viscosity Viscosity of a fluid measured at a given shear rate at a fixed temperature Aromatic content test One of two quantitative analysis procedures for measuring aromatic content of base oils for use in oil mud as proscribed by the API Aromatic hydrocarbon Type of compound containing hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a symmetrical 6 carbon ring structure Asphaltic mud additive Group of high viscosity or solid hydrocarbon obtained from naturally occurring deposits or from the residue of petroleum refining ASTM/American Society for Testing and Materials Designation of a standard developed ASTM International Attapulgite Needle like clay mineral composed of magnesium aluminum silicate Bastericide/Biocide Additive that kills bacteria Balanced activity oil mud Oil based mud in which the activity or vapor pressure of the brine phase is balance with that of the formations drilled Barite [BaSO4] Dense sulfate mineral that can occur in a variety of rocks, including limestone and sandstone Barrel equivalent A convenient concept for mud technicians to use when mixing or pilot testing mud samples Baryte Alternate spelling of Barite Base exchange Quantity of positively change ions that a clay mineral or similar material can accommodate on its negatively charged surface Base oil Continuous phase in oil based drilling fluids Base slurry Conventional cement slurry used as the cementitious component of a foamed cement slurry BBL/bbl Abbreviation of oilfield barrel Bc/Bearden units of consistency Pumpability or consistency of a slurry measured in bearden units of consistency(Bc) dimensionless unit Beneficiate Improve mineral or ore for its designed use through chemical treatment or mechanical processes Beneficiation Chemical treatment that improve a mineral or ore for its designed use Bentonite Material composed of clay minerals, predominantly montmorillonite with minor amounts of other smectite group minerals, commonly used in drilling fluid Bentonite equivalent Term used to express the results of the methylene blue test, which determines the amount of clay like minerals in water based drilling mud Bicarb/Bicarbonate Compound containing the bicarbonate ion Bichrome salt Also called dichromate salt.Type of salt in which chromium atoms are in the plus 7 valence state Bingham plastic model Two parameter rheological model widely used in the drilling fluids industry to describe flow characteristics of many types of muds Bioaccumulation/Bioconcentration Concentration of a particular substance in a living organism, possibly with harmful effects Bioassay Laboratory test or other assessment utilizing a living organism BOD/Biochemical oxygen demand Amount of oxygen consumed by biodegradation processes Biodegradation Process by which complex molecules are broken down by microorganisms to produce simpler compounds Biopolymer Polymer produced by a strain of bacteria Black list List of products considered unsuitable by the Oslo and Paris Commission(OSPAR) for discharge Blaine fineness Particle size or fineness of a cement, usually determined from air permeability test using a Blaine permeameter Bland coring fluid Coring fluid formulated with components that are not likely to alter the wettability in the pores of the rock sample Bomb Slang term for a type of pressure vessel Bond log Log that uses the variations in amplitude of an acoustic signal traveling down the casing wall BHCT/Bottomhole circulating temperature Temperature of the circulating fluid at the bottom of the wellbore are several hours of circulation BHST/Bottomhole static temperature Temperature of the undisturbed formation at the final depth in a well Bottoms up mud sample Sample mud from the deepest or current drilling depth of a well Breaker Chemical that reduces the viscosity of a fluid by breaking long chain into shorter segments Bridging agent/Bridging material Solids added to a drilling fluid to bridge across the pore throat or fractures of an exposed rock Brine Water containing more dissolved inorganic salt than typical seawater Bromide brine aqueous solution of sodium, calcium or zinc bromide salt or mixtures of these salt Bromocresol green Indicator used in place of methyl orange in alkalinity test Brookfield viscometer Cone and plate rheometer designed to measure viscosity of non Newtonian fluid at low shear rates and with more accuracy Buffer Chemical system that resists a change in pH Buffer solution Any aqueous solution that contains a buffer mixture to maintain constant or almost constant pH of the system Buffer mud Type of mud that contains the three components that form a chemical buffer Buffered solution Solution of constant pH used in calibration of pH meters Bulk volume Volume per unit mass of a dry material plus the volume of the air between its particles BWOB/By weight of blend Describing the amount of a material added to cement when the material is added based on total amount of a specific blend BWOC/By weight of cement Is the method used