Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics PDF

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS AQUINO, JOHN PAUL A. 12 - DEL MUNDO ➔ Serves as a guide on how males and females think and act about ARTICULATI...

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS AQUINO, JOHN PAUL A. 12 - DEL MUNDO ➔ Serves as a guide on how males and females think and act about ARTICULATION OF CULTURAL themselves. VARIATION, SOCIAL DIFFERENCES, SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS AND POLITICAL IDENTITIES ➔ The category of persons who have more or less the same socio-economic privileges. CULTURAL VARIATION ➔ Upper, middle, and lower class. EXCEPTIONALITY ➔ Refer to the differences in social ➔ The state of being intellectually behaviors that different cultures gifted and/or having physically or exhibit around the world. mentally challenged conditions. RELIGION ➔ Latin word “religare” → bind together VARIATION WITHIN CULTURE ➔ A system of beliefs and practices as well as systems of actions directed SUBCULTURE toward entities which are above ➔ Segment of society which shares a men. distinctive pattern of mores, ➔ An organized system of ideas about folkways, and values which differ the spiritual space sphere or the from the pattern of larger society. supernatural. ➔ These groups have specific cultural ETHNICITY traits that set them apart from the ➔ The expression of the set of cultural dominant culture. ideas held by distinct ethics or EXAMPLE: indigenous groups. - Hiphop NATIONALITY - LGBTQIA+++ ➔ Legal relationship that binds a COUNTER CULTURE person and a country. ➔ A group whose values and norms ➔ Allows the state to protect and have place it at odds with mainstream jurisdiction over a person. society. ➔ A group that actively rejects SOCIAL DIFFERENCES dominant cultural values and norms. EXAMPLE: ➔ Differences among the individuals - Cryptocurrency on the basis of social characteristics - Black Lives Matter and qualities. HIGH CULTURE ➔ A set of cultural products, mainly in GENDER arts, held in the highest esteem by a ➔ Socially-constructed characteristics culture. of being male and female. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS AQUINO, JOHN PAUL A. 12 - DEL MUNDO POPULAR CULTURE DYNAMISM OF CULTURAL, SOCIAL, ➔ Culture based on the tastes of AND POLITICAL CHANGE ordinary people rather than an educated elite. ANTHROPOLOGY POLITICAL IDENTITY ➔ Study of humans and human ➔ Almost always associated with a behavior and societies in the past group affiliation that describes the and present. ways in which being a member of a ➔ Fossil remains, non-human primate particular group might express anatomy and behavior, artifacts from specific political opinions and the past cultures, past and present attitudes. languages and all prehistoric and contemporary cultures of the world. PARTISAN POLITICS ➔ Signifies a membership in a group FRANZ BOAS that defines a worldview and a core ➔ German-American anthropologist set of common values. ➔ Pioneer of modern anthropology RACE AND IDENTITY ➔ Father of American Anthropology ➔ Race often determined whether BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI citizens could vote, with whom they ➔ Polish anthropologist could associate, where they went to ➔ Father of ethnographic methodology school, and other fundamental ➔ Idea on participant observation aspects of life. ALFRED REGINALD RADDCLIFFE BROWN CLASS AND IDENTITY ➔ English social anthropologist ➔ Factors that shape political identity ➔ Theory of social functionalism and can be economic class. coadaptation ➔ People’s interests, outlook and life prospects are frequently conditioned SOCIOLOGY by their economic circumstances. COLONIALISM AND IDENTITY ➔ The scientific study of society, ➔ Colonists used their ideas of custom patterns of social relationships, and culture as a basis of social interaction, and culture. distinguishing “the native” as a kind ➔ Systematic interpretation of codes of political identity. and conducts in the form of language, face expressions, dress, food, music etc. used by people in society. