Management and Organizational Behaviour PDF

‫اإلدارة والســـــــلوك التنظيـــــــــمي‬ Management concept organizational behaviour Complexities The need of A difficult task Existence management ‫نبدأ الشـــــــرح بقي‬ A business develops in course of t...

‫اإلدارة والســـــــلوك التنظيـــــــــمي‬ Management concept organizational behaviour Complexities The need of A difficult task Existence management ‫نبدأ الشـــــــرح بقي‬ A business develops in course of time with complexities. With increasing complexities managing the business has become a difficult task. The need of existence of management has increased tremendously.. ‫ ومع الوقت بقي اإلدارة بقت عملية صعبة‬. ‫بص يا ابني دا بيزنس فا محتاج إدارة فا اإلدارة دي مع الوقت بيحصل فيها تعقيدات‬ ‫اإلحتياج لإلدارة بقي في اليومين دول يا صديقي إرتفع بشكل كبير‬ Management is essential not only for business concerns but also for banks. schools, colleges, hospitals, hotels. religious bodies. charitable trusts etc. Every business unit has some objectives of its own. These objectives can be achieved with the coordinated. efforts of several personnel. ,‫املستشفيات‬,)‫اجلامعات (السالب بتحتاج إدارة‬,‫املدارس‬,‫اإلدارة مش هممة بس لألعامل التجارية ولكن بردو للبنوك‬. ‫الصناديق اخلريية‬,‫املؤسسات ادلينية‬,‫الفنادق‬ is a vital aspect of the economic life of man, which is an organised group activity. "‫ بتنظم النشاط الجماعي "خد بالك المعلومة دي بتيجي إختياري‬, ‫اإلدارة هي عامل حيوي من الحياة اإلقتصادية لبشر‬. ‫ زق معايا اليوم‬.... ‫كل دا إحنا لسه في المقدمة‬ 1  ‫اتجر األعضاء الشهري‬ ‫خد ابكل عشان معقد‬ ‫خرج اإلدارة من اإلطار البرشي‬ ‫الراجل دا عنرصي‬ ‫؟‬... ‫معلوا إيه دول‬ "‫ تعريفات خمتلفة لإلدارة "الزم تتحفظ‬4 ‫األربعة دول معلوا‬ 1 "Management is an organ ; organs can Peter f. Drucker defin be described and defined only through their functions. ‫ األعضاء يمكن تعريفها ووصفها عبر وظائفها‬. ‫اإلدارة هي عضو من أعضاء‬ " 2 ‫تاجــر األعضاء‬ " George R. Terry Management is not people ; it is an activity like walking reading , swimming or running. people who perform management can be designated as members of management or executive leaders ". ‫ إلخ‬... ‫ زي المشي والسباحة‬... ‫اإلدارة هي نشاط‬, ‫اإلدارة مش الناس‬ ‫مبيحبش الناس‬ 3 " Ralph C. Davis Management is the function of executive leadership anywhere " ‫اإلدارة هي وظيفة المديرين التنفيذين في أي مكان‬ ‫عملية حصر اإلدارة‬ Ordway Tead " Management is the process and agency which directs and guides the 4 operations of an organization in the realizing of established aims ‫اإلدارة هي عملية توجه وترشد عمليات المنظمة لتحقيق أهداف مرجوة‬ " ‫تعريف طـــــــــويل‬ ‫وعلشان نلخص العملية دي نقدر نقول إن تعريفات اإلدارة مش بتتعارض مع بعضها‬ 2  Management is the sum-total of all those activities that: ‫؟‬.. ‫اإلدارة بقي هي مجموع األنشطة اللي هقولهالك دلوقتي‬ 1 determine objectives, plans, policies and programmes. ‫ السياسات والبرامج‬, ‫ الخطط‬, ‫تحدد األهداف‬ 2 secure men, material, machinery cheaply ‫ والمكن بشكل رخيص‬, ‫ المواد الخام‬, ‫بتؤمن وجود القوي العاملة‬ 3 put all these resources into operations through sound organization ‫هنحط بقي كل الموارد دي في عمليات عن طريق المؤسسة‬ 4 direct and motivate the men at work ‫توجه وترشد القوي في العمل‬ 5 supervises and control their performance ‫تشرف وتتحكم في األداء‬ 6 provide maximum prosperity and happiness for both employer and employees and public at large "‫توفر أقصي مستوي من السعادة والرخاء للموظفين لكل من الموظف وصاحب العمل والجمهور "الناس اللي بتتعامل مع المؤسسة‬ ‫سمات أو خصائص االدارة‬ Management is a distinct activity having the following salient features. ‫ ومنها‬.... ‫اإلدارة هي نشاط واضح عنده بــــــعض الخصائــــــص‬ Economic Resource ‫مورد اقتصادي‬ Management is one of the factors of production together with lead , labour and capital ‫اإلدارة هي أحد عوامل االنتاج مع المؤسسات سواء من أرض أو رأس مال‬ Goal Oriented ‫توجيه الهدف‬ Management is purposeful activity. It is coordinates the efforts of workers to achieve the goals of the organization. the success of management is measured by the extent to which the organizational goal achieved ‫اإلدارة شئ ذو هدف ومغزي وتنسق جهود العاملين لتحقيق أهداف المنظمة ومدي نجاح االدارة يقاس بمدي تحقيقها لألهداف التنظيمية‬ 3  Distinct Process ‫عملية واضحة