Pneumothorax Quiz PDF

Pneumothorax 1\. What are the predisposing factors for pneumothorax? a\) Age (10-30 years old) and male gender ✅ b\) Cigarette smoking and chest injuries c\) COPD and asthma d\) All of the above 2\. What happens when air enters the pleural cavity? a\) The pressure in the pleural cavity decre...

Pneumothorax 1\. What are the predisposing factors for pneumothorax? a\) Age (10-30 years old) and male gender ✅ b\) Cigarette smoking and chest injuries c\) COPD and asthma d\) All of the above 2\. What happens when air enters the pleural cavity? a\) The pressure in the pleural cavity decreases, causing the lungs to expand. b\) The pressure in the pleural cavity increases, causing the lungs to collapse.✅ c\) The pressure in the pleural cavity remains the same, but the lungs collapse. d\) The pressure in the pleural cavity increases, but the lungs expand. 3\. What is the physiological consequence of the high pressure gradient between the alveoli and the adjacent vascular sheet? a\) Increased oxygen exchange b\) Decreased PaO2 and increased PaCO2✅ c\) Improved ventilation and venous return d\) Increased pulmonary pressures 4\. What is the significance of the \"mediastinal shifting\" in pneumothorax? a\) It helps to improve ventilation. b\) It reduces the pressure in the pleural cavity. c\) It can compress the heart and great vessels.✅ d\) It facilitates the drainage of air from the pleural cavity. 5\. What is the main reason for the sudden drop in blood pressure in pneumothorax? a\) Increased blood flow to the affected lung. b\) Decreased cardiac output due to increased heart rate. c\) Reduced venous return and decreased cardiac output.✅ d\) Increased pulmonary pressures and high central venous pressure. 6.What is a pneumothorax? A. Collapse of the lung due to air leakage into the pleural space✅ B. Inflammation of the pleura surrounding the lungs C. Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity D. An infection in the lungs causing consolidation 7\. How does a pneumothorax affect lung function? A. Air accumulates in the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse and reducing its ability to expand during inhalation✅ B. The bronchi become obstructed, preventing air from reaching the alveoli C. Fluid fills the alveoli, reducing gas exchange D. The trachea narrows, restricting airflow into the lungs 8.What is the role of the pleural space in normal lung function? A. It produces mucus to trap foreign particles B. It provides a vacuum that allows the lungs to expand and contract smoothly✅ C. It acts as a reservoir for excess fluid D. It stores oxygen for later use by the body 9\. Which of the following is a primary cause of a spontaneous pneumothorax? A. Traumatic injury to the chest wall B. Rupture of a small, subpleural bleb in the lung✅ C. Inhalation of toxic gases D. Excessive coughing 10\. What is the primary reason for the development of \"tachycardia\" in pneumothorax? A. Increased oxygen levels in the blood. B. Reduced blood pressure due to increased venous return. C. The body\'s attempt to compensate for reduced oxygen levels.✅ D. The direct compression of the heart by the collapsed lung. 11\. What is the space between the lungs and the chest wall called? a\) Mediastinum b\) Pleural space✅ c\) Pericardium d\) Diaphragm 12\. Which of the following is NOT a type of pneumothorax? a\) Spontaneous pneumothorax b\) Traumatic pneumothorax c\) Tension pneumothorax d\) Emphysematous pneumothorax✅ 13\. What is the typical location of the parietal pleura? a\) Lining the inside of the chest wall✅ b\) Covering the surface of the lungs c\) Surrounding the heart d\) Covering the diaphragm 14\. What is the typical treatment for a pneumothorax? a\) Antibiotics b\) Surgery c\) Chest tube insertion✅ d\) Oxygen therapy 15\. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing a pneumothorax? a\) Smoking b\) Tall stature c\) Male gender d\) All of the above✅ Asthma 1\. A chronic disease in which the bronchial airways in the lungs become narrowed and swollen, making it difficult to breathe is called: A\) Asthma ✔️ B\) COPD C\) Bronchitis D\) Pneumonia 2\. How does airway obstruction primarily affect the ability to breathe? A\) Affects the ability to inhale. B\) Affects the ability to exhale. ✔️ C\) Affects both inhalation and exhalation. D\) Does not affect breathing. 3\. What happens to the trapped air in the lungs due to airway obstruction? A\) It leads to hyperinflation. ✔️ B\) It leads to hypoinflation. C\) It leads to normal inflation. D\) It leads to fluid accumulation. 4\. These are the medications that can trigger asthma EXCEPT one. A\) Aspirin B\) Captopril C\) Metoprolol D\) Salmeterol✔️ 5\. What lifestyle change can help manage asthma symptoms? A\) Smoking cessation B\) Increasing physical activity C\) Avoiding known triggers D\) All of the above ✔️ 6\. What is the primary inflammatory cell involved in asthma? A\) Neutrophils B\) Eosinophils ✔️ C\) Basophils D\) Lymphocytes 7\. Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of asthma? A\) Frequent headaches ✔️ B\) Shortness of breath C\) Chest tightness D\) Coughing 8\. Which cells are primarily responsible for releasing inflammatory mediators in response to allergens? A\) Red blood cells B\) Mast cells, eosinophils, and T lymphocytes ✔️ C\) Platelets D\) Neutrophils 9\. What are some examples of inflammatory mediators released during an asthma attack? A\) Insulin and glucagon B\) Histamines, leukotrienes, and cytokines ✔️ C\) Serotonin and dopamine D\) Adrenaline and noradrenaline 10\. What happens to the smooth muscles around the airways during an asthma attack? A\) They relax completely. B\) They contract, leading to bronchospasms. ✔️ C\) They remain unaffected. D\) They become paralyzed. 11\. What initiates the pathophysiological process of asthma? A\) Inhalation of allergens ✔️ B\) Viral infections C\) Physical exercise D\) Cold air exposure 12\. In what age group is the asthma incidence rate the highest? a\. Elderly b\. Children✔️ C. Adult d\. All are equal 13\. What is \"air trapping\" in the context of asthma? A\) Difficulty inhaling fresh air B\) Accumulation of air in the lungs due to obstruction, leading to hyperinflation ✔️ C\) A technique used to improve lung capacity D\) A method of measuring lung function 14\. What role do inhaled corticosteroids play in asthma management? A\) They provide immediate relief during an attack. B\) They reduce inflammation and prevent symptoms over time. ✔️ C\) They are used only in emergency situations. D\) They cure asthma completely. 15\. How can pets affect asthma symptoms in sensitive individuals? A\) They have no effect on asthma symptoms. B\) Pet dander can be a trigger for asthma attacks. ✔️ C\) Pets can help alleviate asthma symptoms. D\) Only certain breeds of pets are safe for asthmatics. HEART FAILURE 1\. What is a common initiating factor for heart failure? a\) A healthy diet b\) Coronary artery disease (CAD) c\) Regular exercise d\) Strong immune system Answer: b) Coronary artery disease (CAD) 2\. What happens to the heart muscle in heart failure? a\) It becomes stronger and more efficient. b\) It becomes larger and more muscular. c\) It becomes smaller and more flexible. d\) It becomes weaker and less efficient. Answer: d) It becomes weaker and less efficient. 3\. What does a reduced cardiac output mean? a\) The heart is pumping more blood than usual. b\) The heart is pumping less blood than usual. c\) The heart is beating faster than usual. d\) The heart is beating slower than usual. Answer: b) The heart is pumping less blood than usual. 4\. Which of the following is a compensatory mechanism activated in heart failure? a\) Increased sympathetic nervous system activity b\) Decreased heart rate c\) Increased blood flow to the heart muscle d\) Reduced fluid retention Answer: a)Increased sympathetic nervous system activity 5\. What is the effect of increased preload in heart failure? a\) Reduced blood volume returning to the heart b\) Congestion in the lungs or systemic fluid accumulation c\) Increased blood flow to the heart muscle d\) Improved heart function Answer: b) Congestion in the lungs or systemic fluid accumulation 6\. What is the effect of increased afterload in heart failure? a\) Reduced resistance in the blood vessels b\) Increased strain on the heart c\) Improved heart function d\) Reduced blood pressure Answer: b) Increased strain on the heart 7\. What is a common symptom of left-sided heart failure? a\) Shortness of breath b\) Swelling in the legs c\) Abdominal swelling d\) Increased appetite Answer: a) Shortness of breath 8\. What is a common symptom of right-sided heart failure? a\) Chest pain b\) Headache c\) Swelling in the legs d\) Loss of consciousness Answer: c) Swelling in the legs 9\. What is the term for the structural adaptation of the heart muscle in heart failure? a\) Myocardial hypertrophy b\) Myocardial infarction c\) Myocardial ischemia d\) Myocardial atrophy Answer: a) Myocardial hypertrophy 10\. What is the role of the RAAS system in heart failure? a\) To decrease blood pressure and fluid retention b\) To increase blood pressure and fluid retention c\) To improve heart function d\) To reduce inflammation in the heart muscle Answer: b) To increase blood pressure and fluid retention 11\. What is the role of ADH in heart failure? a\) To decrease fluid retention b\) To improve heart function c\) To reduce blood pressure d\) To increase fluid retention Answer: d) To increase fluid retention 12\. What is the term for the volume of blood ejected with each beat of the heart? a\) Cardiac output b\) Stroke volume c\) Ejection fraction d\) Heart rate Answer: b) Stroke volume 13\. How is the ejection fraction measured in heart failure? a\) By measuring the amount of blood in the heart b\) By measuring the amount of blood ejected with each beat c\) By measuring the heart rate d\) By measuring the blood pressure Answer: b) By measuring the amount of blood ejected with each beat 14\. What is the term for the state of heart failure that severely