ETHICS.pdf

Summary of "Hiya" by Jaime C. Bulatao Concept of Hiya: A Filipino phenomenon often translated as "shame," but more accurately reflects "shyness," "timidity," and "sensitivity." Emotional Impact: Hiya is a painful emotion linked to social interactions, particularly with authority f...

Summary of "Hiya" by Jaime C. Bulatao Concept of Hiya: A Filipino phenomenon often translated as "shame," but more accurately reflects "shyness," "timidity," and "sensitivity." Emotional Impact: Hiya is a painful emotion linked to social interactions, particularly with authority figures, leading to feelings of inadequacy and anxiety. Cultural Significance: It serves as a mechanism for social conformity and group acceptance, contrasting with "walang hiya," which denotes a lack of sensitivity to social norms. Psychological Roots: Hiya is associated with an unindividuated ego, dependent on group approval for self-worth. Innovators Innovators are individuals who introduce new ideas, methods, or products, often challenging traditional norms and conventions. They are problem-oriented and capable of thinking independently, allowing them to transcend societal expectations and drive change. Innovators are characterized by their willingness to take risks and explore uncharted territories, fostering creativity and progress within their communities. Theory of Hiya The theory of hiya posits that it is a painful emotion arising from interactions with authority figures or society, inhibiting self-assertion in perceived threatening situations. It is rooted in the need for group acceptance and reflects anxiety about losing social support, leading to feelings of inadequacy. Hiya serves as a cultural mechanism for maintaining social order and conformity, while its absence, termed 'walang hiya,' indicates a disregard for social norms and the feelings of others. Ego The ego is a psychological construct that represents an individual's sense of self and identity, distinguishing them from others and the external world. It develops as a person learns to differentiate their own needs and desires from those of others, facilitating self-awareness and personal agency. In the context of social behavior, the ego can be influenced by cultural norms and group dynamics, impacting how individuals interact with their environment and authority figures. Individuation Individuation is never fully completed; it is an ongoing process throughout an individual's life. While a person may achieve a certain level of self-awareness and autonomy, they continue to evolve and adapt in response to new experiences and social contexts. Psychological development and individuation are influenced by various factors, including relationships, culture, and personal growth, making it a dynamic and lifelong journey. Secondary egocentricity Secondary egocentricity refers to the phenomenon where an individual's ego is embedded within a small social group, leading to a self-centered perspective that prioritizes group norms and dynamics over personal individuality. This state mirrors the primary egocentricity of infants, who are primarily focused on their relationship with their mother, but in adults, it manifests as a reliance on the group's approval and a fear of deviating from established conventions. Individuals exhibiting secondary egocentricity may struggle with self-assertion and independence, often feeling threatened by external stimuli that challenge their embeddedness within the group. Embeddedness Embeddedness refers to the degree to which an individual's identity and sense of self are intertwined with their social group or cultural context. It highlights the reliance on group norms, traditions, and relationships for security and validation, often leading to a diminished sense of individuality. This concept illustrates the continuum between being deeply connected to one's group and achieving greater personal autonomy, with varying degrees of embeddedness observed across different cultures. Allocentric Allocentric refers to a perspective that is oriented towards others and their relationships, rather than being centered solely on oneself. Individuals with an allocentric viewpoint are aware of the dynamics between themselves and others, allowing them to engage with others in a more objective and open manner. This approach fosters empathy and understanding, enabling individuals to navigate social interactions without imposing rigid categories or traditional norms. behavior of unindividuated ego The behavior of an unindividuated ego is characterized by a strong dependence on group dynamics and a lack of personal autonomy, often leading to secondary egocentricity. Individuals with an unindividuated ego may exhibit shyness, timidity, and a heightened sensitivity to authority, as their self-worth is closely tied to group approval and acceptance. They tend to perceive external stimuli as threats to their embeddedness, resulting in avoidance of situations that challenge their conformity to group norms. Summary of "In Defense of Hiya as a Filipino Virtue" Author: Jeremiah Lasquety-Reyes Concept of Hiya: Distinguishes between hiya as a passion (shame) and hiya as a virtue (self-control for others). Philosophical Framework: Utilizes Aquinas’ virtue ethics to redefine hiya positively. Related Concepts: Explores amor propio, pakikisama, and 'crab mentality' as interconnected with hiya. Conclusion: Advocates for a shift from viewing hiya negatively to recognizing its role in Filipino virtue ethics and interpersonal relationships. Key difference of hiya(p) and hiya(v) The key difference between hiya as passion (hiya(p)) and hiya as virtue (hiya(v)) lies in their nature: hiya(p) is an emotional response characterized by feelings of shame or embarrassment that one undergoes, while hiya(v) is a conscious virtue that involves self-control and consideration for others, preventing them from experiencing shame. Hiya(v) emphasizes the welfare of others and promotes respectful communication, whereas hiya(p) is a reaction to social situations that may lead to personal disgrace. Aquinas distinguishes between verecundia (shame) as a passion and temperance as a virtue, suggesting that verecundia is a fearful emotion related to disgrace, which can prevent reprehensible actions or cause shame during secretive acts. He views temperance as a cardinal virtue that involves self-control and moderation of natural desires, aligning one's appetites with reason for a higher purpose. This distinction informs the understanding of hiya, where hiya(v) reflects a virtue of self-restraint, while hiya(p) represents an emotional response to social situations. Frank Lynch's take on hiya distinguishes between two forms: hiya as a passive feeling of shame (hiya(p)) and hiya as an active virtue (hiya(v)). He argues that hiya(v) involves a conscious effort to restrain one's actions for the welfare of others, while walang hiya (lack of hiya) signifies a failure to possess this virtue, leading to socially unacceptable behavior. Lynch emphasizes that the absence of hiya(v) merits condemnation, as it reflects a disregard for social norms and the feelings of others. Guthrie describes hiya as a complex emotional experience characterized by feelings of inferiority, embarrassment, shyness, and alienation, which can be acutely distressing. He aligns with earlier scholars in viewing hiya primarily as an uncomfortable and painful emotion, suggesting that it arises in socially threatening situations. This perspective highlights the relational aspect of hiya, as it is often influenced by interactions with others and societal expectations. According to Francis Senden, hiya is a significant virtue that embodies sensitivity and consideration for others in social interactions. He emphasizes that Filipinos possess a heightened sense of hiya, which prevents them from insulting others in public and fosters respectful communication. Senden views this sensitivity not as a defect but as a valuable trait that enhances interpersonal relationships and social harmony. F. Landa Jocano defines hiya as a virtue that involves a sense of propriety and social awareness, guiding individuals to act in ways that respect the feelings and dignity of others. He emphasizes that hiya is not merely about avoiding shame but is a proactive virtue that encourages individuals to maintain harmony and uphold social norms. Jocano also distinguishes between hiya as a personal feeling and hiya as a social obligation, highlighting its importance in Filipino culture and interpersonal relationships. Utang na loob, literally translated as "debt of will," is a fundamental Filipino virtue that emphasizes the importance of reciprocity and gratitude in relationships. It involves a moral obligation to repay kindness or generosity received from others, reflecting a deep sense of indebtedness and loyalty. This concept fosters strong social bonds and reinforces the expectation of mutual support and care within families and communities. A person who is walang hiya fails to acknowledge or repay the kindness they have received, thus violating the principle of utang na loob. This relationship highlights the importance of mutual respect and social responsibility in maintaining harmonious interpersonal relationships. Amor propio refers to a sense of self-esteem or personal dignity, particularly in response to perceived insults or affronts to one's honor. It is a defense mechanism that arises when an individual's self-respect is threatened, prompting them to react to protect their dignity. In Filipino culture, amor propio is closely linked to the concepts of hiya and social interactions, emphasizing the importance of being treated with respect and maintaining one's honor. Hiya and amor propio are related concepts in Filipino culture, where hiya refers to a sense of shame or social propriety, while amor propio denotes self-esteem or personal dignity. Hiya can lead to feelings of hiya(p) (shame) when one is insulted or embarrassed, prompting a defensive reaction of amor propio to protect one's self-respect. Understanding the distinction between the two helps clarify how individuals navigate social interactions and respond to perceived threats to their honor. Pakikisama is a Filipino term that refers to the virtue of getting along with others and prioritizing group harmony over individual interests. It emphasizes cooperation, smooth interpersonal relations, and the willingness to subordinate one's own desires for the welfare of the majority. While it can foster strong social bonds, pakikisama can also lead to negative outcomes, such as peer pressure or blind conformity, if not balanced with discernment and individual values. Pakikisama relates to hiya(v) as both concepts emphasize the importance of social harmony and consideration for others. While pakikisama involves yielding to the group's needs and maintaining smooth interpersonal relations, hiya(v) is the virtue that prevents individuals from causing embarrassment or shame to others. Essentially, pakikisama expands the principle of hiya(v) to a group context, where the welfare of the majority is prioritized, presupposing the moral foundation of hiya(v). Pakikisama is often equated with peer pressure, as both involve conforming to group expectations and desires. However, a