وثابته‬ Management is distinct process consisting of such function as planning , organizing , staffing , directing and controlling ‫االدارة هي عملية ثابته وواضحة وتتكون من وظائف معينة مرتبطة بها وهي التخطيط والتنظيم والتوجيه واختيار الهيئة العاملة والتحكم والسيطرة‬ Integrative Force ‫قوة تكامليـــــــة‬ These essence of management is integration of human and other resources to achieve the descried objectives. All these resources are made available to those who manage. Managers apply knowledge , experience and management principles for getting the results from the workers by the use of non- human resources. Mangers also seek to harmonize the individuals’ goals with the organizational goals for the smooth working of the organization. ‫ يطبق المديرون‬، ‫ وجميع الموارد تكون متاح لمن يديرها‬، ‫جوهر االدارة هو دمج ما بين القوي البشرية والموارد لتحقيق األهداف المرجوه‬ ‫خبراتهم ومعرفتهم ومبادئهم فاإلدارة لتحقيق النتائج من العمالين من خالل استخدام الموارد البشرية و الموارد غير البشرية ويسعي المدير ان‬ ‫يعمل تناغم بين هدف الفرد وهدف المنظمة بطريقة سهلة‬ System of Authority ‫نظام السلطة‬ Management as a team of mangers represents a system of authority , a hierarchy of command and control. ‫تمثل اإلدارة كفريق من المديرين نظامً ا للسلطة بالشكل الهرمي من المديرين للقيادة والسيطرة نسميهم (السلطة المختصة) وهما متخذين القرارات‬ ‫وهما السلطة والتسلسل الهرمي في األوامر والتعليمات‬ Multi-disciplinary Subject ‫موضوع متعدد المناظير والتخصصات‬ Management has grown as field of study (i.e. discipline) taking the help of so many other disciplines such as engineering, anthropology, sociology and psychology. Much of the management literature is the result of the associations of these disciplines ‫ لذلك تجد المدير الجيد هو الملم بجميع‬.‫االدارة نمت كعلم بتداخل العلوم األخري منها الهندسة واألنثروبولوجيا وعلم االجتماع وعلم النفس‬..‫العلوم االدارية مثل الهندسة والفلسفة واالجتماع والخ‬ Universal Application ‫التطبيق العالمي لالدارة‬ Management is universal in character. The principles and techniques of management are equally applicable in the fields of business, education , military , government and hospital. Henri fayol suggested the principles of management would apply more less in every situation. The principles are working guidelines which are flexible and capable of adaptation to every organization where the efforts of human beings are to be coordinated. 4  ‫وظائف اإلدارة وعملية اإلدارة‬ There is enough disagreement among management writers on the classification of managerial function )‫اسم عالمين ( نيو مان و سامر‬ NEW MAN AND SUMMER Recognize only only four functions ‫حددو أنهم أربع وظائف‬ organizing planning leading controlling ‫التنظيم‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫القيادة‬ ‫التحكم‬ HENRI FAYOL ‫هنري فايول‬ Recognize only only five functions ‫حدد أنهم خمسة وظائف‬ planning organizing commanding coordinating controlling ‫التخطيط‬ ‫التنظيم‬ ‫اعطاء االوامر‬ ‫التنسيق‬ ‫التحكم‬ LUTHER GULICK Recognize only only seven functions ‫حدد أنهم سبع وظائف‬ planning staffing coordinating budgeting ‫التخطيط‬ ‫اختيار الهيئة العاملة‬ ‫التنسيق‬ ‫مراجعة الميزانية‬ organizing directing reporting ‫التنظيم‬ ‫التوجيه‬ ‫كتابة التقارير‬ 5  WARREN HAYNES - JOSPH MASSIE Recognize only only seven functions ‫حدد أنهم سبع وظائف‬ decision-making staffing controlling directing ‫اتخاذ القرار‬ ‫اختيار الهيئة العاملة‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫التوجيه‬ organizing planning communicating ‫التنظيم‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫التواصل‬ KOONZ AND O’DONNELL Recognize only only five functions ‫حدد أنهم خمسة وظائف‬ planning organizing staffing directing controlling ‫التخطيط‬ ‫التنظيم‬ ‫اختيار الهيئة العاملة‬ ‫التوجيه‬ ‫التحكم‬ for our purposes we shall designate the following six as the function of a manager : 1 planning ‫التخطيط‬ Planning is the most fundamental and the most pervasive of all management functions. Planning is concerned with what, how and when of performance. It is deciding in the present about the future objectives and the courses of action for their achievement. It thus involves: a) Determination of long and short-range objectives b) Development of strategies and courses of action to