Migration & Immigration Study & Notes PDF

Migration & Immigration  Migration – long term relocation of an individual  External and Internal  Emigration – out migration  Immigration – in migration  Snowbirds - people who move from the higher latitudes and colder climates of the northern USA and Canada and migrate south...

Migration & Immigration  Migration – long term relocation of an individual  External and Internal  Emigration – out migration  Immigration – in migration  Snowbirds - people who move from the higher latitudes and colder climates of the northern USA and Canada and migrate southward in winter to warmer locales such as Florida, California, Arizona, Texas, or elsewhere along the Sun Belt of the southern United States, Mexico, and areas of the Caribbean. Mrs. P is an emigrant of the UK and an immigrant to the US  Factors that would promote migration AWAY from an area (famine, war, poverty)  Factors that would promote migration TO an area (jobs, better schools, family)  Push & Pull factors are based on an individual’s perceptions of an area. There are 4 different types of push & pull factors: Economic, political, environmental & social Economic Conditions - #1 reason people move (EU, US, Australia) Human capital – individuals have skills that are needed in certain jobs. Political (Berlin, Hong Kong, Iran, Rwanda) Environmental (eco-migration) (Chernobyl, New Orleans, Ethiopia) Social (Israel, health care, etc. ) Technological Advances (Return migration to the South) Remember – if you have what the U.S. wants – you can come in anytime! Examples: certain degrees, money, skills  PUSH FACTORS  PULL FACTORS  War  Freedom  Famine  Job opportunities  Disease  Live near family  No jobs  Religious freedom  Religious persecution  Good education  Lack of freedoms system Culture Society’s starting areas. From these spots - Hearths culture spreads. – Nile River Valley (Egypt) – Mesopotamia (Tigris & Euphrates) - Iraq – Yellow River Valley (Shang Dynasty) – China – Indus River Valley - Pakistan First along the Tigris/Euphrates Rivers - 4,000 BC Settlements Specialization started to develop: - artisans - merchants - farmers - ruling elite (military or religious leaders) Running the cities – (usually the ruling elite) - wrote the laws - levied taxes - supervised public building Earliest Rome – center of Roman Empire Great City - built all over Europe - roads still used today Middle Ages Villages and cities started to increase again after the Dark Ages Trade between the villages would develop into large cities. Two of the largest cities would be Paris and London. Industrial Next large growth of cites – started in Europe Revolution and would spread to N. America in the late 1700s. Machines begin to do work of humans. Immigration Helped spread urbanization in the 20th c. & 2nd Dramatically increased the size of cities in Industrial North America. Revolution  The world is becoming more urban. Moving from rural areas to cities. high tech agriculture means less people need to farm. move to urban areas to look for jobs in service and manufacturing. The world is 48 – 51% urban. Developed countries – 75% urban Developing countries – 35% urban Last 20 years in developing countries - rapid growth. By 2025 – 60% of the world’s population will live in cities. All but one (Tokyo) of the largest cities in the world will be in developing countries. +urban – developing parts of the world are urbanizing fastest (Asia & Africa fastest city growth)  US major historical ports of entry 1. Boston 3rd Wave– End of 1800s – start of 2. Ellis Island – 12 million between 1900s. Major peak – 1900 – 1920. 1892-1954 Immigrants came primarily 3. San Francisco from southern Europe (Italy, 4. Galveston Spain, & Greece) Historical immigration movements The Great Migration - African- 1st Wave- Colonial settlement Americans from the South to (1500s – early 1800s) Religious & major urban areas in the North economic freedom. Most were for job opportunities after WWI Protestant from Western (1919 – after WWII) European countries. Most were 4th Wave– 1950s – now. Latin middle class or poor. Americans & Asians 2nd Wave - Mass European Movement of US settlements immigration in the late 1820s – 1. Census (detailed counting of the 1880s. Chinese (West for RR) population) taken in the US and many Europeans every 10 years The Donation Land Claim Act 2. US settlements moving west encouraged a massive migration and recently south to the Oregon Territory in the 3. Immigration increases when the mid nineteenth century. destination country is doing well economically. CHANGING CENTER OF U.S. POPULATION The population center is the average location of everyone in the country, the “center of population gravity.” If the United States were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, and each individual weighed the same, the population center would be the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the head of a pin. Compared to fifty years ago, the “centroid” of the United States population is further west and south © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Internal Migration – In the US movement is from E – W and N – S  Rustbelt to Sunbelt  Sports show us the internal demographic shifts of the last 40-75 years?   World’s five largest countries in land area are Russia, Canada, China, the U.S., and Brazil.  Russia: Interregional migration was encouraged eastward and northward by the government’s decision to locate new factories and to offer economic incentives away from existing population concentrations.  Canada: Shares a similar east to west interregional migration pattern with the U.S. Three westernmost provinces are destinations for interregional migrants. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.   China: Nearly 100 million people have emigrated from rural interior to large urban areas along east coast where manufacturing is prevalent.  