Scalp & Face Anatomy PDF

 SCALP & FACE Extension of scalp wy Anterior: skin of eyebrows. Posterior: superior nuchal line da Lateral.: superior temporal line...

 SCALP & FACE Extension of scalp wy Anterior: skin of eyebrows. Posterior: superior nuchal line da Lateral.: superior temporal line en H R. D Anatomist “Scalp & Face”  Layers of scalp 1. Skin 2. Connective tissue: Dense layer rich blood vessels & nerves “scalp wound is a bloody wound” wy 3. Aponeurosis: attached to the occipito-frontalis muscle “scalp wound is a gaping wound” 4. Loose areolar tissue:  It allows the movement of the scalp over the skull. da  It contains emissary veins.  It is the Dangerous layer of scalp as injury to emissary veins leads to blood spread to upper eye lid → black eye. 5. Pericranium: it is the outer surface of the skull. en H R. D Anatomist “Scalp & Face”  Lymphatic drainage of scalp  Anterior part of scalp: Drain into parotid lymph node wy  Posterior part of scalp: Drains into mastoid & occipital lymph nodes. da en Lymphatic drainage of face  Lower lip & chin: H Drain into submental lymph nodes.  Forehead, upper & cheek: R. Drain into parotid lymph nodes.  Rest of the face: D Drain into submandibular lymph node Anatomist “Scalp & Face”  Arterial supply of scalp Supra-trochlear & Supraorbital wy o Origin: Ophthalmic of internal carotid artery o Supply anterior part of scalp da Superficial temporal o Origin: terminal branch of external carotid artery o Supply Lateral part of scalp en Posterior auricular o Origin: External carotid artery o Supply Scalp behind auricle Occipital H R. o Origin: External carotid artery o Supply Back of scalp D Anatomist “Scalp & Face”  Arterial supply of face Supra-trochlear & Supraorbital o Origin: Ophthalmic of internal carotid artery wy o Supply anterior part of scalp Superficial temporal o Origin: terminal branch of external carotid artery o Supply Lateral part of face through Transverse facial da Facial artery o Origin: branch of external carotid o Course:  It enters the face at angle of masseter muscle en  It runs upwards and forward in a wavy course.  Passes lateral to the angle of mouth  Runs along the side of nose. o Supply:  Lips by labial branches H o End: Becomes angular artery at medial angle of eye R.  Side of nose by nasal branches Maxillary artery o Origin: terminal branch of external carotid artery D o Supply face through buccal & mental & infra-orbital branches Anatomist “Scalp & Face”  Venous drainage of scalp & face Anterior Facial "facial" vein:  Origin:Union of supratrochlear & supraorbital veins at medial angle of eye. wy  Course: It runs downwards behind the facial artery.  End: Units with anterior division of posterior facial vein forming common facial vein. da Retro-mandibular "posterior facial" vein: en  Origin: Union of maxillary & superficial temporal veins  End: It ends by dividing in to 2 terminal divisions. H o Anterior division  units with anterior facial vein forming common facial vein which drains into internal jugular vein. o Posterior division  units with posterior auricular vein forming R. external jugular vein which drains in subclavian vein. N.B:: occipital vein drain into sub-occipital plexus D Anatomist “Scalp & Face” Dangerous area of the face  The area drained by anterior facial vein, including the upper lip& nose.  This region is liable to infection that may spread to wy cavernous sinus by its connection to anterior facial vein o Directly: anterior facial vein is connected to cavernous sinus through superior ophthalmic vein da o Indirectly: anterior facial vein is connected through deep facial vein to pterygoid plexus which is connected with cavernous sinus through en emissary vein passing through foemen ovale H R. D Anatomist “Scalp & Face”  Muscles of facial expressions “Muscles of 2nd pharyngeal arch” Occiptio-frontalis wy Occipitalis Origin: highest nuchal line da Insertion: epicranial Aponeurosis Nerve supply: posterior auricular branch of facial nerve en Action: pull the scalp backward Frontalis Origin: skin of eyebrow H R. Insertion: epicranial Aponeurosis Nerve supply: temporal branch of facial nerve D Action: pull the scalp forward & elevates the eyebrows