lec3.pdf

#anatomy Lecture 3 Human Anatomy ‫د ﯾﺳر اﻟﻌﺑﯾدي‬ The Scalp  The scalp consists of five layers, the first three of which are bound together and move as a whole on the skull. The first letter of each laye...

#anatomy Lecture 3 Human Anatomy ‫د ﯾﺳر اﻟﻌﺑﯾدي‬ The Scalp  The scalp consists of five layers, the first three of which are bound together and move as a whole on the skull. The first letter of each layer combines to spell the acronym SCALP. These layers are ‫ األولى ثالثة منها مرتبطة مًعا و تحرك ككل على الجمجمة‬، ‫تتكون فروة الرأس من خمس طبقات‬ 1- Skin: which is thick and hair bearing and contains numerous sebaceous glands. ‫سميك وتحمل الشعر ويحتوي العديد من الغدد الدهنية‬ 2- Connective tissue of the superficial fascia beneath the skin, which is fibrofatty. The fibrous septa uniting the skin to the underlying aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis muscle. Numerous arteries and veins are found in this layer. The arteries are branches of the external and internal carotid arteries, and a free anastomosis takes place between them.  3- Aponeurosis (epicranial), which is a thin, tendinous sheet that unites the occipital and frontal bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle. The lateral margins of the aponeurosis are attached to the temporal fascia. ‫ ال ترتبط الهوامش الجانبية من التهاب املفاصل باللفافة‬.‫وهي ورقة رقيقة من األوتار التي تتحد البطون القذالي والجبهة للعضلة القذالية‬ ‫الزمنية‬ 4- Loose areolar tissue, which occupies the subaponeurotic space and loosely connects the epicranial aponeurosis to the periosteum of the skull (the pericranium). The areolar tissue contains a few small arteries, but it also contains some important emissary veins which are valveless and connect the superficial veins of the scalp with the diploic veins of the skull bones and with the intracranial venous sinuses. ‫الذي يحتل املساحة الفرعية والفضائية بشكل فضفاض يربط داء الفقرة السفلية بالسمفوم من الجمجمة ) ‪.(pericranium‬يحتوي األنسجة األرينية على‬ ‫ضا على بعض عروق املبعوث املهمة التي هي ‪ valveless‬وتوصيل السطحية األوردة من فروة الرأس مع‬ ‫عدد قليل من الشرايني الصغيرة ‪ ،‬ولكنها تحتوي أي ً‬ ‫األوردة ‪ diploic‬لعظام الجمجمة ومع الجيوب األنفية الوريدية داخل الجمجمة‬  5- Pericranium, which is the periosteum covering the outer surface of the skull bones. It is important to remember that at the sutures between individual skull bones, the periosteum on the outer surface of the bones becomes continuous with the periosteum on the inner surface of the skull bones. ‫ السمحاق‬، ‫ من املهم أن تتذكر أنه عند الغرز بني عظام الجمجمة الفردية‬.‫وهو السمحاق الذي يغطي السطح الخارجي لـ عظام الجمجمة‬ ‫على السطح الخارجي للعظام يصبح مستمًرا مع السمحاق على السطح الداخلي للجمجمة‬ Note that when this muscle contracts, the first three layers of the scalp move forward or backward, the loose areolar tissue of the fourth layer of the scalp allowing the aponeurosis to move on the pericranium. The frontal bellies of the occipitofrontalis can raise the eyebrows in expressions of surprise or horror. Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp: The main trunks of the sensory nerves lie in the superficial fascia. 1- The supratrochlear nerve, a branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, winds around the superior orbital margin and supplies the scalp. Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp: 2- The supraorbital nerve, a branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, winds around the superior orbital margin and ascends over the forehead. It supplies the scalp as far backward as the vertex. Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp: 3- The zygomaticotemporal nerve, a branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve, supplies the scalp over the temple. Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp: 4- The auriculotemporal nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, ascends over the side of the head from in front of the auricle. Its terminal branches supply the skin over the temporal region. Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp: 5- The lesser occipital nerve, a branch of the cervical plexus (C2), supplies the scalp over the lateral part of the occipital region and the skin over the medial surface of the auricle. Sensory Nerve Supply of the Scalp: 6- The greater occipital nerve, a branch of the posterior ramus of the 2nd cervical nerve (C2), ascends over the back of the scalp and supplies the skin as far forward as the vertex of the skull. Arterial Supply of the Scalp: The scalp has a rich supply of blood to nourish the hair follicles, and, for this reason, the smallest cut bleeds profusely. The arteries lie in the superficial fascia. 1- The supratrochlear and the supraorbital arteries, branches of the ophthalmic artery, ascend over the forehead in company with the supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves. Arterial Supply of the Scalp: 2- The superficial temporal artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, ascends in front of the auricle in company with the auriculotemporal nerve. It divides into anterior and posterior branches, which supply the skin over the frontal and temporal regions. Arterial Supply of the Scalp: 3- The posterior auricular artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, ascends behind the auricle to supply the scalp above and behind the auricle. Arterial Supply of the Scalp: 4- The occipital artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, ascends in company with the greater occipital nerve. It supplies the skin over the back of the scalp and reaches as high as the vertex of the skull. Venous Drainage of the Scalp 1- The supratrochlear and supraorbital veins unite at the medial margin of the orbit to form the facial vein. Venous Drainage of the Scalp 2- The superficial temporal vein unites with the maxillary vein in the substance of the parotid gland to form the retromandibular vein. Venous Drainage of the Scalp 3- The posterior auricular vein unites with the posterior division of the retromandibular vein, just below the parotid gland, to form the external jugular vein. Venous Drainage of the Scalp 4- The occipital vein drains into the suboccipital venous plexus, which in turn drains into the vertebral veins or the internal jugular vein. Lymph Drainage of the Scalp: Lymph vessels in the anterior part of the scalp and forehead drain into the submandibular lymph nodes. Drainage from the lateral part of the scalp above the ear is into the superficial parotid (preauricular) nodes; lymph vessels in the part of the scalp above and behind the ear drain into the mastoid nodes. Vessels in the back of the scalp drain into the occipital nodes. Thank you