to describe the amount of most additives in the dry form BWOW/By weight of water Describing the amount of a material added to cement slurry based on the weight of water used to mix the slurry Bypass Act of passing the mud around a piece of equipment Bypassed mud Mud that is left somewhere in the wellbore when some other fluid is pumped into the well Cake Residue deposited on a permeable medium when a slurry such as drilling fluid is forced against the medium under a pressure Cake thickness Measurement of the thickness of the filter cake Calcium bromide [CaBr2] Used in conjunction with calcium chloride in completion operations to make solids free brines Calcium carbonate Occurs naturally as limestone Calcium chloride Highly soluble calcium salt used to make drilling and workover fluids or brines Calcium contamination Contamination problem caused by Ca+2 ions, usually occurring in freshwater, seawater and other low salinity and low hardness mud systems Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] Commonly called slaked lime Calcium mud Class of water based drilling fluid that utilizes dissolved Ca+2 as a component Calcium oxide [CaO] Commonly called quicklime or hot lime Calcium sulfate [CaSO4] Occurs naturally as the mineral anhydrite Calcium test Quantitative analytical procedure for water mud filtrate and for calcium in an oil mud Capillary suction time test Type of static filtration test for water based drilling fluid that measures the filtration rate Capillary tube viscometer Instrument for measuring the viscosity of a fluid by passing the fluid at a known pressure gradient or velocity Carbon dioxide [CO2] Odorless gas is widely distributed in nature and is a minor component of air Carbonate ion [CO3 -2] Carbonate test Analytical procedure to determine the concentration of carbonate species using the garrett gas train(GGT) CMHEC/Carboxymethyl hydroxyethlycellulose Cellulose polymer that contains anionic carboxymethyl and nonionic hydroxyethyl groups added by ether linkages to the OHs CMS/Carboxymethyl starch Natural starch derivative. Used primarily for fluid loss control in drilling muds, drill in, completion and workover fluids Carrying capacity/Cuttings lifting Ability of a circulating drilling fluid to transport rock fragments out of a wellbore Cathode Negative terminal of an electrolytic cell Cation/Cationic Positively charged ion CEC/Cation exchange capacity Another term for base exchange. Quantity of positively charge ions that a clay mineral can accommodate on its negatively charged surface. Caustic extraction test Test used to determine if a barite sample contains caustic soluble sulfide or carbonate minerals Caustic potash [KOH] Used in potassium based water muds to increase pH and alkalinity and help maintain K+ ion concentration Caustic soda [NaOH] Used in most water base muds to increase and maintain pH and alkalinity Cavings Pieces of rock that came from the wellbore but that were not remove directly by the action of the drill bit Cellulosic polymer Drilling fluid additive used primarily for fluid loss control Centipoise Unit of measurement for viscosity Centrifuge Item of solids removal equipment that removes fine and ultrafine solids CERCLA/Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act Expansion of RCRA (Resources Conservation and Recovery Act) of 1976. Responsibilities of operators fro transportation, storage, treatment, or disposal of regulated “hazardous substance” including certain oilfield materials Cesium acetate Salt of cesium hydroxide and acetic acid Cesium formate Neutral to slightly alkaline salt of cesium hydroxide and formic acid Chelating acid Chemical used to bind metal ions to form a ring structure Chemical barrel Container for liquid mud additives, usually located above the suction pit on a drilling rig COD/Chemical oxygen demand Amount of oxygen needed to oxidize reactive chemicals in a water system Chenevert method Name given by API to the electrohygrometer method for testing oil mud and cuttings samples for water phase activity Chloride test Titration procedure standardize by the API to quantitatively determine Cl- concentration by using silver nitrate as titrant with potassium chromate as endpoint indicator Chrome lignite Lignite that has been treated chromic or chromic salt Chrome lignosulfonate Lignosulfonate that has been treated by mixing or reacting into the molecular structure some form of chromium Chrome free Pertaining to a mud additive that does not contain any chromium compound Chromic salt Salt of chromium in which chromium atoms are in the plus 3 valence state Circulation time/Cycle time Elapsed time for mud to circulate from the suction pit down the wellbore and back to surface Citric acid Used to reduce the pH of drilling fluids and hence for treatment of cement contamination. Also acts as polymer stabilizer Clathrate Unusual occurrence of hydrocarbon in which molecules of natural gas are trapped in ice molecules Clay Fine grained sediments