Brazil: Government moved its capital from Rio De Janeiro to Brasília (600 miles from Atlantic Coast) to encourage migration of Atlantic coast residents to move to the interior. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  In Russia, interregional migration has moved from the industrial southwest and the agricultural Midwest to the central states and northeastern manufacturing centers. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Canada’s growth is similar to the US. From East to West then fill in the interior.  Nearly 100 million people have moved from the rural interior to large coastal cities where manufacturing is prevalent © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Brazil moved its capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia to encourage migration from the Atlantic Coast to the interior. Brazil built a new capital city. Eased overcrowding in Rio and Sao Paulo. Creating a new capital city is known as a forward capital Remittance - A transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country. Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries US is not alone – no immigration   Immigration Concerns in Europe  Population growth in Europe is fueled by immigration from other regions of the world, a trend disliked by many Europeans.  Biggest fear is that the host country’s culture will be lost, because immigrants:  adhere to different religions  speak different languages  practice different food and other cultural habits  Hostility to immigrants has become a central plank of some political parties in many European countries.  Immigrants blamed for crime, unemployment rates, and high welfare costs. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Closed Door Policies (isolationist) after WWI  Immigration Act of 1921 – set quotas  National Origins Act 1924 / Johnson – Reed Act – set quotas based on groups already here.  Fear of communism & socialism  Organized labor felt cheap immigrant labor drove down wages  Ethnocentric feelings (evaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one's own culture. Usually feel superior to the other) and anti- Catholic & anti-Semitic (anti-Jewish) feelings  Anti-European sentiment after WWI  Over 25 million die in Spanish flu epidemic in 1918 Chinese Exclusionary Act – first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provided an absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration.   Countries have adopted selective immigration policies.  Preference shown for specific employment placement and family reunification  Passing of the Quota Act in 1921 and the National Origins Act in 1924 by the U.S. Congress marked the end of unrestricted immigration to the U.S.  H-1B Visa – special permission from the US government to extend stays or permit allowances for more immigrants with “special occupations” Highly skilled, highly educated labor from other countries for high wages. US unions and others feel these jobs should be filled by Americans trained for the jobs. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.   More seek admission to the U.S. than is permitted by the quotas, thus preferences are shown toward:  Family Reunification  About ¾ of immigrants  Skilled Workers  Approximately ¼ of immigrants  Sending countries alleged preference for skilled workers contributes to brain drain- a term for the disproportionate amount of highly skilled and intelligent citizens migrating away from sending countries.  Diversity  A few immigrants admitted, because their sending country historically has sent very few migrants © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Distance of Migration Migration can be divided into two categories. 1. Internal Migration- permanent move within the same country Interregional – one part of the country to another Intraregional – mostly rural to urban or urban to suburban 2. International Migration- permanent move from one country to another Voluntary – chose to move (even though it may be due to a push factor) Forced – made to move by the government or some other group or for environmental reasons (eco- migration) this also includes refugees © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.   Interregional Migration  Perceived economic betterment typically compels individuals to make interregional migrations.  Historically- enticement of abundant available land on the American Frontier.  Presently- most jobs, especially in services, are clustered in urban areas.  Other examples:  Movement of Native Americans  The first group to settle in Utah in large numbers was the Mormons, who were fleeing religious persecution in the East of the United States.  Rustbelt to Sunbelt © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Intraregional Migration Since Industrial Revolution began in Europe in nineteenth century, a global trend for individuals to migrate from rural to urban areas – Percentage of urbanized population in U.S. 1800: 5 percent 1920: 50 percent 2010: 80 percent – Motivated by economic advancement © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Intraregional Migration Most intraregional migration in developed countries is from cities out to surrounding suburbs. – Motivated not by economic advancement but by a desired lifestyle Additional privacy associated with single-family detached houses Garages and driveways offer parking at no additional fee Often superior suburban schools © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.   Developed countries experienced a new migration trend during the late twentieth century when rural areas were characterized by net in-migration.  Net migration from urban to rural areas is called counterurbanization.  