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS AQUINO, JOHN PAUL A. 12 - DEL MUNDO AUGUSTE COMTE TYPES OF CHANGES ➔ French philosopher ➔ Founder of the discipline of Sociology SOCIAL CHANGE ➔ Doctrine of positivism ➔ An alteration of mechanism within HARRIET MARTINEAU the social structure, characterized by ➔ Western sociologist chances in cultural symbols, rules of ➔ Fought for inequality and injustice behavior, social organizations, or faced by girls and women, wage value system. slaves, and the working CULTURAL CHANGE KARL MARX ➔ The modification of a society through ➔ Philosopher, social scientist, innovation, invention, discovery, or historian, revolutionary contact with other societies. ➔ Most influential socialist in the POLITICAL CHANGE 19th century ➔ Deals not only with the major ➔ Father of Modern Socialism processes of growth, decay and ➔ Communism and Conflict Theory breakdown but also with a ceaseless EMILE DURKHEIM ferment of adaptation and ➔ French sociologist, social adjustment of political systems. psychologist, philosopher ➔ Highlights the magnitude and variety ➔ Established the discipline with Marx of the changes that occurred in the and Weber world’s political system. ➔ Principal Architect of Modern Social Science AGENTS OF CHANGE ➔ Father of Sociology MAX WEBER INNOVATION ➔ German sociologist, philosopher, ➔ The invention of something new; can jurist, political economist be an idea, a process, a practice, a ➔ Social Theory and Social Research device or a tool. ACTION OF LEADERS POLITICAL SCIENCE ➔ A leader is someone who has the power to influence others or in WALTER LIPPMAN command of a social situation. ➔ American writer, reporter, political ➔ Authority is a legitimate power in commentator which people believe the differences ➔ First to introduce the concept of Cold in power are just and proper, that is War people see leaders as entitled to ➔ Coining the term “stereotype” give orders. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS AQUINO, JOHN PAUL A. 12 - DEL MUNDO SOCIAL CONFLICTS CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE ➔ Social contradictions ➔ Struggles of power in society. ➔ It occurs when two or more actors CULTURE IS SOCIAL BECAUSE IT IS THE oppose each other in social PRODUCT OF BEHAVIOR interaction, reciprocally exerting ➔ Culture does not exist in isolation, it social power in an effort to attain is a product of society.that develops scarce or incompatible goals and through social interaction. prevent the opponent from attaining CULTURE VARIES FROM SOCIETY TO them. SOCIETY ➔ Every society has a culture of its CONCEPTS. ASPECTS, AND CHANGES own that differs from other societies IN/OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY which are not uniform but is unique by itself. CULTURE IS SHARED CULTURE and SOCIETY as a ➔ Culture is not something that an COMPLEX WHOLE individual alone can possess. CULTURE IS LEARNED EDWARD TYLOR ➔ Culture is not inborn, it is learned. ➔ One of the founders of modern ➔ Unlearned behavior is not culture. anthropology. CULTURE IS TRANSMITTED AMONG ➔ Characterize culture as a “complex MEMBERS OF SOCIETY whole” which encompasses beliefs, ➔ Cultural ways are learned by people practices, traits, values, attitudes, from others. laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, ➔ These are handed down from elders, knowledge, and everything that a parents, teachers, and others. person learns and shares as a ➔ Transmission of culture is made member of the society. possible by language, as well as ➔ “Complex whole” → culture cannot imitation and instruction. be broken down into a set of characteristics. CULTURE IS CONTINUOUS AND ➔ An understanding of a part can only CUMULATIVE be achieved in relation to other parts ➔ Culture exists as a continuous of the system. process. ➔ One can get an appreciation of what ➔ No culture ever remains constant or culture is all about without being permanent. bothered by its complexity or by any ➔ Subject to slow but constant definition that attempts to capture variation. such complexity. ➔ It is responsive to the changing conditions of the world; it is dynamic. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS AQUINO, JOHN PAUL A. 12 - DEL MUNDO CULTURE IS GRATIFYING AND 3. All symbols contain the “face” and IDEALISTIC “hidden” values in a functional ➔ Culture provided proper perspective, and hold greater opportunities for the satisfaction of meaning and importance than the our needs and desires, both face value. biological and social. 4. Used to create movements, spread ideas, and share advocacies that surpasses time and distance. CULTURAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES TYPES OF SYMBOLS SYMBOL CULTURAL ