ITE PDF - Engineering Careers and Professions

Module 1: ENGINEERING CAREERS AND PROFESSIONS “Engineers turn dreams into reality” — Hayao Miyazaki This presentation includes relevant information about the engineering profession. The following will be discussed: what is...

Module 1: ENGINEERING CAREERS AND PROFESSIONS “Engineers turn dreams into reality” — Hayao Miyazaki This presentation includes relevant information about the engineering profession. The following will be discussed: what is engineering; the engineering functions; qualities or attributes of a good engineer; the different engineering disciplines; career opportunities and options of engineers; and their role in community and nation building. In addition, this presentation also includes information about Industrial Engineering and its functional areas. STEM Working together to solve problems based on societal needs and wants ★ Scientists - Investigate our natural world ★ Technologists - Apply science and math to designs ★ Engineers - Create our designed world ★ Mathematicians - Use numbers and symbols to solve problems THE ENGINEERING PROFESSION ➔ Engineering is considered to be one of the most challenging and exciting career. ➔ It is the application of the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions to technical problems. ➔ It is the task of an engineer to link the scientific discoveries and the commercial applications that meet societal and consumer needs. WHAT IS ENGINEERING? The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) defines engineering: “the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgement to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.” ENGINEERING ➔ Engineering uses scientific, technological, and mathematical knowledge to solve practical problems. ➔ Engineering is a profession like medicine, law, etc. that aspires to high standards of conduct and recognizes its responsibility to the general public. ENGINEERS CAN DO ANYTHING ★ Invent – Develop a new product, system, or process that has never existed before. ★ Innovate – Improve an existing technological product, system, or method. Create Design Invent Build Evaluate Improve Conceive Orchestrate Analyze QUALITIES OF ENGINEERS ➔ Industrial, chemical, civil, electrical, electronics, mechanical and other engineering fields are all words that come before the title of an engineer. ➔ Each of these professions do very different things in order to change the way we live. Collectively, they work to make our daily personal and professional lives more comfortable, safer, and easier to navigate. ➔ There are several qualities that most engineers share: among them are curiosity, critical thinking, creativity, effective communication, and a collaborative spirit. ★ Curiosity - Engineers are curious because they want to know how and why things work as they do. ★ Critical thinking - Engineers need to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information to make objective judgments and recommendations. They rely on these critical thinking skills in every stage of their work, particularly when it comes to decision-making. ★ Creativity - the creative engineer is changing the way we live and work as creativity often spurs innovation ★ Effective communication - Effective engineers understand that clear, concise, written and verbal communication is the key to giving their ideas life and their team a competitive edge. ★ Collaborative spirit - Engineers do not work in a vacuum. They work with other engineers, supply chain management, financial and project managers, and others from various business units. ➔ Engineers are tasked with contributing to collaborative and cross-functional teams to ensure integrated development. AREAS OF ENGINEERING SPECIALIZATION ➔ There are over 20 major disciplines or specializations that are recognized by the professional engineering societies. Moreover, within each discipline there exist a number of branches. The following are just thecommon engineering fields: 1. Civil Engineering. Civil Engineering is one of the oldest of the engineering fields. It emphasizes mathematical knowledge in geometry, calculus and physical sciences. Civil engineers oversee the construction of transportation systems, roads, architecture, and construction sites. 2. Chemical Engineering. Chemical engineering is the field of applied science that employs physical, chemical, and biochemical rate processes for the betterment of humanity. Chemical engineers apply their skills to fundamental problems in pharmaceuticals, medical devices and drug-delivery system, semiconductor manufacturing, and more. 3. Electrical Engineering. Electrical engineering involves the conception, design, development, and production of the electrical or electronic products and systems. It involves the application of electricity, needed by our  technological society. Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacturing of electrical equipment such as electric motors, radar, and navigation systems. 4. Electronics Engineering. Electronics Engineering integrates available and emerging technologies with knowledge of mathematics, natural, social and applied sciences to conceptualize, design, and implement new, improved, or innovative electronic, computer and communication systems, devices, goods, services and processes. 5. Mechanical Engineering. Mechanical engineers research, develop, design, manufacture and test tools, engines, machines, and other mechanical devices. They work on power-producing machines such as electricity-producing generators, internal combustion engines, steam and gas turbines, and jet and rocket engines. 