Counterurbanization most prevalent in places rich with natural amenities  Rocky Mountain States (Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  International Migration Patterns Approximately 9 percent of the world’s people are international migrants. Global pattern reflects migration tendencies from developing countries to developed countries. – Net Out-Migration (people are leaving) Asia, Latin America, and Africa – Net In-Migration (people are coming in) North America, Europe, and Oceania © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Chain Migration – A family member leaves and establishes a foothold in a new place → sends word back for family members come. Family come and then they also can bring more family members.  Step Migration – A gradual process of moving step by step from farm to urban area by way of intermediate size towns. Farm → Village → Town → City. It can also be moving from LDC to NIC to MDC. May take more than one generation.  Cyclic Movement – transnational labor migrants, foreign employees work for a limited period of time before returning to their home countries. (periodic movement)  Example: agricultural workers from Mexico in the US  Can last several years and even span the career of an individual.  People move seasonally  Transhumance is the movement of livestock to higher elevations during the summer to escape the heat in the valleys and to lower elevations during the winter to escape the sever cold of the mountains  Pastoral Nomadism in plains areas – move to new crops  Most for jobs/better life  Most people move for $ or €  Others because of war, environmental (eco- migration) problems  Immigration is causing great pressure on some countries - Chad  More pop. growth due to immigration than natural growth – U.S. is a good example  Remember – most population growth globally is in Developing World 12 - 30 million people moved  Other Forced Migrations you may not know  Britain sent convicts to Australia  Soviet Union moving non-Russians to Central Asia and Siberia  Jews forced out of Western Europe & many other places  France expelled all Roma (Gypsies)  Transmigration – Forced inside borders.  Native Americans to reservations  Indonesians out of Java (over populated)  China's Three Gorges Dam displaced nearly 1.5 million people  Voluntary Migration  Most migrations are voluntary – but they may have been precipitated by bad things  Intervening Opportunity – immigrant has an intended destination, but does not reach that destination, instead settles somewhere along the way  EXAMPLE - Great Migration – African-Americans migrate seeking work in Detroit, Chicago and Cleveland only to find employment and settle in St. Louis and Cincinnati   Intervening obstacles, which hinder migration, can be categorized into two types. 1. Environmental Feature- i.e., mountain, ocean, or distance 2. Political Feature- i.e., countries require proper documentation to leave one country and gain entry in another © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  A refugee a person who flees his / her country because he/she has a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, member of a social group, or political opinion. A refugee , under this technical definition, is someone who crosses an international border to seek refuge in another country.  Asylum – Refugees who cross a border are seeking asylum, or protection within the country they entered. Under international law, a person who can prove he/she qualifies as a refugee must be granted asylum until he/she choses to return home, or conditions improve enough that it is determined he/she is no longer in danger.  An asylum seeker is someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee.  Resettlement – countries can choose to resettle refugees, officially granting them permanent residency within their borders.  An internally displaced person (IDP) is similar to a refugee, but he or she has not migrated across an international border. IDPs do not have the same rights as refugees under international law.  a person who moves from place to place to get work, especially a farm laborer who harvests crops sea sonally. Often the migrant chooses to leave his/her home and enter a new country by circumventing the citizenship process (illegally). The most common reason for emigration is a lack of economic opportunity and/or quality of life in the person’s home country. In recent years there has been a movement to change how destination countries treat migrants from the poorest parts of the world, dubbing them economic or environmental refugees. The number of worldwide refugees increased 8 fold between 1970 and 2000. In 1970, there were reported to be 2.9 million refugees worldwide. In 2000, that number was reported to have increased to 24 million.  Statelessness refers to the condition of someone who is not considered as a national by any country.  The constant in all of this is that someone without a nationality cannot live the same life as someone with a nationality:  Can’t get an ID card if you have no nationality;  Can’t open a bank account without an ID card;  Can’t board a flight without a passport;  Can’t enroll in university without proof of nationality. 1. Migration is mostly due to economic causes. 2. Most migration is over a short distance 3. Migration occurs in a series of steps 4. Long-distance migrants usually move to centers of economic opportunity (urban areas) 5. Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction, or counter stream (not necessarily of the same volume) 6. People in rural areas migrate more than people in cities. 7. Men migrate over longer distances than women. 8. Most migrants are young adult males. 9. Cities grow more by migration than by natural increase. 10. Migration increases with economic development. 11. People born in cities (native) are less migratory than those born in rural areas.   More males migrated to the U.S. during the nineteenth century and most of the twentieth century.  