Anatomist “Scalp & Face”  Orbecularis occuli Orbital part Origin: medial palpebral ligament & surrounding bones wy Insertion: medial palpebral ligament Action: firm closure of eye “protection” Palpebral part Origin: medial palpebral ligament da Insertion: lateral palpebral ligament Action: gentle closure of eye “sleep” Lacrimal part en Origin: lacrimal bones Insertion: tarsi of eyelids Action: control size of lacrimal sac H Nerve supply: temporal & zygomatic branches of facial nerve Orbecularis oris R. Origin: muscles around lips “mainly buccinators” Insertion: skin of lips Action: firm closure of mouth “act as sphincter for whistling or kissing” D Nerve supply: buucal & mandibular branches of facial nerve Anatomist “Scalp & Face”  Buccinator Upper fibers Origin: alveolar margin of maxilla opposite molar teeth wy Insertion: upper lip Lower fibers Origin: alveolar margin of mandible opposite molar teeth Insertion: lower lip da Middle fibers Origin: pterygo-mandibular raphe Insertion: the fibers decussate en Nerve supply: buccal branches of facial nerve Action: decrease the mouth vestibule to prevent foo accumulation Origin: pectoral fascia H Platysma R. Insertion: lower border of mandible Action: grimacing & decreases the pressure of skin on veins of neck Nerve supply: cervical branch of facial nerve D Anatomist “Scalp & Face”  Motor supply  All muscle of facial expressions are supplied by facial nerve  Facial nerve exits from skull through stylomastoid foramen wy  Facial nerves gives:  Before entrance the parotid gland Posterior auricular branch supplying the occipitalis da  Inside the parotid gland: 1. Temporal branch: Supply Frontalis & upper part of orbicularis occuli en 2. Zygomatic branch: Supply lower part of orbicularis occuli 3. Buccal branch: Supply buccinator & upper part of orbicularis oris H 4. Mandibular branch: Supply lower part of orbicularis oris 5. Cervical branch: Supply platysma R.  Facial nerve pulsy o Upper motor neuron lesion: Causes contralateral paralysis in the lower quadrant of the face D o Lower motor neuron lesion: Causes ipsilateral hemiplegia of the face Anatomist “Scalp & Face”  Sensory supply of the scalp o Scalp infront of auricle is supplied by branches of trigeminal nerve: * Supra – trochlear of ophthalmic nerve supplies medial of upper eyelid & Forehead & scalp near midline wy * Supra – Orbital of ophthalmic nerve supplies middle of upper eyelid & Forehead & scalp up to vertex * Zygomatico-temporal of maxillary nerve supplies anterior Part of temporal fossa * Auriculo-temporal of mandibular nerve supplies posterior part of temporal fossa da o Scalp behind auricle is supplied by branches of cervical nerves * Great Auricular from ventral ramus of C2, C3. it supplies scalp behind auricle & Skin over angle of mandible en * Lesser Occipital from ventral ramus of C2. It supplies scalp behind auricle * Great Occipital from dorsal ramus of C2. It supplies back of scalp * Third Occipital from dorsal ramus of C3. It supplies back of scalp H R. D Anatomist “Scalp & Face”  Sensory supply of the face o Skin over angle of mandible is supplied by Great Auricular nerve “C2, C3” wy o Rest of the face is supplied by branches of trigeminal nerve:  Ophthalmic nerve:Supply scalp up to vertex forehead. Upper eyelid , nose through: 1. Lacrimal branch: supply lateral part of upper eyelid da 2. Frontal branch: gives Supra-orbital: supply middle part of upper eyelid & scalp up to vertex Supra-trochlear: en supply medial part of upper eyelid & scalp near midline 3. Naso-ciliary branch: gives Infra-trochlear: supply medial angle of eye & skin over bony part of the nose External nasal : supply skin over cartilaginous part of the nose H  Maxillary nerve: supply lower eyelid, upper lip, anterior part of temporal fossa through: 1. Infra-orbital: supplying skin of lower eyelid, side of the nose & upper lip 2. Zygomatico-facial R. 3. Zygomtico-temporal: supplying anterior pat of temporal fossa  Mandibular nerve: supply posterior part of temporal fossa, cheek, lower lip through 1. Auriculo-temporal: supplying posterior pat of temporal fossa 2. Buccal: supplying cheek D 3. Mental: supplying lower lip Anatomist “Scalp & Face”