UCSP Pointers To Review 2024-2025 PDF

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS Pointers To Review Second Quarter, S.Y. 2024-2025 A. State and Non-State Institutions 1\. A. *[Forms of State]* **AUTHORITARIAN GOVERNMENT** - a\. monarchy- supreme power is absolutely lodged with an individual, who is the head of the state, of...

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS Pointers To Review Second Quarter, S.Y. 2024-2025 A. State and Non-State Institutions 1\. A. *[Forms of State]* **AUTHORITARIAN GOVERNMENT** - a\. monarchy- supreme power is absolutely lodged with an individual, who is the head of the state, often for life or until abdication. - b\. totalitarianism- the political system that strives to regulate nearly every aspect of public and private life. **OLIGARCHIC GOVERNMENT** - a\. theocracy- government by divine guidance or by official who are regarded as divinely guided. **DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT** - a\. democracy- the right to govern is held by many citizens within a country or a state. B. *[Branches of the Government]* **EXECUTIVE BRANCH** - This branch has the power to enforce and execute the laws made by the legislative. **LEGISLATIVE BRANCH** - Can make laws, alter, and reverse them through the power bestowed in the Philippine Congress. **JUDICIAL BRANCH** - Maintains the power to resolve disputes concerning rights that are legally demandable and enforceable. C. *[Elements of the State]* 2\. Concept of Reciprocity, Redistribution and Market Exchange **RECIPROCITY**- Transaction between two socially equal parties having the same status with regards to values of goods or services. (exchanging their values of goods). B. **REDISTRIBUTION**- The process by which products produced out from the community is sent to a place where they are stored, counted, and later distributed back to the people. C. **MARKET EXCHANGE**-The price of the transactions of deliverables and services are supposedly governed by the rules of supply and demand. 3\. Non-state institutions A. **BANKS**- a financial institution licensed to provide several **[financial services]** and receives deposits from the public and generates credit. 1. **commercial** banks- withdraws, loan 2. **investment** banks- large scale businesses 3. **insurance** banks- st. peter, pag-ibig B. **CORPORATION**-form of business operation that declares the business as a separate entity guided by a group of officers known as the Board of Directors with the purpose of operating for profit. a. **profit**- revenew (san Miguel corp.) b. **non-profit** C. **COOPERATIVES**-**People-**centers enterprises owned, controlled and run by and for their members to realize their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations. D. **TRADE** **UNIONS**- also known as labor unions are consist of workforces who have come together to attain mutual goals like protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits like health care, and retirement. E. **TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUP**- Organizations that are devoted to manipulating political, economic, social, and institutional decisions across country borders that also serves as a catalyst for change. F. **DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES**-independent organizations whose goals are to help develop and support economic growth especially for the poor and marginal portion of the society. 1. Functions of Trade Unions 1. 2. Advocating for fairness and equality for workers\' compensations 3. Securing better working conditions for workers 4. Trade Unions will organize strikes and demonstrations on behalf of worker demands 5. Fight for social welfare for workers 6. Promote and advocate for education and proper training for workers 7. Advocate and fight the government for legislative protections of the workers 8. Promote and advocate for organizational growth and stability 9. Trade Unions act as representatives of workers in national and international forums 10. Involved in collective bargaining agreements and disputes with management to settle any conditions of employment 11. Advising management procedures on correct personnel policies and procedures 12. Involved in collective and personal collective grievances between management and workers. **B. Functions and Importance of Education** 1\. Concept, Goals and Functions of Education **EDUCATION** Derived from the Latin word "*educare*" which means "to train", "to rear or bring-up (a child)". The act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally preparing oneself or others intellectually for a mature life. Education is the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values. **EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES** - It is managed and regulated by the department of education, commonly referred to as the DepEd. **GOALS** 1\) Teaching basic skills, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic. 2\) Helping children develop skills in abstract thinking and problem solving. 3\) Transmitting the cultural heritage, from which individual may develop an appreciation of their society. 4\) Communicating with children the basic value of society. 5\) Teaching the special aspects of the culture, such as art, music, literature, drama, science, technology, and sports. 6\) Teaching vocational skills that help individuals enter the job market. 7\) Training citizens for life within the political system of their society. 8\) Preparing children to live long and form meaningful relationships with other human beings. **FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN THE SOCIETY** 1. **PRODUCTIVE CITIZENRY**- Education systems enable citizens to be productive members of a society, as they are equipped with knowledge and skills that could contribute to the development of their society's systems and institutions. - Being a productive citizen requires critical thinking. One must have the ability to understand his or her duties and be able to respond to them by making decisions. 2. **SELF-ACTUALIZATION**- the highest form of human need. It was defined as "to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one can become. (Abraham Maslow) **MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS** 1. **PHYSIOLOGICAL** **NEEDS** - these are biological requirements for human survival, e.