be followed for the achievement of these objectives c) Formulation of policies , procedures , and rules , etc., for the implementation of strategies , and plans 6  - 2 Organizing ‫التنظيم‬ Organizing involves identification of activities required for the achievement of enterprise objectives and implementation of plans Organizing thus involves the following sub-functions: a) Identification of activities required for the achievement of objectives and implementation of plans b) Grouping the activities so as to create self-contained jobs c) Assignment of jobs to employees d) Delegation of authority so as to enable them to perform their jobs and to command the resources needed for their performance e) Establishment of a network of coordinating relationships 3 Staffing ‫اختيار هيئة العاملين‬ Staffing is a continuous vital function of management After the objectives have been determined ,strategies , policies , programmes , procedures and rules formulated for their achievement , management process is to procure suitable personnel for the manning jobs (a) man power pla-nning involving determination of the number and the kind of personnel required (b) recruitment for attracting adequate number of potential employees (c)selection of the most suitable persons for the jobs (d) placement , induction and orientation (e) transfers , promotions of employees (f) training and development of employees 7 4 Directing ‫التوجيه‬ Directing is a function of leading of the employees to perform efficiently , and contribute their optimum to the achievement of organizational objectives The function of direction involves the following sub0functions A – communication b – motivation c – leadership 5 Coordination ‫التنسيق‬ Coordinating is the function of establishing such relationships among various parts of the organization that they all together pull in the direction of organizational objectives The function of Coordination involves the following sub0functions : a)Clear definition of authority-responsibility relationships b) unity of direction ‫وحدة اإلتجاة‬ c) unity of command ‫وحدة القيادة‬ d) Effective communication ‫التواصل الفعال‬ e) Effective leadership ‫القيادة الفعالة‬ 6 Controlling ‫التحكم‬ controlling is the function of ensuring that the divisional , departmental , sectional and individual performances are consistent with predetermined objectives and goals. controlling involves the following process a) measurement of performance against predetermined goals b) identification of deviations from these goals c)corrective action to rectify deviations 8  Levels of management ) ‫ مستويات لإلدارة ( مستويات عليا – مستويات وسطي – مستويات دنيا‬3 ‫فيه‬ Top level of management consists of : owners – shareholders – board of directors – it’s chairman – managing director or the chief executive or the general manager or executive committee having key officers ‫المستوي األعلي من اإلدارة بيتكون من المالك وأصحاب الحصص ومجلس اإلدارة ورئيس مجلس اإلدارة والمدير التنفيذي‬ ‫والمناصب العليا عموما‬ The top level is the ultimate source of authority and it lays down goals , policies and plans for the enterprise it devotes more time on planning and coordinating. ‫المستوي األعلي لإلدارة هو المصدر المطلق للسلطة وبيحدد األهداف في المؤسسة وبيقضي وقت أكبر علي‬ ‫حاجات زي التخطيط والتنسيق‬ The important functions of top management is : A ) to establish the objectives or goals of the enterprise ‫تحديد أهداف المؤسسة‬ B) to make policies and frame plans to attain the objectives laid ‫تحديد السياسيات والخطط العامة لتحقيق األهداف الموضوعة‬ C) to set up an organizational frame work to conduct the operations as per plans ‫وضع اإلطار العام للعمل داخل المؤسسة لتحقيق األهداف كما هو مخطط لها‬ D) to assemble the resources of money , men , materials , machines and methods to put the plans into action ‫توفير المصادر سواء كانت فلوس أو عمال أو مواد خام أو أالت ووضع طرق لتحقيق األهداف لواقع‬ E) to exercise effective control of the operations ‫ممارسة التحكم الفعال لعمليات اإلدارة‬ f) to provide overall leadership to the enterprise ‫توفير القيادة الكلية للمؤسسة‬ middle level of management : consists of heads of functional departments , purchase manager , production manager , marketing