6. Industrial Engineering. Industrial engineering focuses on the entrepreneurial and business aspect of engineering projects. Whether it is research and development or group projects, industrial engineers desire to create the most efficient plans for employees, scheduling, factory schedules, and a multitude of other factors. 7. Computer Engineering. This discipline is referred to in a multitude of terms including computer hardware engineering, computer software engineering, and computer science. This field encompasses the development of the programming and the physical components of a computer system. Computer engineers work on computer hardware chips, circuit boards and keyboards. 8. Sanitary Engineering. Sanitary engineering, also known as public health engineering or wastewater engineering, is the application of engineering methods to improve sanitation of human communities, primarily by providing the removal and disposal of human waste, and in addition to the supply of safe potable water. 9. Petroleum Engineering. Petroleum Engineering is a field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas. Exploration and production are deemed to fall within the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry. Petroleum engineers specialize in the discovery and production of oil and natural gas. 10. Mechatronics Engineering. Mechatronics Engineering is a multidisciplinary branch of engineering that focuses on the engineering of both electrical and mechanical systems, and also includes a combination of robotics, electronics, computer, telecommunications, systems, control, and product engineering.  11. Instrumentation and Control Engineering. Instrumentation and control engineering (ICE) is a branch of engineering that studies the measurement and control of process variables, and the design and implementation of systems that incorporate them. IC engineers focus on the implementation of control systems, mainly derived from mathematical modeling. 12. Food Engineering. Food engineering is a multidisciplinary field which combines microbiology, applied physical sciences, chemistry and engineering for food and related industries. Food engineers provide the technological knowledge transfer essential to the cost-effective production and commercialization of food products and services. ➔ Other Engineering Disciplines: a. Aerospace engineering f. Manufacturing engineering b. Automotive engineering g. Mining engineering c. Ceramics engineering h. Nuclear engineering d. Environmental engineering i. Transportation engineering e. Materials engineering j. and many others ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS The focus of an engineer’s work typically falls into one or more of the following areas: ★ Research - explore, discover and apply new principles ★ Development - transform ideas or concepts into production processes ★ Design - link the generation of ideas and the production ★ Production and testing - manufacture and assemble components or products ★ Sales - market engineering products ★ Operations - maintain equipment and facilities ★ Construction - prior to construction organizes bids, during construction supervises certain components of process ★ Management - optimize the use of resources (equipment, labor, finances) ★ Education - teach engineering principles in university and industrial settings ★ Consulting - provide specialized engineering services to the clients. May work alone or in partnership with other engineers. ENGINEERS WORK TO SOLVE MANY KINDS OF PROBLEMS ➔ An electrical engineer may design a GPS for your vehicle. ➔ A pharmaceutical/chemical engineer may find a cure for disease. ➔ A computer engineer may build a computer the size of your watch. ➔ A mechanical engineer may create a robot to discover water on a planet. ➔ An agricultural engineer may evaluate the effects of global warming on food production. ➔ Industrial engineers find ways to eliminate wastefulness in production processes. They devise efficient systems that integrate workers, machines, materials, information, and energy to make a product or provide a service. WHAT IES DO? ➔ Fierce Competition in Economy. ➔ Customers demands are rising. ➔ Challenge for industries to produce goods of right quantity, quality , in time and at minimum cost. ➔ Industrial Engineering plays a pivotal role in meeting these challenges. ➔ We have various techniques in Industrial ➔ Engineering to analyze and improve the work methods, to eliminate waste, proper allocation and utilization of resources. IISE (INDUSTRIAL & SYSTEM ENGINEERING) BODY OF KNOWLEDGE 1. Work and Design Management 8. Supply Chain Management 2. Operation Research & Analysis 9. Engineering Management 3. Engineering Economic Analysis 10. Safety 4. Facilities Engineering & Energy 11. Information Engineering Management 12. Design and Manufacturing 5. Quality and Reliability Engineering Engineering 6. Ergonomics & Human Factor 13. Product Design & Development 7. Operation Engineering and 14. System Design & Engineering Management ➔ American Institute of Industrial Engineers (AIIE) defines Industrial Engineering as follows; ◆ Industrial Engineering is concerned with the design, improvement and installation of integrated system of men, materials and equipment. It draws upon specialized knowledge and skills in the mathematical, physical sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design to specify, predict and evaluate the results to be obtained from such system. ◆ Industrial engineering is about choices. Other engineering disciplines apply skills to very specific areas. IE gives practitioners