Immunology Lecture Notes PDF

Immunology Medical Laboratory Techniques Department 3rd-stage Lec. No. (1) Dr. Mundher Jabbar Irsan - SWIM Immunology 55 & -...

Immunology Medical Laboratory Techniques Department 3rd-stage Lec. No. (1) Dr. Mundher Jabbar Irsan - SWIM Immunology 55 & - ist je Is the science that concerned with the study of a host’s reactions when - - a foreign substances are introduced into the body. A foreign substance that induces such an immune response is called an antigen. SWI Immunity a 2 I a that makes it resistant Is the physical state of the body to a particular 05 59 There are two major sw disease. types of immunity: te A. Innate (natural) immunity it immunity B. Adaptive (acquired) Is sb Innate immunity IT Innate immunity: (also called natural or native immunity) is the - is S x̅ to resist individual’s ability IT was infection by normal body functions. These - => & - - - v35 and are the same for all pathogens or foreign are considered nonspecific - - - iafg substances to which one is exposed. No prior exposure is required and the response lacks of'IC Is memory and specificity. - 1 00 E  Immunology Medical Laboratory Techniques Department 3rd-stage Lec. No. (1) Dr. Mundher Jabbar Irsan iIsI 6 s The innate immunity is composed of many defense barriers: w̅ some physical and chemical  The first line of defense includes barriers such as epithelial cell layers of the skin, mucosal tissues (e.g., gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts), and glandular tissues (e.g., salivary, lacrimal, and mammary glands). agentIW Is physical YTD 2 Is.io it  If an infectious overcomes the and chemical barriers, cellular immune responses are rapidly IIactivated, which constitute I the second line of defense, are triggered by cell surface or intracellular receptors that recognize components of pathogens.  Some white blood cell types are activated to rapidly engulf and 1s destroy extracellular microbes through the process of phagocytosis.  Also, many cells are activated through their receptors to produce a variety of antimicrobial substances that kill pathogens, as well as I cytokine and chemokine proteins that recruit YI molecules, cells, JI and Q.se fluid to the site of infection, leading to swelling and other symptoms WITS 5 5 collectively known as inflammation. I iy  Also, contribute dendritic Icells that carry and present pathogens to w̅ lymphocytes II to the activation is immune of adaptive sw responses, the j third line of defense. msiEE.it tte responses 1.4T 2 Immunology Medical Laboratory Techniques Department 3rd-stage Lec. No. (1) Dr. Mundher Jabbar Irsan JI s 56 Some of the mechanisms of Innate Immunity Example Function Skin and mucous membranes Retards entry of microbes jp - Lactic acid Keeps low growth of microorganisms Cilia DIY's.at Move pathogens out of respiratory tract Stomach acid Low pH keeps pathogens from growing iyyiswsajyyis.ws Urine Flushes out pathogens from the body Lysozyme 4 Attacks cell walls of pathogens Compete with pathogens Normal flora is a peptides Produceyantimicrobial me Participate in phagocytosis (e.g., NK cells Cells destroy target cells) jp.TN IT receptors Pathogen recognition In w̅ saw Help phagocytic cells recognize pathogens (e.g., Toll-like receptors) 3 Immunology Medical Laboratory Techniques Department 3rd-stage Lec. No. (1) Dr. Mundher Jabbar Irsan its so Adaptive immunity I is a Adaptive immunity: (also called acquired immunity) is a specific system just that protects the body from a wide range of microorganisms and abnormal body cells, this system is turned on by exposure to a foreign substance. éé is so Important characteristics of the adaptive defense system: is It is specific: for each individual pathogen or microbial agent. sin It is systemic: It immunity is not restricted Aés to the site of the initial Sos infection. 4 smemory: The ability to remember a prior exposure. An increased It has a I response IM upon repeated exposure. toIthat pathogen Ii's Key elements of natural and acquired immune responses: w̅ t.LA Natural immunity Adaptive immunity Characteristic Non-specific immunity Specific immunity Response time Rapid response (minutes to hours) Slow response (days to weeks) Specificity Low specific for recognize of Highly specific for recognized to molecules microbial and non-microbial structure Memory No have memory Have memory Soluble components Many antimicrobial peptides and Antibodies proteins Major cell types Phagocyte, natural killer and T, B lymphocytes and antigen dendritic cells. presenting cells (APCs) 4