manager, financial controller ‫اإلدارة الوسطي بتتكون من مديرين األقسام ومديرين المبيعات ومدير االنتاج ومدير التسويق والمدير المالي‬ It’s job is to implement the policies and plans framed by the top management. it serves as an essential link between the top management and the lower level ‫وظيفتها أنها تتطبق السياسات اللي حطها المستوي األعلي وبتشتغل كحلقة وصل رئيسية ما بين المستوي األعلي‬ ‫والمستوي األدني‬ 9  ‫خد بالك بقي عشان دي الطبقة المطحونة وغالبا العصافير بتطلع من الطبقة دي‬ a) to interpret the policies chalked out by the top level ‫تنفيذ السياسات الموضوعة من قبل اإلدارة العليا‬ b) to prepare the organizational set up in their own departments for full filling the objectives ‫تطبيق األهداف المؤسسية في أقسامهم الخاصة لتحقيق األهداف‬ c) to recruit and select suitable operative and supervisory staff ‫مباشرة وإختيار المديرين والمشرفين‬ D ) to assign activities , duties and responsibilities ‫مباشرة النشاطات والواجبات والمسئوليات‬ E) to compile all the instructions f) to motivate personnel ‫تحفيز العمال‬ g) to cooperate with other departments H) to collect reports and information on performance ‫جمع معلومات و مالحظات عن األداء‬ (I) To report the management "‫إبالغ اإلدارة "مش قولتلك عصفورة‬ (j) to make suitable recommendations to the top management ‫عمل توصيات لإلدارة العليا‬ Lower level of management consists of : superintendents , foremen , supervisors ‫المستوي األدني بقي " الطبقة الكادحة" بتتكون من المشرفين والعمال واي حد مش في الطبقة الوسطي أو العليا‬ It’s placed at the bottom of the hierarchy of management and actual operations are the responsibility of this level of management. ‫موجودة في قاع الهرم الوظيفية في اإلدارة والعمليات بتتم بشكل فعلي عن طريقهم‬ Roles performed by managers ‫المدير بقي ممكن يقدم إيه ؟‬ 1 – interpersonal roles – ‫مهارات شخصية‬ figurehead : in this role , every manager has to perform some duties of a ceremonial nature ‫في الدور دا المدير الزم يأدي بعض الواجبات اإلحتفالية‬ Leader : as a leader , every manager must motivate and encourage his employees ‫وكقائد كل مدير الزم يشجع ويحفز موظفينه‬ Liaison : in this role every manager must cultivate contacts outside his vertical chain of command to collect information useful for his organization 2 – informational roles – ‫مهارات معلوماتية‬ Monitor – ‫راصد‬ Disseminator spokesman – ‫متحدث جيد‬ 10  Characteristics of professional manager – ‫سمات المدير الناجح‬ ‫عليها سؤال في اإلمتحان‬ 1 – managers are responsible and accountable : managers are responsible for seeing that specific tasks are done successfully. they are usually evaluated on how will the arrange for these tasks to be accomplished ‫ المدير مسئول عن تنفيذ مهام معينة وغالبا ما بيتم تقييمهم بناء علي ترتيبهم لتحقيق هذه المهام‬: ‫المديرين مسئولين‬ 2 - managers think analytically and conceptually : to be an analytical thinker , a manager must be able to break a problem down into components , analyze these components and then come up with the solution ‫عشان تقدر تفكر بشكل تحليلي الزم تقسم المشكلة لعناصر تحلل العناصر دي وتطلع بالحل‬ 3 – managers balance competing goals and set priorities ‫المديرين بيحطوا األهداف وبيضعوا األولويات‬ 4 – managers are mediators 5 – managers makes difficult decisions ‫المديرين بيتخذوا القرارات الصعبة‬ ‫ نظم المعلومات اإلدارية‬: ‫الموضوع الثاني‬ Management information system Management information system (MIS) : is a system consisting of people, machines, procedures, databases , as its elements. The system gathers data from the internal and external sources of an organisation. ‫معلومة ع ال سريع‬ Management information system is an acronym of three words, viz.. Management ,information , system.in order to fully understand the term MIS, let us try to understand these three words. ‫(وعلشان نفهم‬ )‫ لكامت‬3‫املصطلح دا الزم نفهم ال‬.... ‫تعايل نفهم اإلدارة بشلك أحسن‬ 11  Managerial function : 1 2 3 4 5 DATA Processing Information Processing Input output 2. What are the various functions of information systems? 