the opportunity to work in a variety of businesses. ◆ Many practitioners say that an industrial engineering education offers the best of both worlds: an education in both engineering and business. ◆ The most distinctive aspect of industrial engineering is the flexibility it offers. Whether it’s shortening a rollercoaster line, streamlining an operating room, distributing products worldwide, or manufacturing superior automobiles, all these challenges share the common goal of saving companies money and increasing efficiencies. ◆ As companies adopt management philosophies of continuous productivity and quality improvement to survive in the increasingly competitive world market, the need for industrial engineers is growing. Why? Industrial engineers are the only engineering professionals trained specifically to be productivity and quality improvement specialists. ◆ Industrial engineers figure out how to do things better. They engineer processes and systems that improve quality and productivity.  ◆ They work to eliminate waste of time, money, materials, energy and other commodities. Therefore, many industrial engineers end up being promoted into management positions. ◆ Many people are misled by the term industrial engineer. It’s not just about manufacturing. It also encompasses service industries, with many IEs employed in entertainment industries, shipping and logistics businesses, and health care organizations. ALL ABOUT INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING ➔ Determine the product requirements. ➔ To eliminate worker fatigue. ➔ To increase/maximize efficiency. ➔ To design or to improve systems for the physical distribution of goods and services and to determine the most efficient plant locations. ➔ To develop methods for handling and transporting materials. ➔ Development of production planning and control procedures. ➔ Develop management control systems to aid in financial planning and cost analysis. ➔ To increase/maximize productivity through the management of people, methods of business organization, and technology. ➔ Redesign and standardization of manufacturing processes. ➔ Design production planning and control systems to coordinate activities and ensure product quality. ➔ Develop wage and salary administration systems and job evaluation programs. CAREER OPPORTUNITIES Industrial Engineering Functional Work Areas: ➔ Product Engineering ➔ Facilities - Team Facilitation - Layout Design - Product Development - Process Flow Analysis ➔ Finance ➔ Factory Operations - Make Buy Analysis - Production Simulation - Comparison of Alternatives - Theory of Constraints - Cost Estimating Systems ➔ Quality - Integration OSHA - SPC/SQC DOE Regulations - Supplier Quality - Safety Management - Queuing Theory - Linear Programming - Six Sigma - Lean Manufacturing ➔ Project Management ➔ Transportation - Transportation Resource - Logistics Planning Planning - Material Handling - Risk Analysis Project ➔ Training Scheduling - Course Facilitation ➔ Production Control ➔ IE Methods - Job Scheduling - Workstation Design - Expedite procedures - Ergonomics  - Methods Engineering ➔ Inventory ➔ Tooling - Inventory Management - Tool Fab process - Supplier Selection - Tool Offload procedures - Material Requirements - Tool Repair process Planning - Tool Room procedures - Supply Chain Management NEW APPROACHES THAT ARE NOW IMPLEMENTED IN IE ➔ ERP (Enterprise Resource ➔ SCM (Supply Chain Management) Planning) ➔ BI (Business Intelligence) ➔ CRM (Customer Relationship ➔ SD (Systems Dynamic) Management) ➔ SaaS (Software as a Service) Module 2: DESIGN THINKING In this presentation, you will be well-informed what design thinking is and its main characteristics will be investigated. The five stages of the design thinking process will be thoroughly discussed in this presentation as well as its application in project execution. Design thinking helps you and your team develop practical and innovative solutions for your problems. It is a human-focused, prototype-driven, innovative design process. WHAT IS DESIGN THINKING? ➔ Some of the world’s leading brands, such as Google, Samsung, and General design Apple, Electric, thinking have rapidly adopted the approach, and design thinking is being taught at leading universities around the world. ➔ Design Thinking is a design methodology and iterative process that provides a solution-based approach to solving problems. It’s extremely useful in tackling complex problems that are ill-defined or unknown, by understanding the human needs involved, by re-framing the problem in human-centric ways, by creating many ideas in brainstorming sessions, and by adopting a hands-on approach in prototyping and testing. ➔ A DESIGN METHODOLOGY. It differs from traditional design approaches in specific ways. For example, some authors characterize Design Thinking as more creative and user-centered than traditional design approaches. ➔ A PROBLEM-SOLVING APPROACH OR PROCESS. As a solution-based approach to solving problems, Design Thinking is particularly useful for addressing so-called “wicked” problems. Wicked means that they are ill-defined or tricky. ➔ A CREATIVITY APPROACH. Design Thinking is a creative process based on the “building up” of ideas. Analytical approaches focus on narrowing the design choices, while Design Thinking focuses on going broad, at least during the early stages of the process.  ➔ A USER-CENTERED APPROACH. The heart of the method is in understanding the customer. All ideas and subsequent work stem from knowing the customer. ➔ Encourages creative consideration of a wide array of innovative solutions. ➔ Can be applied to any field, including higher education. ➔ Approaches challenges from the point of view of the end user. ➔ Calls for a deep understanding of that user’s unmet needs. 