Martha Rogers: The Science of Unitary and Irreducible Human Beings PDF

**MARTHA ROGERS: THE SCIENCE OF UNITARY AND IRREDUCIBLE HUMAN BEINGS** - Promotes symphonic interaction between man and environment, to strengthen coherence and integrity of the human field. **ASSUMPTIONS:** 1. Man is a unified whole possessing his own integrity and manifesting charact...

**MARTHA ROGERS: THE SCIENCE OF UNITARY AND IRREDUCIBLE HUMAN BEINGS** - Promotes symphonic interaction between man and environment, to strengthen coherence and integrity of the human field. **ASSUMPTIONS:** 1. Man is a unified whole possessing his own integrity and manifesting characteristics that are more than and different from the sum of his parts. 2. Man and environment are continuously exchanging matter and energy with one another. 3. The life process evolves irreversibly and unidirectionally along the space-time continuum. 4. Pattern and organization identify the man and reflect his innovative wholeness. 5. Man is characterized by the capacity for abstraction and imagery, language and thought sensation and emotion. **METAPARADIGM IN NURSING** - Human-unitary human beings- manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole and which cannot be predicted. - Health- unitary human health signifies an irreducible human field manifestation. It cannot be measured by the parameters of biology or physics or of the social sciences. **MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS** - Environment- also defined as an "irreducible, pan dimensional energy field identified by pattern and integral with the human field". - Nursing- a learned profession that is both a science and art. - Environmental field- irreducible, indivisible, pan dimensional energy field identified by patterns and integral with the human field. - Energy field- fundamental unit of the living and the nonliving. Field is a unifying concept. Energy signifies the dynamic nature of the field; a field is in continuous motion and is infinite. - Openness- refers to qualities exhibited by open systems, human beings and their environment are open systems. - Pattern- the distinguishing characteristics of an energy field perceived as a single wave. - Pan dimensional- a nonlinear domain without spatial or temporal attributes. **TWO DIMENSIONS OF NURSING** - Science- knowledge specific to the field of nursing that comes from specific research. - Art- involves using the science of nursing creatively to help better the life of the patient. **THREE PRINCIPLES OF HOMEODYNAMICS APPLIED IN ROGER'S THEORY** 1. Principle of Resonance/Resonancy- is continuous change from lower to higher frequency wave patterns in human and environmental fields. 2. Principle of Helicy- is defined as "continuous, innovative, unpredictable, increasing diversity of human and environmental field patterns" (Roger, 1992). Roger saw helicy as "an ordering of man's evolutionary emergence" (1970) 3. Principle if Integrality- is defined as "continuous mutual human field and environmental field process". Integrality is derived from the word integral to explain the essential relationship between the human and environmental fields (the fields are one and integrated but unique to each other). **APPLICATION OF SUBH: NURSING PROCESS ACCORDING TO SUBH:** - PRACTICE, EDUCATION, RESEARCH PATTERN APPRAISAL, MUTUAL PATTERNING, EVALUATION **DOROTHEA OREM: SELF-CARE DEFICIT THEORY** - Theory is based on the premise that individuals have the ability and responsibility to engage in self-care to maintain their health and well-being. **MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS:** 1. People should be self-reliant and responsible for their own care. 2. People are distinct individuals. 3. Nursing is a form of action-interaction between two or more persons. 4. Successfully meeting universal and development self-care requisites is an important component of primary care prevention and ill health. 5. A person's knowledge of potential health problems is necessary for promoting self-care behaviors. 6. Self-care and dependent care are behaviors learned within a socio-cultural context. **COMPONENTS OF THE THEORY:** 1. Self-care-defines self-care as the activities individuals perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well-being. 2. Dependent care agent-are individuals who takes full responsibility of taking care of a person who are incapable of providing care for themselves or those who are living independently with others aid. 3. Self-care deficit-nursing is required when an adult is incapable of or limited in the provision of continuous effective self-care. **METAPARADIGM:** - Person -- human beings are distinguished from other living beings. Reflect upon themselves and their environment. Symbolized what they experience. Use symbolic creations in thinking, communicating, and guiding efforts to make things that are beneficial for themselves and for others. - Health -- Orem supports the WHO definition of health as the "state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Orem believes that health should be perceived this way since she believes that these integrated aspects of health are inseparable. - Environment -- as an external source of influences in the internal interaction of a person's different aspects. - Nursing -- helping clients to establish or identify ways to perform self-care activities. Nursing as a human service because its focus is on person with inabilities to maintain continuous provision of healthcare. **BETTY NEUMAN: SYSTEMS MODEL** - The model uses a systems approach that is focused on the human needs of protection or relief from stress. **PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNINGS:** 1. The philosophy writers Chardin and Cornu (on wholeness in system). 2. Von Bertalanfy and Lazlo on general system theory. 3. Selye on stress theory. Lararus on stress and coping. **2 MAJOR COMPONENTS** - Stress - Reaction to stress - Client is an open system (may be individual, family, group or community). - Exchanges between the client/system and environment are reciprocal. **NEUMAN'S SYSTEMS MODEL:** - Nursing is provided to achieve optimal system stability. - Concept of "prevention as intervention" - Combines elements of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. **BASIC ASSUMPTIONS:** 1. Each client system is unique, a composite of factors and characteristics within a given range of responses contained within a basic structure. 2. The client as a system is in dynamic, constant energy exchange with the environment. 3. Meny known, unknown, and universal stressors exist. Each differs in its potential for disturbing a client's usual stability level or normal Line of Defense. - Stressors are both universal and known; some are unique to the client. They have the potential to disturb the equilibrium, thus causing a change in the priority of needs at any given moment. - Stressors are stimuli that produce tensions and might cause system instability; Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Extrapersonal. - Stressors arise from the internal, external, and created environments. - Internal environment exists within the client system. - External environment exists outside the client system. - Created environment is an environment that is created and developed unconsciously by the client and is symbolic of system wholeness. 4. Each client/system has evolve a normal range of responses to the environment that is referred to as a normal Line of Defense. The normal Line of Defense can be used as a standard from which to measure health deviation. 5. When the flexible Line of Defense is no longer capable of protecting the client/ system, against an environmental stressor, the stressor breaks through the normal Line of Defense. 6. The client whether in a state of wellness is a dynamic composite of the interrelationship of the five variables (psychological, physiologic, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual.) 7. Implicit within each client system are internal resistance factors known as lines of resistance, which function to stabilize and realign the client to the usual wellness state. 8. Primary prevention relates to general knowledge applied to clients assessment to identify stressors before they occur. 9. Secondary prevention relates to symptomatology. These are interventions generally initiated after an encounter with a stressor. 10. Tertiary prevention relates to the adaptive process, as reconstitution begins and moves back towards primary prevention. These are the interventions initiated after treatment. **3 STEP NURSING PROCESS** - Nursing diagnosis -- nurse collects an adequate database from which to analyze variances from wellness to make the diagnoses. - Nursing goals -- are determined by negotiation with the client. Appropriate prevention as intervention strategies are decided. - Nursing outcomes -- confirmation of prescriptive change or reformulation of nursing goals is evaluated. **METAPARADIGM:** 1. Person -- human beings as client/system as a composite of variables (physiologic, psychological, sociocultural, developmental and spiritual), each of which is a subpart of all parts. 2. Health -- a continuum; wellness and illness are at opposite ends. 3. Environment -- both internal and external forces surrounding the client, influencing and being influenced by the client at any point in time. 4. Nursing -- major concern is to maintain client system stability through assessing environmental and the client to adjust to maintain wellness.