12  Production: Marketing Finance and accounting Budgeting Cost accounting Asset accounting accounts receivable Payroll accounts payable, etc... Materials Material planning Bill of material Cost estimate Warehousing planning etc... Personnel Employee recruitment Employee selection Employee development Employee transfers Employee retirements etc... Discuss about information system resources.? In information system includes four major resources, hardware, software ,and data. 13  1 - Hardware : it includes all physical devices 2- Software : includes all set of information process instructions. 3 - People : people are required for the operation of all information systems. These people resources include and specialists end users. 4 - Data : data is more then the raw material of information systems. the concepts of data resources have been broadened by managers and information system professionals list out the different types of information 1- Strategic information :.it required by managers at Strategic level of management for the formulation of organizational strategies. 2 - Tactical information : information in this category is used in short term planning and is of use at management control level. 3 - operational information : it applies to short periods which may vary from an hour to a few days. 5. Discuss about need for in information system ? 1 - Meeting global challenges – 2 - Capturing opportunities in marketplace 3 - Supporting corporate strategy 4 - Linking departments whose functions are different 5 - Enhancing worker productivity - 6 - Increase in quality of goods and services 1 - ……………………… is essential not only for business concerns but also for banks. schools, colleges, hospitals, hotels. religious bodies. charitable trusts etc. Every business unit has some objectives of its own 2 - Which of the followings give the same meaning for the term “personnel” …………… 3 -…………………… has stated in his famous book "The Practice of Management" that, "the emergence of management as an essential, a distinct and leading social institution is a pivotal event in social history. 4 - …………………..is a vital aspect of the economic life of man, which is an organized group activity. 5 – management is a …….. aspect of the economic life of man, which is an organized group activity. 6 - Management is an organ ; organs can be described and defined only through their functions. 7 - Management is not people ; it is an activity like walking reading , swimming or running. people who perform management can be designated as members of management or executive leaders 14 8 - Management is the process and agency which directs and guides the operations of an organization in the realizing of established aims 9 - Management is one of the factors of production together with lead , labour and capital 10 - Management is purposeful activity. It is coordinates the efforts of workers to achieve the goals of the organization. the success of management is measured by the extent to which the organizational goal achieved 11 - Management is ……………… consisting of such functions as planning , organizing , staffing , directing and controlling 12 - Management as a team of mangers represents a system of authority , a hierarchy of command and control. 13 – Management as a ………… has grown as field of study (i.e. discipline) taking the help of so many other disciplines such as engineering, anthropology, sociology and psychology. 14 - The principles and techniques of management are equally applicable in the fields of business, education , military , government and hospital. 15 - Management is a distinct activity having the following salient characteristics except ONE of the followings. 16 - ……… Recognize only only four functions as organizing , planning, controlling , leading 17 - Recognize only five functions planning , organizing , commanding , coordinating , controlling 18 - Recognize only only five functions , planning , organizing , staffing , directing , controlling 19 - Recognize only seven functions , planning. staffing ,coordinating , budgeting ,organizing , reporting , directing 20 - Recognize only seven functions , decision-making , staffing , controlling , directing , organizing , planning , communicating 21 - As you studied in your book, how many functions does management have? 22 -………… is the most fundamental and the most pervasive of all management functions. 23 - Planning is concerned with ………………… of performance. 