key distinction is that pakikisama can be a conscious choice to prioritize group welfare and harmony, while peer pressure may involve mindless or coercive conformity. A mature understanding of pakikisama allows individuals to discern when to align with the group for the greater good, rather than succumbing to negative peer influences. Crab mentality refers to a social phenomenon where individuals in a group undermine each other's success, akin to crabs in a basket pulling each other down when one tries to escape. This behavior is often attributed to feelings of envy or insecurity, leading to a collective response against those who stand out or achieve success. While commonly viewed negatively, some argue that it reflects a misguided sense of group loyalty or "group amor propio," where individuals feel compelled to maintain equality within the group. The key difference between crab mentality and group amor propio lies in their motivations and ethical implications. Crab mentality is primarily driven by envy and a desire to bring others down due to their success, reflecting a negative trait. In contrast, group amor propio is a protective response aimed at maintaining group cohesion and social harmony, emphasizing the importance of collective identity and responsibility rather than individual competition. The 'shadow' of pakikisama refers to the group's natural response to individuals who lack this virtue, often resulting in social punishment as a defense mechanism. This reaction, sometimes labeled as 'crab mentality' by Americans, reflects a cultural emphasis on individualism versus group cohesion. A more neutral term, 'group amor propio,' is suggested to describe this phenomenon, highlighting the importance of group welfare over individual desires. Miranda's Take on Crab Mentality Miranda argues that 'crab mentality' has positive aspects, serving as a social mechanism to remind individuals of their responsibilities to the community. It is not merely about cutting someone down but is a response to those who forget their roots and social nature. He emphasizes that success is a collective achievement, and the critique of individualism inherent in 'crab mentality' reflects a cultural value of group success over personal gain. Summary of "Loób and Kapwa: An Introduction to a Filipino Virtue Ethics" Author: Jeremiah Reyes Focus: Filipino virtue ethics centered on relational concepts of (relational will) and (shared self). Key Virtues: ○ (beauty of will) ○ (debt of will) ○ (relational sensitivity) ○ (shame) ○ (courage) Context: Blends Southeast Asian tribal traditions with Spanish Catholic influences, emphasizing the importance of human relationships. Loób is a Filipino term literally translated as "inside," but in the context of personhood, it refers to a person's "relational will" or their will towards others (kapwa). It emphasizes the interconnectedness of individuals, suggesting that one's loób is defined through relationships and interactions rather than in isolation. The concept is fundamental to understanding Filipino virtues and ethics, highlighting the importance of community and relational dynamics. Filipino Virtue Ethics is a relationship-oriented ethical framework that emphasizes the preservation and strengthening of human relationships, rooted in the unique historical blend of Southeast Asian tribal traditions and Spanish Catholic influences. Central to this ethics are the concepts of loób (relational will) and kapwa (togetherness with others), which guide the practice of virtues such as kagandahang-loób and pakikiramdam. This approach contrasts with Western individualistic virtues, offering a perspective that contributes to global ethical discussions by focusing on communal values and interconnectedness. Kapwa is a Filipino term that translates to "together with the person" and signifies a shared identity or unity between the self and others. It embodies the idea of relational interconnectedness, where the distinction between self and others is blurred, promoting a sense of community and mutual responsibility. Kapwa is considered the core value of Filipino culture, emphasizing interpersonal relationships and the importance of empathy and compassion. Kagandahang-loób translates to "beauty of the will" and refers to the virtue of having a genuine concern for others, characterized by acts of kindness and generosity. It is best exemplified through selfless actions motivated by compassion, particularly in helping those in need, without expecting anything in return. This concept is deeply rooted in Filipino culture, emphasizing the importance of familial and communal relationships in expressing kindness. Utang-na-loób translates to "debt of will" and refers to the self-imposed obligation to repay kindness or generosity received from others. It arises as a natural response to kagandahang-loób, creating a cyclical dynamic of mutual support and gratitude between individuals. This concept emphasizes the importance of acknowledging and reciprocating acts of kindness, thereby strengthening relationships within the community. Pakikiramdam is a Filipino virtue that translates to "feeling" or "relational sensitivity," emphasizing the ability to empathize and understand the feelings of others without direct communication. It involves an intuitive awareness of social cues and the emotional states of others, fostering deeper interpersonal connections. This concept highlights the importance of indirect communication and emotional intelligence in Filipino culture, allowing individuals to navigate social interactions with sensitivity and care. Hiya is a Filipino term often translated