Gender reversed in 1990s when women constituted about 55 percent of U.S. immigrants.  Most likely a reflection of the changing role of women in Mexican society.  About 40 percent of immigrants in U.S. are young adults between the ages of 25 and 39.  Recent immigrants to the U.S. tend to be less educated than U.S. citizens. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  Mobility Transition Model / Zelinsky’s Migration Model Wilbur Zelinsky - cultural geographer (1921) who studied American popular culture, including the patterns of migration in accordance to social and economical changes (DTM!) and the motives and distance for migration (Gravity Model). Zelinsky's Mobility Transition Model (makes connections between a society's population, development and migration patterns.) Stage 1 DTM Pre-industrialized economies. Mostly found in a subsistence economy. People move about very little and usually only make daily journeys to work in the fields, or less frequent journeys from village to village to sell farm produce. Stage 2 DTM Industrializing countries. Migration to other countries and cities becomes important. People begin to move more in search of better opportunities. Farm mechanization reduces the demand for rural workers while industrialization provides work in urban areas. Urban areas generally has higher wages and an increase in the standard of living. Most international immigration takes place in this stage to find more job opportunities. Stage 3 DTM Continued Industrialization. Overseas emigration tends to fall. Movement from the country-side to the cities remains important. Migration from one city to another and within particular cities also occurs. Stage 4 DTM Post Industrial Economies. Advanced countries that rely on tertiary industry more than secondary fuels urban to suburban migration. Technological and transport movement improvements mean that people do not have to live in the city. Migration from the countryside to the cities declines and urban-rural migration begins (counter-urbanization). Long-distance travel is another feature of this stage.  Used to determine the interaction level between two places  Any two locations attract one another with a force that is proportional to the product of their importance and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.  Describes interactions of location and importance of that place.  The shorter the distance between two objects, and the greater the size of either (or both) cities, the greater the pull between the objects.  The gravity model of migration is therefore based upon the idea that as the importance of one or both of the location increases, there will also be an increase in movement between them. The farther apart the two locations are, however, the movement between them will be less.  More likely to move to  A big city  A close city (or both)  Guest workers are people  Harris County has net in who are working in a migration. country with permission  ND is booming now (net but are not citizens. in migration) – shale oil (Turks in Germany)  California is net out  3 countries of destination immigration are US, Russia & Germany  3 countries of origin are Mexico, India, & Syria  US has more foreign born than any other country  4% (1 in 25) Slaves from Africa came to the US. Most went to Brazil & Caribbean  Migration from Mexico declined from 2000-2020  Mexican immigration to the US declined because of weakened US job market, more security on the border, coyotes (traffickers) charge too much $8,500 (average per person) & Negative US sentiment.  Visas grant permission to work in the country for a set period of time  Mexico’s economy grew 2 times faster than the US in the last decade.  Mexico’s income has increased and crude birth rate has decreased.  Babies born in the US to parents that are not US citizens are called anchor babies. Anchor babies are US citizens. Parents often believe this will speed up their legal entry into the US US internal migration   legal immigration still makes up the biggest chunk of the foreign-born population in the United States — and it's growing more rapidly. Of the 43 million foreign-born residents in the country, about three-quarters are here legally. And over the past two decades, Pew notes, the United States has added an average of 1 million legal residents per year.  Meanwhile, the pace of illegal immigration appears to have slowed down since 2007, although it's still not entirely clear whether that's due to better enforcement or temporary factors like the weak economy. “The best estimate available to date,” argued a recent Council on Foreign Relations report, “is that enforcement increases explain approximately one third of the recent reduction in the flow of undocumented migrants, and economic factors the remainder.” Note that this is only looking at legal  By 2010, that had shifted dramatically, with a immigration. Pew has previously estimated that quarter of the foreign-born population from there are also about 11.1 million unauthorized Latin America and just 12.3 percent from immigrants in the United States, and the Europe. overwhelming majority of those come from Latin America and the Caribbean.  U.S. has more foreign- born residents than any other country: approximately 43 million as of 2010—growing by 1 million annually. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. http://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/militarization-of-the-us-canadaborder- 4341 http://onenewsnow.com/national-security/2008/12/23/majority-of-us-mexico- border-fence-complete#.UlW6ltKsim4 Hispanic populations generally vote for Democrats Percent African-American population by county: Percent Hispanic population by county: Percent Asian population by county: © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Families and individuals on the move swell into long-used migration routes across the globe.