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep. If these needs are not satisfied the human body cannot function optimally. 2\. Forms of education Formal, non-formal, informal 1.**FORMAL**- This refers to the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded educational system from primary school to university, including programs and institutions for full-time technical and vocational training. a. **ELEMENTARY**- formal education primarily concerned with providing basic education. b. **SECONDARY**- continuing basic education of the elementary level and expanding it. (4 YRS. JHS, 2 YRS. SHS) c. **TERTIARY**- public or private, college/university, and public institutions of higher education. It has 2 types, [State universities] and [Local colleges and universities.] Regulated by COMMISSION OF HIGHER EDUCATION (CHED). 2.**NON-FORMAL**- refers to any organized educational activity outside the established formal system to provide selected types of learning to a segment of the population. 3.**INFORMAL**- It is a lifelong process whereby every individual acquires from daily experiences, attitudes, values, facts, skills, and knowledge or motor skills from resources in his or her higher environment. \***SPECIAL EDUCATION**- refers to the education of persons who are physically, mentally, emotionally, socially, or culturally different from socalled "normal" individuals, such that they require modification of school practices to develop their potential. 3\. UDHR -- Universal Declaration of Human Rights - It amplifies the need to uphold the **right** for primary education at the very least regardless of different factors. 4\. R.A. 9155 -- Establishment of Alternative Learning System (ALS) 5\. TESDA - Technical Education and Skills Authority aims to develop the skills of an individual especially the unemployed. C. Concept, Characteristics and Forms of Stratification Systems SOCIAL STRATIFICATION**-** Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe the system of social standing. The social differentiation based on high and low is the historical heritage of all societies. SOCIAL CLASS- categorizing an individual/ group of people based on power, prestige, and wealth. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IS DISTIGUISHED FROM SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION -Social differentiation refers to how people can be distinguished from one another. People in a group may differ in skin color, hair color, race, mental and physical ability, and the like. Social stratification refers to the ranking of people in a society. In closed stratification, people cannot change their ranks while those in open social stratification, people can change their ranks. INDICATORS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION (KABUUAN-SOCIAL/ LAYER-STRATIFICATION) **Status-** individual's position in the social structure **Statuses-** higher/lower positions that come about through social stratifications **Ascribed statuses**- are assigned or given by the society or group since some fixed category, without regard to a person's abilities or performance. (sex, family background, race, & ethnic heritage) **Achieved statuses**- earned by the individual because of his/her talent, skills, or occupation. 1. Minority -- category of people that is considered subordinate Social factors 1.2 **Wealth**- refers to the number of resources that a person has (Arcinas, 2016). DIMENSIONS 1. Sources of income 2. Occupation 3. Education 4. Types of house dwellings 5. Location of residence 6. Kinship or family TYPES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND THEIR CHARACTERISTS A. **OPEN SYSTEM**- It encourages people to strive and achieve something. People belonging to one social class have similar opportunities, similar lifestyles, attitudes, behavior and possibly similar socio-economic positions. It is based on achievement, allowing movement and interaction between layers and classes. B. **CLOSED** SYSTEM- They do not allow people to shift levels and do not permit social relationships between levels. b.1. **CASTE** SYSTEM- in which people can do little or nothing to change their social standing. Social contact is rigid and clearly defined. People are born and die in their caste. \-. It existed for centuries in India, and this includes the Brahmans who are associated with the priesthood, the **Brahmans (priest),** **Kshatriyas (the warriors),** the **Vaishyas (the businessmen and traders),** and the **Shudras (the servants).** b.2. **ESTATE** SYSTEM- a person's social standing is based on ownership of land, birth, or military strength. \- In the Middle Ages there are three (3) major estates in Europe -- **nobility (royal), clergy (priest),** and the **peasants (servant).** C. **ETHNIC** SYSTEM- is based on national origin, language and religion. Ethnicity sets segments of society apart and each group has a sense of identity. People interact more freely with those people belonging to the same ethnic category. 2. Different kinds of Mobility MOBILITY -refers to the movement within the social structure from social position to another. 2.1 **Vertical mobility**- This refers to a change in the occupational, political, or religious status of a person that causes a change in their societal position. An individual moves from one social stratum to another.  a\. **ASCENDING**- involves an individual moving from a group in a lower stratum to a higher one or the creation of a similar group with a higher societal position, instead of side by side with its existing group. b\. **DESCENDING**- for example, when a businessman incurs losses in his business and is forced to declare [bankruptcy](https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/commercial-lending/what-is-bankruptcy/), resulting in a move to a lower stratum of society. 2.2 **Horizontal mobility**- This occurs when a person changes their occupation, but their overall social standing remains unchanged. For example, if a doctor goes from practicing medicine to teaching in a medical school, the occupations change but their prestige and social standing likely remain the same. 2.3 **Intergenerational mobility**- happens when the social position changes from one generation to another. The change can be upward or downward. For example, a father worked in a factory while his son received an education that allowed him to become a lawyer or a doctor. 