as "shame" or "embarrassment," but it also represents a virtue of self-control and sensitivity towards others' feelings. It encourages individuals to restrain selfish impulses that could cause discomfort or embarrassment to others, promoting social harmony. The concept of hiya is integral to Filipino culture, as it reflects the importance of community and the well-being of others (kapwa) over individual desires. Lakas-ng-loób (strength of will) and bahala na are interconnected concepts in Filipino culture, where lakas-ng-loób represents courage in confronting challenges, while bahala na signifies a positive approach to uncertainty. Together, they illustrate a mindset of facing risks with a sense of responsibility and concern for others, rather than mere fatalism. When understood within the framework of Filipino virtue ethics, both concepts emphasize the importance of self-sacrifice and communal support in navigating life's uncertainties. Clyde Kluckhohn was an American anthropologist known for his work in cultural anthropology and his contributions to understanding cultural values and human behavior. He is best known for his concept of "cultural relativism" and the idea that cultures should be understood on their own terms rather than judged by the standards of another culture. Kluckhohn's research emphasized the importance of culture in shaping individual identity and social interactions. Philippine history, marked by a blend of indigenous tribal traditions and over 300 years of Spanish colonization, has shaped a unique cultural context for Filipino virtue ethics. This historical interplay has resulted in a synthesis of Southeast Asian animist beliefs and Catholic values, leading to the development of virtues like loób and kapwa that emphasize relationality and community. Understanding this historical backdrop is essential for grasping how Filipino virtue ethics differs from Western individualistic approaches, focusing instead on the preservation and strengthening of human relationships. Kapwa is a Filipino term that signifies a shared identity or interconnectedness between individuals, emphasizing the unity of self and others. It transcends the Western notion of "self" and "other," promoting a relational understanding where one's identity is defined through relationships and communal ties. Kapwa embodies values such as empathy, mutual respect, and social responsibility, serving as a foundational concept in Filipino culture and ethics. Frank Lynch proposed the concept of "smooth interpersonal relationships" (SIR) as a key value among Filipinos, which later sparked discussions about deeper cultural values like kapwa. While Lynch's SIR focused on harmony and getting along, the concept of kapwa, as later articulated by Virgilio Enriquez, emphasizes a shared identity and interconnectedness between individuals. Kapwa reflects a more profound understanding of relationships, moving beyond mere social harmony to a recognition of the unity of self and others in Filipino culture. Katrin de Guia is a prominent scholar who has contributed significantly to the understanding of Filipino identity and culture, particularly through her exploration of the concept of kapwa. In her book, "Kapwa: The Self in the Other," she articulates that the core of Filipino personhood is rooted in the idea of a shared self, which extends the individual identity to include others. De Guia emphasizes that this interconnectedness translates into action within relationships, highlighting the importance of empathy and communal values in Filipino society. The concept of kapwa is significant in Filipino virtue ethics as it embodies the interconnectedness and shared identity between individuals, emphasizing that one's self is defined through relationships with others. It serves as a foundational principle that guides moral behavior, promoting empathy, social responsibility, and communal harmony. By prioritizing kapwa, Filipino virtue ethics fosters a sense of belonging and collective well-being, contrasting with more individualistic ethical frameworks. In conclusion, Filipino virtue ethics, centered around the concepts of loób and kapwa, highlights the importance of human relationships and communal values in moral decision-making. This ethical framework, influenced by both indigenous and Western traditions, emphasizes virtues that strengthen interpersonal connections and promote social responsibility. Ultimately, kapwa serves as a guiding principle that fosters empathy and a sense of shared identity, reinforcing the interconnectedness of individuals within Filipino culture. Bahala na can take on a negative connotation when it is perceived as a form of indifference or irresponsibility, akin to a fatalistic attitude of "whatever" or "who cares." This negative interpretation arises when individuals use the phrase to justify inaction or a lack of accountability, neglecting their responsibilities towards others. Additionally, when detached from the principle of kapwa, bahala na may reflect a self-centered mindset that disregards the feelings and welfare of the community. Kagandahang-loób refers to acts of kindness and generosity that arise from a person's innate goodness, while utang-na-loób represents the debt of gratitude or obligation to reciprocate such kindness. The relationship between the two concepts is cyclical; when one experiences kagandahang-loób, it inspires a sense of utang-na-loób, motivating the recipient to repay the kindness in the future. This dynamic fosters deeper interpersonal connections and strengthens community bonds, as individuals engage in a continuous exchange of goodwill and support.