24 - ………………. Determination of long and short-range objectives 25 -…….. involves Development of strategies and courses of action to be followed for the achievement of these objectives 15 26 - …………….involves Formulation of policies , procedures , and rules , etc., for the implementation of strategies , and plans 27 - The term "Personnel" means 28 - ……………….. means that managers motivate and direct subordinates. 29 -........ means that managers attempt to ensure hat there is no deviation from the norm or plan. 30 -......... means that managers coordinate the human and material resources. 31 - "Management is an organ; organs can be described and defined only through their funcions "This definition is introduced by........ 32 - As you studied in your book, how many functions does management have? 33- means that managers think of their actions and set strategies in advance. 34 - is the function of leading the employees to perform efficiently, and contribute their optimum to the achievement of organizational objectives. 35 -.................. of any company consists of owners/shareholders, Board of Directors, its Chairman, or the Chief Executive. 36 - is one of the management characteristics, which is a purposeful activity and it coordinates the efforts of workers to achieve the goal of the organization. 37 - Management is a distinct activity having the following salient characteristics except ONE of the followings. Distinct Program 38 - Planning means to decide in the present about the future objectives and the courses of action for their achievement; thus, it involves ………………… 39 - All of the followings are sub-functions of Staffing except.............. 40 - Roles performed by managers are divided into ……………………. 41 - Planning is concerned with ………………… of performance 16 42 - ……… job analysis, recruitment and hiring for appropriate jobs. 1 -......................... is a system consisting of people, machines, procedures, databases , as its elements. The system gathers data from the internal and external sources of an organisation. 2 -................................ is the art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organised groups. 3 -...................... is data that is processed and is presented in a form which assists decision making-it may contain an element of surprise, reduce uncertainty or provoke a manager to initiate an action 4 -.......................... usually take the from of historical records. In contrast to information, raw data may not be able to surprise us, may not be Organised and may not add anything to our knowledge. 5 -................... is the most loosely held term in management literature.. and may be defined a set of elements which are joined together to achieve a common objective. The elements are interrelated and interdependent 6 -..................... includes all set of information process instructions. 7 -........................ are required for the operation of all information systems. These people resources include and specialists end users. 8 -....................... information required by managers at first level of management for the formulation of organizational strategies. 9 -............... information : information in this category is used in short term planning and is of use at management control level. 10 - it represents the automation of the fundamental , routine process used to support business operations. it does not provide any information for decision making 11 - …………is an information system which process data and converts it into information and uses TPS for it's data inputs. The information generated by the and may be used for control of operations, Strategic and long range planning, short range planning , management control and other managerial problem solving. 12 -.................. is an extension of the management information System which is a special kind of DSS. An ESS is specially tailored for the use of chief executive of an organisation to support his decision making. 17 13 - Hardware, software, people and data are four major resources of ………. 14 - is an extension of the management information system which is a special kind of DSS 18