1. Powerful set of Problem-Solving Strategies. 2. Opportunity to Encourage Creativity. 3. Tools for reshaping School & Curriculum ➔ In short, Design Thinking is the confidence that new, better things are possible and that you can make them happen. INNOVATOR’S MINDSET ➔ ACT! - we are problem solvers, doers, creators. ➔ Learn from Mistakes - we fail fast and fearlessly, learning from each try. ➔ Work Together - we collaborate, creating better solutions. ➔ Contribute to the Greater Good - we improve our community and world. ➔ Be Resilient, we don't give up on growth - we are life-long learners. OVERVIEW OF DESIGN THINKING ➔ Design Thinking starts with community/user. Through interviews, you gain observation & a deeper understanding on the real issues. After which you will brainstorm to generate ideas; turn them into prototypes which you will use to test with your users before proposing them as innovative solutions. STANFORD D.SCHOOL DESIGN THINKING PROCESS ➔ Empathy ◆ Who are we making this for? ◆ What is their problem? ◆ What do these people do? ◆ Research Your Users’ Needs - Interviews - Seek to understand - Shadowing - Non-Judgmental ➔ Define ◆ What are the users need? ◆ What are their problems? ◆ What are their challenges? ◆ What are the insights we can use? ◆ State Your Users’ Needs and Problems - Personas - Decisions - Role objectives Challenges - Pain Points  ➔ Ideate ◆ Solutions ◆ ideas ◆ Brainstorming ◆ Challenge Assumptions and Create ideas - Share ideas - Diverge/Converge - All ideas worthy - Yes and thinking - Prioritize ➔ Prototype ◆ Simple testable prototype ◆ Start to create solutions - Mockups - Keep it simple - Storyboards - Fail fast - Iterate quickly ➔ Test ◆ Testing with real people ◆ Get Feedback ◆ Try your solutions out - Understand - What works? impediments - Role play - Iterate quickly How do you develop empathy with the community? You know empathize how important it is to be with your users before designing for them. HOW will you go about doing that? Need to use this 2 tools: 1. Observation 2. Interview ➔ Observation Apply POEMS observation technique as one of the tools for empathy study ★ P - People ★ O - Object ★ E - Environment ★ M - Message ★ S - Service POEMS ➔ Use the POEMS framework to structure and guide the observation as presented in the POEMS Framework Template (Annex) to record and capture what you have observed. ➔ To make sense of the observation, we need to look beyond the obvious and explore WHY than just WHAT in terms of relationships, behavioral patterns, interactions, gaps, and mistake. Take photos to support and document your learning as follows in relation to POEMS framework.  ★ People: Who are involved? (e.g. commuters, street vendors, office workers, children, motorists, delivery men, etc.) What roles do they play? How are the people engaging with each other? How are they related? What is the relationship? What is the social context? ★ Objects: What artifacts are important? (e.g. bus stops, signage, traffic lights, benches, etc.) What roles do they play? How are people engaging with the objects, and with their surrounding? What is interaction? How does the object influence people's behavior? ★ Environment: Where is the action taking place? (e.g. public bus, road side, government office, garden, etc.) What is happening? What are the people doing? How do the people behave in this environment? How does the environment influence people's behavior? What is the mood? Ambience? ★ Messages & Media: What are the messages and communication media used? (e.g. signage, online materials, posters, apps, etc.) What roles do they play? ★ Services: What are the services and support systems provided? (e.g. registration, library services, hands-on guide, online booking, etc.) ○ Context: where, when, who and why? ○ Insights: what have you learned about your target users ○ Challenges: what are the pain-points, obstacles, gaps ○ Opportunities: What are some opportunities and new possibilities ○ Perspectives: How would you rethink about your design challenge project Module 3: INTRODUCTION TO THE ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN Understanding Engineering Design - Exploring the Systematic Approach to Innovative Solutions ➔ Definition of Engineering Design ◆ Engineering design refers to the creation of devices or systems through human effort to solve problems. ➔ Invention Classification ◆ Many engineering designs are classified as inventions, highlighting their unique role in innovation. ➔ Technology Integration ◆ Effective designs emerge from the integration of various technologies aimed at meeting specific needs. ➔ Systematic Process  ◆ The engineering design process is systematic, guiding engineers toward effective and innovative solutions. DESIGN PROCESS ➔ Steps in the Engineering Design Process A structured approach to problem-solving and innovation. 1. Ask: Identify needs and constraints. Begin by recognizing the problem to solve and any limitations. 2. Imagine: Develop possible solutions. Brainstorm and outline various approaches to tackle the identified problem. 