impacts quality of life? a\) Early-stage heart failure b\) Mild heart failure c\) Moderate heart failure d\) End-stage heart failure Answer: d) End-stage heart failure 15\. What is the main goal of managing heart failure? a\) To cure the disease b\) To slow down the progression of the disease c\) To prevent any further damage to the heart d\) To improve the quality of life of the patient Answer: d) To improve the quality of life of the patient COPD 1\. Which of the following is a predisposing factor for airflow limitation? A. Smoking B. Age \> 10 years old C. Environmental pollutants D. Asthma Answer: B. Age \> 10 years old 2\. Which gender is more commonly affected by conditions related to airflow limitation? A. Male B. Female C. Both are equally affected D. Gender is not a factor Answer: A. Male 3\. Which of the following is a precipitating factor for airflow limitation? A. Age B. Gender C. Occupational hazard D. Epithelial barrier dysfunction Answer: C) Occupational hazard 4\. Smoking is considered what type of factor in the development of airflow limitation? A\) Predisposing factor B\) Precipitating factor C\) Both predisposing and precipitating D\) Neither Answer: B. Precipitating factor 5\. Chronic inflammation in the airway involves which immune response? A\) Innate immune response only B\) Adaptive immune response only C\) Both innate and adaptive immune responses D\) Neither Answer: C) Both innate and adaptive immune responses 6\. What is the effect of small airway resistance in patients with chronic obstructive conditions? A. Increased airflow B. Decreased airflow C. Normal airflow D. None of the above Answer: B. Decreased airflow 7\. What is one of the primary effects of emphysematous destruction? A. Reduced compliance of the lungs B. Increase in lung volume C. Inflammatory response reduction D. Complete recovery of airway function Answer: A. Reduced compliance of the lungs 8\. In COPD, what does the chronic inflammation of the airways result in? A.Epithelial barrier repair B. Deposition of connective tissue C. Mucociliary clearance enhancement D. All of the above Answer: B. Deposition of connective tissue 9\. The destruction of alveoli and loss of lung tissue in COPD leads to what type of pattern in the lung? A. Panacinar pattern B. Centrilobular pattern C. Bronchial pattern D. Acinar pattern Answer: A. Panacinar pattern 10\. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is associated with which of the following conditions? A. Increased airway resistance B. Panacinar emphysema C. Asthma D. Increased mucociliary clearance Answer: B. Panacinar emphysema 11\. What is the term used to describe the coalescence of small airways? A. Emphysematous phenotype B. Lumen coalescence C. Panacinar pattern D. Compliance collapse Answer: B. Lumen coalescence 12\. Which factor is involved in the destruction of the epithelial barrier in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A. Smoking B. Occupational hazards C. Mucociliary clearance failure D. Chronic inflammation Answer: D. Chronic inflammation 13\. Which of the following can cause the infiltration of the airway in COPD? A. Connective tissue deposition B. Airway dilation C. Enhanced mucociliary clearance D. None of the above Answer: A. Connective tissue deposition 14\. In the airflow limitation process, what comes immediately after the destruction of the epithelial barrier? A. Inflammatory mucous exudate B. Chronic inflammation C. Lumen coalescence D. Emphysematous destruction Answer: A. Inflammatory mucous exudate 15\. What is the final clinical phenotype resulting from emphysema and chronic obstructive processes? A. COPD B. Asthma C. Emphysematous destruction D. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency Answer: A. COPD 1\. It occurs when blood flow to your heart is reduced, preventing the heart muscle from receiving enough oxygen. \- MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA 2\. What is the hallmark signs and symptoms of Myocardial infarction? \- LEVINE\'S SIGN 3\. It is the abnormally high levels of any or all lipids or lipoproteins in the blood \- HYPERLIPIDEMIA 4\. It is is usually due to thrombotic occlusion of a coronary vessel caused by rupture of a vulnerable plaque \- MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION 5\. Myocardial infarction is commonly known as? \- HEART ATTACK 6\. What happens when the thrombus build up to obstruct the artery? \- ATHEROSCLEROSIS 7\. What is the medical term of chest pain? \- ANGINA PECTORIS 8\. It is an abnormal object or clot traveling in the blood. \- EMBOLUS 9\. What age is at risk for myocardial infarction? \- above 40 years old 10\. What organ is affected by myocardial infarction? \- MYOCARDIUM / HEART MUSCLE 11\. It is the low level of oxygen in body tissues that can be cause of Myocardial infarction. \- HYPOXIA 12-15. Give atleast 4 precipitating factors of myocardial infarction \- Hyperlipidemia \- Hypertension \- Diabetes Mellitus \- Alcohol Consumption \- Smoking \- Stress \- Obesity \- Illicit drug use