MCRS Week 1 Summary PDF

**MCRS** **Week 1** MCRS w1-5 summary Week 1 Nonscientific method Intuition/belief Consensus Authority´s opinion Casual observation Informal logic MCRS w1-5 summary Week 1 Nonscientific method Intuition/belief Consensus Authority´s opinion Casual observation Informal logic onscient...

**MCRS** **Week 1** MCRS w1-5 summary Week 1 Nonscientific method Intuition/belief Consensus Authority´s opinion Casual observation Informal logic MCRS w1-5 summary Week 1 Nonscientific method Intuition/belief Consensus Authority´s opinion Casual observation Informal logic onscientific method Intuition/belief Consensus Authority´s opinion Casual observation Informal log onscientific method Intuition/belief Consensus Authority´s opinion Casual observation Informal log **Nonscientific method- Gut feeling** - Intuition/belief - Someone thinks a certain tea will help them sleep better just because it seems right to them, even if there's no proof. - Consensus - A group of friends says a movie is the best ever because everyone in the group agrees, even if none of them have seen other similar movies. - Authority\'s opinion - student believes something is true because their teacher said it, without checking if it's backed up by facts. - Casual observation - Someone thinks all cats are lazy because the few cats they've seen are always sleeping. - - Informal logic - A person says eating apples keeps them healthy because they ate apples last week and didn't get sick, ignoring other reasons like exercise or good hygiene. **Scientific method** - Systematic observation - Formal logic, consistently applied A better chance of valid explanations Evaluate the plausibility of hypotheses **1.1 Scientific research** *is a systematic process of gathering theoretical knowledge through observation* Observation = empiricism Systematic process: - Posing questions - Answering questions - Demonstrating that your results are valid - Sharing your valid results Empirical: based on observation, experience, or experimentation rather than theory or personal beliefs Systematic years cumulative (research and knowledge are built up over time in an organized and step-by-step way) - Build on previous research - In search for patterns and associations **Communication research** *is a [systematic process] of asking and answering questions about human communication* **Research designs** - Experimental: testing, finding out if there\'s a causal link between 2 things[, causality] - Cross sectional: looking at something at one moment in time, [no causality, yes correlation] - Longitudinal: measuring something at two different moments in time, [find relationships, correlation] 2. **Scientific method** 6 principles: - Empirically testable - Replicable - Objective ( avoid personal bias and opinions) - Transparent ( clear and open) - Compare results from different studies - Falsifiable (if it\'s falsifiable, then the hypothesis can be disapproved) - Scientific theories are based on evidence and can be challenged. If a hypothesis can't be proven wrong, it's impossible to test, and therefore, it's not scientific. - Logically consistent/coherent - A study about diet and health should not claim both "junk food is bad for you" and "junk food has no effect," as these ideas contradict each other. 3. **Hypothesis** - Scientific claim - A testable statement about reality (the world around us) - We test by observing (social) reality = empiricism 4. **Philosophy of Science** Ontology (studio del Ser) - What is real? - What \"things\" really exist? - Does an attitude really exist? Epistemology (study of the development of knowledge) - What is or what counts as knowledge? - How should we acquire knowledge about the social world? 5. **World Views** [World view 1] - Human communication is objectively measurable and can be summarized in rules(quantitative) - \"Nomothetic\" approach (involves rules and patterns) [World view 2] - Human communication is subjective and individualistic and must be described as such ( qualitative) - \"Idiographic\" approach (uniqueness of subjects, objects or phenomena) 6. **Research Strategies** Quantitative-\> deduction-oriented - Measurements - Numbers - Testing theory Qualitative -\> induction oriented - Generating theory - Words - No measurement 7. **Scientific approaches** [Empirical analytical] - Observe and measure from the researcher\'s perspective - Observation = empiricism - Explaining - Rule out alternative explanations - Nomothetic approach (world view 1): reality is objectively measurable and uses reason. - [Quantitative] - Experiment, survey, and content analysis [Empirical Interpretative] - Observe and interpret from participants\' perspectives - Understanding
 - Idiographic approach (worldview 2): communication is subjective and unique and must be described as such - [Qualitative ] - Individual interviews, focus group interviews, and ethnography (study of customs and social practices) 8. **Empirical Cycle** A black background with white text Description automatically generated 1. Observation: Observe a specific event a. My daughter sleeps faster after listening to calming music first 2. Induction: Generalizing, creating a general rule, infer that the observed event is true in all cases b. Calming music relaxes the mind which helps to fall asleep 3. Deduction: From the general to the specific, creating a hypothesis, making a prediction c. Toddlers who listen to calm music during 10 min before bed they fall asleep faster than the ones who don\'t 4. Testing: hypothesis is tested by comparing data, statistics d. Experiment comparing two groups of toddlers, one listens to calming music before going to bed, others don\'t 5. Evaluation: Evaluating and interpreting the results, reject/accept hypothesis e. Does the result support the hypothesis that was formulated based on theory? 9. **What do we test** Falsification (Vienna Circle) - Confirm Verification (Karl Popper) Refute - If not refuted, then provisional truth: you found provisional support for your hypothesis you don\'t accept the hypothesis