3. Plan: Select a promising solution. Evaluate the ideas, choosing the most feasible solution for further development. Learning Objectives: Key Goals for Understanding the Engineering Design Process Understand Design Components Gain insights into the essential parts and methods involved in engineering design, enhancing foundational knowledge. Evaluate Design Considerations Learn to assess critical factors such as sustainability and material selection in engineering projects for better outcomes. Apply Design Process Implement the engineering design process in practical projects to develop real-world problem-solving skills. ENGINEERING DESIGN STEPS - Overview of the Engineering Design Process Understanding the Iterative Steps of Engineering Design. 1. Identifying Needs ★ The first step involves recognizing the problem or need to be addressed, which sets the foundation for the design process. 2. Researching Solutions ★ Gathering information about existing solutions and technologies is crucial to inform the design process and innovate effectively. 3. Developing Solutions ★ This phase entails brainstorming and creating potential solutions, considering various factors like feasibility and user needs. 4. Testing Prototypes ★ Rigorous testing of prototypes allows for evaluation and modification of designs, ensuring they meet specified requirements. 5. Iterative Improvements ★ The process is iterative, meaning steps can be revisited to refine and enhance the design based on testing feedback. ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS  1. ASK to identify the need and 4. PLAN by selecting a promising constraints solution 2. RESEARCH the problem 5. CREATE a prototype 3. IMAGINE possible solutions 6. TEST and evaluate the prototype 7. IMPROVE and redesign as needed Step 1: Ask - Identify Needs & Constraints Understanding the Foundation of the Engineering Design Process. ➔ Define the Problem - Clearly Articulate the issue at hand to guide the design process effectively. ➔ Identify Stakeholders - Recognize individuals or groups affected by the design to address their needs. ➔ Set Specific Objectives - Determine measurable goals to evaluate the success of the design solution. ➔ Recognize Constraints - Identify limitations such as budget, materials, and timelines that affect the project. ➔ Document Requirements - Compile a comprehensive list of project requirements to guide the design process. Step 2: Research the Problem Essential Investigation for Effective Engineering Solutions ➔ Conduct Interviews - Engage stakeholders to gather diverse perspectives on the problem. ➔ Perform Background Research - Utilize academic and industry sources to gain insights into the issue. ➔ Analyze Existing Technologies - Review current solutions to identify gaps and areas for improvement. ➔ Explore Adaptable Solutions - Investigate alternative methods that can be modified for your needs. Step 3: Imagine - Develop Possible Solutions Fostering Creativity and Teamwork in Engineering Design ➔ Encourage Open Brainstorming - Promote an environment where all ideas are welcomed, leading to diverse solutions. ➔ Build on Each Other's Ideas - Facilitate collaboration by allowing team members to expand and refine concepts together. ➔ Utilize Design Thinking Principles - Integrate ideation strategies from design thinking to enhance creativity and problem-solving. ➔ Focus on Quantity Over Quality - Encourage generating a large number of ideas to enhance the likelihood of innovative solutions. ➔ Incorporate Diverse Perspectives - Include team members from various backgrounds to enrich the solution development process. Step 4: Plan - Select a Promising Solution Key Strategies for Effective Solution Selection in Engineering Design ➔ Revisit Needs and Constraints - Assess all project requirements and limitations to ensure alignment with solutions.  ➔ Compare Potential Solutions - Evaluate different options based on effectiveness, feasibility, and cost. ➔ Select the Best Solution - Choose the most promising solution that meets project goals and constraints. ➔ Develop an Implementation Plan - Outline steps and resources needed for executing the selected solution. ➔ Assign Team Tasks - Delegate responsibilities to team members to ensure organized execution. Step 5: Create - Build a Prototype Transforming Ideas into Tangible Solutions through Prototyping ➔ Materialize Ideas - Transform concepts from initial sketches into functional prototypes, bridging the gap between design and reality. ➔ Test Functionality - Evaluate how well the prototype performs its intended function, identifying strengths and weaknesses. ➔ Identify Revision Areas - Use prototype testing results to pinpoint specific areas that need improvement before finalizing designs. ➔ Iterative Process - Embrace an iterative approach where prototypes undergo multiple revisions based on feedback and testing outcomes. ➔ Enhance User Experience - Focus on user feedback during testing to refine and enhance the overall user experience with the final product. Step 6: Test and Evaluate Prototype Critical Phase in the Engineering Design Process for Quality Assurance ➔ Test Functionality - Conduct rigorous testing of the prototype to ensure it operates as intended under various conditions. ➔ Communicate Results - Share testing outcomes with stakeholders, ensuring clarity and transparency in findings for informed decision- making. ➔ Receive Feedback - Gather insights and critiques from users and team members to understand the prototype's strengths and weaknesses. ➔ Identify Areas for Improvement - Analyze feedback and test results to pinpoint specific modifications to enhance the prototype's performance. Step 7: Improve - Redesign as Needed Iterate and Enhance Your Engineering Designs Based on Feedback ➔ Embrace Feedback - Utilize insights from users and stakeholders to refine your design, ensuring it meets needs. ➔ Consider User Experience - Ensure the redesigned product is user-friendly, enhancing overall satisfaction and usability. ➔ Focus on Quality - Strive for excellence by addressing any issues identified during testing or review phases. ➔ Iterative Process - Understand that design improvement is a cyclical process; repeat steps to enhance functionality. Step 8: Analyzing Design Solutions Evaluating Solutions through Comprehensive Criteria Analysis ➔ Criteria Variation - Recognize that the importance of each analysis type can vary significantly depending on the problem at hand.  ➔ Economic Assessment - Analyze cost-effectiveness and budget implications, ensuring solutions are financially viable for stakeholders. ➔ Functional Analysis - Assess how well a solution meets its intended purpose, ensuring it satisfies user needs effectively. ➔ Mechanical Evaluation - Examine the physical properties and interactions of components, focusing on durability and performance. Step 9: The Decision Process Evaluating and Refining Design Solutions in Engineering ➔ Document Design Solutions - Thoroughly record all potential design ideas to facilitate evaluation. ➔ Evaluate Objectively - Analyze each design using the matrix to ensure unbiased decision-making. ➔ Utilize a Decision Matrix - Employ a decision matrix to objectively assess each design option based on criteria. ➔ Refine the Best Solution - Select the most viable design and enhance it through further development. Module 4: SUSTAINABLE GOALS 17 GOALS TO TRANSFORM OUR WORLD Transforming Our World: 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development THREE DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ➔ Sustainable development has been defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. ➔ For sustainable development to be achieved, it is crucial to harmonize three core elements: economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection. ANOTHER WAY TO LOOK AT SDGS Sustainable Development Summit 2015 SDGs: Integrity SDGs: Universality SDGs: Transformative Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere (NO POVERTY) ➔ Extreme poverty rates have been cut by more than half since 1990. ➔ While this is a remarkable achievement, one in five people in developing regions still live on less than $1.25 a day, and there are millions more who make little more than this daily amount, plus many people risk slipping back into poverty. ➔ Poverty is more than the lack of income and resources to ensure a sustainable livelihood. ➔ Its manifestations include hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education and other basic services, social discrimination and exclusion as well as the lack of participation in decision-making. ➔ Economic growth must be inclusive to provide sustainable jobs and promote equality. Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture (ZERO HUNGER) ➔ If done right, agriculture, forestry and fisheries can provide nutritious food for all and generate decent incomes, while supporting people-centred rural development and protecting the environment. ➔ Right now, our soils, freshwater, oceans, forests and biodiversity are being rapidly degraded. ➔ Climate change is putting even more pressure on the resources we depend on, increasing risks associated with disasters such as droughts and floods. ➔ Many rural women and men can no longer make ends meet on their land, forcing them to migrate to cities in search of opportunities. ➔ A profound change of the global food and agriculture system is needed if we are to nourish today’s 795 million hungry and the additional 2 billion people expected by 2050.  ➔ The food and agriculture sector offers key solutions for development, and is central for hunger and poverty eradication Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages (GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING) ➔ Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being for all at all ages is essential to sustainable development. ➔ Significant strides have been made in increasing life expectancy and reducing some of the common killers associated with child and maternal mortality. ➔ Major progress has been made on increasing access to clean water and sanitation, reducing malaria, tuberculosis, polio and the spread of HIV/AIDS. ➔ However, many more efforts are needed to fully eradicate a wide range of diseases and address many different persistent and emerging health issues. Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning (QUALITY EDUCATION) ➔ Obtaining a quality education is the foundation to improving people’s lives and sustainable development. ➔ Major progress has been made towards increasing access to education at all levels and increasing enrolment rates in schools particularly for women and girls. ➔ Basic literacy skills have improved tremendously, yet bolder efforts are needed to make even greater strides for achieving universal education goals. ➔ For example, the world has achieved equality in primary education between girls and boys, but few countries have achieved that target at all levels of education. Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls (GENDER EQUALITY) ➔ While the world has achieved progress towards gender equality and women’s empowerment under the Millennium Development Goals (including equal access to primary education between girls and boys), women and girls continue to suffer discrimination and violence in every part of the world. ➔ Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. ➔ Providing women and girls with equal access to education, health care, decent work, and representation in political and economic decision-making processes will fuel sustainable economies and benefit societies and humanity at large. Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all (CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION) ➔ Clean, accessible water for all is an essential part of the world we want to live in. ➔ There is sufficient fresh water on the planet to achieve this. ➔ But due to bad economics or poor infrastructure, every year millions of people, most of them children, die from diseases associated with inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene. ➔ Water scarcity, poor water quality and inadequate sanitation negatively impact food security, livelihood choices and educational opportunities for poor families across the world.  ➔ Drought afflicts some of the world’s poorest countries, worsening hunger and malnutrition. ➔ By 2050, at least one in four people is likely to live in a country affected by chronic or recurring shortages of fresh water. Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all (AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY) ➔ Energy is central to nearly every major challenge and opportunity the world faces today. Be it for jobs, security, climate change, food production or increasing incomes, access to energy for all is essential. ➔ Sustainable energy is an opportunity – it transforms lives, economies and the planet. ➔ UN Secretary - General Ban Ki-moon is leading a Sustainable Energy for All initiative to ensure universal access to modern energy services, improve efficiency and increase use of renewable sources Goal 8: Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all (DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH) ➔ Roughly half the world’s population still lives on the equivalent of about US$2 a day. ➔ And in too many places, having a job doesn’t guarantee the ability to escape from poverty. ➔ This slow and uneven progress requires us to rethink and retool our economic and social policies aimed at eradicating poverty. ➔ A continued lack of decent work opportunities, insufficient investments and under-consumption lead to an erosion of the basic social contract underlying democratic societies: that all must share in progress. ➔ The creation of quality jobs will remain a major challenge for almost all economies well beyond 2015. ➔ Sustainable economic growth will require societies to create the conditions that allow people to have quality jobs that stimulate the economy while not harming the environment. ➔ Job opportunities and decent working conditions are also required for the whole working age population. Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation (INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE) ➔ Investments in infrastructure – transport, irrigation, energy and information and communication technology – are crucial to achieving sustainable development and empowering communities in many countries. ➔ It has long been recognized that growth in productivity and incomes, and improvements in health and education outcomes require investment in infrastructure. ➔ Inclusive and sustainable industrial development is the primary source of income generation, allows for rapid and sustained increases in living standards for all people, and provides the technological solutions to environmentally sound industrialization. ➔ Technological progress is the foundation of efforts to achieve environmental objectives, such as increased resource and energy-efficiency. ➔ Without technology and innovation, industrialization will not happen, and without industrialization, development will not happen. Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries (REDUCED INEQUALITIES) ➔ The international community has made significant strides towards lifting people out of poverty. ➔ The most vulnerable nations – the least developed countries, the landlocked developing countries and the small island developing states – continue to make inroads into poverty reduction. ➔ However, inequality still persists and large disparities remain in access to health and education services and other assets. ➔ Additionally, while income inequality between countries may have been reduced, inequality within countries has risen. ➔ There is growing consensus that economic growth is not sufficient to reduce poverty if it is not inclusive and if it does not involve the three dimensions of sustainable development – economic, social and environmental. ➔ To reduce inequality, policies should be universal in principle paying attention to the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized populations. Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES) ➔ Cities are hubs for ideas, commerce, culture, science, productivity, social development and much more. ➔ At their best, cities have enabled people to advance socially and economically. ➔ However, many challenges exist to maintaining cities in a way that continues to create jobs and prosperity while not straining land and resources. ➔ Common urban challenges include congestion, lack of funds to provide basic services, a shortage of adequate housing and declining infrastructure. ➔ The challenges cities face can be overcome in ways that allow them to continue to thrive and grow, while improving resource use and reducing pollution and poverty. ➔ The future we want includes cities of opportunities for all, with access to basic services, energy, housing, transportation and more. Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns (RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION) ➔ Sustainable consumption and production is about promoting resource and energy efficiency, sustainable infrastructure, and providing access to basic services, green and decent jobs and a better quality of life for all. ➔ Its implementation helps to achieve overall development plans, reduce future economic, environmental and social costs, strengthen economic competitiveness and reduce poverty. ➔ Sustainable consumption and production aims at “doing more and better with less,” increasing net welfare gains from economic activities by reducing resource use, degradation and pollution along the whole lifecycle, while increasing quality of life. ➔ It involves different stakeholders, including business, consumers, policy makers, researchers, scientists, retailers, media, and development cooperation agencies, among others. ➔ It also requires a systemic approach and cooperation among actors operating in the supply chain, from producer to final consumer.  ➔ It involves engaging consumers through awareness-raising and education on sustainable consumption and lifestyles, providing consumers with adequate information through standards and labels and engaging in sustainable public procurement, among others. Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts (CLIMATE ACTION) ➔ Climate change is now affecting every country on every continent. It is disrupting national economies and affecting lives, costing people, communities and countries dearly today and even more tomorrow. ➔ People are experiencing the significant impacts of climate change, which include changing weather patterns, rising sea level, and more extreme weather events. ➔ The greenhouse gas emissions from human activities are driving climate change and continue to rise. ➔ They are now at their highest levels in history. Without action, the world’s average surface temperature is projected to rise over the 21st century and is likely to surpass 3 degrees Celsius this century—with some areas of the world expected to warm even more. ➔ The poorest and most vulnerable people are being affected the most. ➔ Affordable, scalable solutions are now available to enable countries to leapfrog to cleaner, more resilient economies. ➔ The pace of change is quickening as more people are turning to renewable energy and a range of other measures that will reduce emissions and increase adaptation efforts. ➔ But climate change is a global challenge that does not respect national borders. ➔ Emissions anywhere affect people everywhere. ➔ It is an issue that requires solutions that need to be coordinated at the international level and it requires international cooperation to help developing countries move toward a low-carbon economy. ➔ To address climate change, countries adopted a global agreement in Paris December 2015. Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources (LIFE BELOW WATER) ➔ The world’s oceans – their temperature, chemistry, currents and life – drive global systems that make the Earth habitable for humankind. ➔ Our rainwater, drinking water, weather, climate, coastlines, much of our food, and even the oxygen in the air we breathe, are all ultimately provided and regulated by the sea. ➔ Throughout history, oceans and seas have been vital conduits for trade and transportation. ➔ Careful management of this essential global resource is a key feature of a sustainable future. Goal 15: Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity loss (LIFE ON LAND)  ➔ Forests cover 30 percent of the Earth’s surface and in addition to providing food security and shelter, forests are key to combating climate change, protecting biodiversity and the homes of the indigenous population. ➔ Thirteen million hectares of forests are being lost every year while the persistent degradation of drylands has led to the desertification of 3.6 billion hectares. ➔ Deforestation and desertification – caused by human activities and climate change – pose major challenges to sustainable development and have affected the lives and livelihoods of millions of people in the fight against poverty. ➔ Efforts are being made to manage forests and combat desertification. Goal 16: Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies (PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS) ➔ Goal 16 of the Sustainable Development Goals is dedicated to the promotion of peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, the provision of access to justice for all, and building effective, accountable institutions at all levels. Goal 17: Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development (PARTNERSHIP FOR THE GOALS) ➔ A successful sustainable development agenda requires partnerships between governments, the private sector and civil society. ➔ These inclusive partnerships built upon principles and values, a shared vision, and shared goals that place people and the planet at the centre, are needed at the global, regional, national and local level. ➔ Urgent action is needed to mobilize, redirect and unlock the transformative power of trillions of dollars of private resources to deliver on sustainable development objectives. ➔ Long-term investments, including foreign direct investment, are needed in critical sectors, especially in developing countries. ➔ These include sustainable energy, infrastructure and transport, as well as information and communications technologies. ➔ The public sector will need to set a clear direction. ➔ Review and monitoring frameworks, regulations and incentive structures that enable such investments must be retooled to attract investments and reinforce sustainable development. ➔ National oversight mechanisms such as supreme audit institutions and oversight functions by legislatures should be strengthened.