2.4 **Intragenerational mobility**- occurs during the lifespan of a single generation. It can also refer to a change in position between siblings. One way is when a person climbs up the corporate ladder in their career. For example, an individual starts their career as a clerk and through their life moves on to a senior position such as a director. One sibling may also achieve a higher position in society than their brother or sister. D. Government Programs and Suggestions in Addressing Social Inequalities 1\. World Bank International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Asian Development Bank - Financial institutions that have a big impact on policy directions of the countries that are indebted to them. 2\. Article III, Bill of Rights has the declaration or charter of rights of every Filipino citizen in the country. E. Adapting to Cotemporary Challenges 1\. Feminism advocates the rights of women in political, social and reproductive rights.  In general, feminism can be seen as a movement to put an end to sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression and to achieve full gender equality in law and in practice. [WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS AND THE HISTORY OF FEMINISM]  The women's movement is made up of women and men who work and fight to achieve gender equality and to improve the lives of women as a social group. One of the early pioneers, who thought and wrote about women as a group, is the Italian writer Christine de Pizan, who published a book about women's position in society as early as 1495. The women's movement began to develop in North America, mainly because women there were allowed to go to school earlier than in Europe. **1^ST^** WAVE OF FEMINISM- Women were first allowed to go to university in the early 20th century, having both a career and a family.  **2^ND^** WAVE OF FEMINISM- Socialist feminists argued that it is a combination of patriarchy and capitalism that causes women's oppression. **3^RD^** WAVE- can be characterized by an increased awareness of overlapping categories, such as race, class, gender, sexual orientation. Third wave feminism actively uses media and pop culture to promote its ideas and to run activities. **4^TH^** WAVE- The term **cyberfeminism** is used to describe the work of feminists interested in theorizing, critiquing, and making use of the Internet, cyberspace, and new media technologies in general. **SEXISM**- Sexism means perceiving and judging people only based on their belonging to a particular sex or gender. 3 TYPES OF SEXISM - **Traditional sexism:** supporting traditional gender roles, treating women as worse than men, employing traditional stereotypes which portray women as less competent than men. - **Modern sexism:** denying gender discrimination ('it is not a problem anymore'), having a negative attitude towards women's rights, denying the validity of claims made by women - **Neo sexism:** This notion refers to ideologies that justify discrimination towards women based on competences -- \'men are effectively better competent for some things\' -- for example in managerial or leadership positions, and not on a direct discrimination of women. 2\. Concept of Climate change and Global Warming **CLIMATE CHANGE**- Ang pagbabago ng klima ay tumutukoy sa pangmatagalang pagbabago sa temperatura at mga pattern ng panahon. Maaari itong maging sanhi ng pagtaas ng lebel ng dagat, mas matinding bagyo, at mas malalang tagtuyot. **GLOBAL WARMING**- Ang global warming ay unti-unting pagtaas ng average na temperatura ng atmospera at karagatan ng Daigdig. Ito ay sanhi ng greenhouse effect, na nangyayari kapag ang init ng araw ay natatrap sa atmospera ng Daigdig. Ang mga greenhouse gases, tulad ng carbon dioxide at methane, ay nagsisilbing kumot na humaharang sa init ng araw na dapat ay makatakas sa kalawakan. Ito ay nagiging sanhi ng pag-init ng klima ng Daigdig. 3\. Concept of Adaptation - **ADAPTATION**- A change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment. a. **STUCTURAL**- Physical features of an organism such as shape, body covering, armament; and even internal organization. b. **BEHAVIORAL**- Are composed of inherited behavior chains and/or the ability to learn. c. **PHYSIOLOGICAL**- Permit the organism to perform special functions like venom for snakes. Moreover, it is a general function such as growth and development, temperature regulation and ionic balance. **SEVERAL WAYS IN ADAPTING ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES** - **Genetic change**- Inherited or acquired modification in organisms that makes them better suited to survive and a particular environment. - **Developmental adjustments**- Change in growth patterns and development. This occurs in childhood and typically results in anatomical and/or physiological changes that are mostly **irreversible** in adulthood. (foot binding) - **Acclimatization and cultural practices**- **Reversible** changes in physical form. - **Use of technology**- People invented technological aids that allowed us to occupy new environments without having to first evolve biological adaptations to them. 4\. Forms of Migrants **MIGRATION**- The process of geographic mobility or the change of residence of a person from one community to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently. a. **INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION**- permanent transfer of residence from one country to another. It is the change of residence over national boundaries. a.1. **LEGAL IMMIGRANTS**- are those who moved with the legal permission of the receiver nation. a.2. **ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS**- are those who moved without legal permission. a.3. **REFUGEES**- are those crossed an international boundary to escape persecution. B. **INTERNAL MIGRATION**- is a change in residence **within** a country and refers to a change of residence within national boundaries, such as between states, provinces, cities, or municipalities. C. **CIRCULATION MIGRATION**- is a **temporary movement** of a person. The change in residence is temporary due to work or study, but the migrant will return to his home community.