LG 1.pdf

Introduction to pharmacology Prof. Dr. Kawa Dizaye PhD (Pharmacology) MSc (Medical Physiology) H.D (Clinical Pharmacy) References 1-Pharmacology: Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews. 2- British National Formulary (BNF) 3- RANG AND DALE’S Pharmacology. ⚫ Pharmacology is the...

Introduction to pharmacology Prof. Dr. Kawa Dizaye PhD (Pharmacology) MSc (Medical Physiology) H.D (Clinical Pharmacy) References 1-Pharmacology: Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews. 2- British National Formulary (BNF) 3- RANG AND DALE’S Pharmacology. ⚫ Pharmacology is the biomedical science concerned with the interaction of chemical substances with living cells, tissues, and organisms. ⚫ Greek words: Pharmacon (Drug) logos (study) Clinical Pharmacology Science that deals with materials used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease. Toxicology is that branch of pharmacology that deals with the undesirable effects of chemical agents on living systems.  Drug (French: drogue means dried herbs) Chemical compounds that modifies the activity of any living tissue. Drug nomenclature 1-Chemical name (RS)-2-(4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl)propanoic acid 2-Scientific name Ibuprofen 3-Trade or Brand name Advil Side effects : Production of another effect rather than the original effects. Side effects of Diphenhydramine: Sedation, Urinary retention, dry mouth Adverse effects: Pharmacovigilance: is the pharmacological science relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of Adverse effect, particularly long term and short-term side effects of medicines. Drug interaction: Enalapril and Spironolactone Ketoconazole with warfarin can increase the effectiveness of warfarin, Antacids decrease the absorption of ciprofloxacin Onset of action: The length of time it takes for a medicine to start to work. Duration of action: The length of time that a particular drug is effective. Contraindication: is a specific situation in which a drug, not be used because it may be harmful to the person. Isotretinoin is contraindicated in pregnancy because it can cause birth defects and miscarriage Drug tolerance is refers to a decrease in the response to a drug over time with repeated uses. It often requires higher doses of the drug to achieve the same effect that was initially achieved with a lower dose Tolerance can develop to various effects of drugs, including their therapeutic effects and their side effects. Example: Alcohol and caffeine, Diazepam, ⚫ Cross-Tolerance ⚫ Tolerance to one drug leads to tolerance to another drug with similar effects. ⚫ Example ⚫ Morphine and Pethidine ⚫ Tachyphylaxis: ⚫ Is a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated uses of the drug within a over a short period of time. ⚫ Example: Nitroglycerine and Ephedrine ⚫ A drug idiosyncrasy is an abnormal or unexpected reaction to a drug that occurs in a small number of people. It is not caused by the usual dose of the drug. ⚫ Example: ⚫ Sulfonamide: Stevens-Johnson syndrome: ⚫ Ceftriaxone: agranulocytosis  Sources of drug 1-Plant source Aspirin, Digoxin, Morphine, Vinblastine 2-Animal source Heparin, insulin, L. Thyroxine 3-Microorganism Penicillin, Polymyxin B 4-Mineral sources: NaHCO3, Iodide 5-Synthetic drugs Ciprofloxacin 6-Recombinant DNA technology Recombinant Human Insulin and growth hormone, interferons Pharmacodynamic (Greek: dynamic-power) Is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanism of action or what the drug does to the body. Pharmacokinetic (Greek: Kinesis-movement) is concerned with the processes that determine the concentration of drugs in body fluids and tissues over time, including drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).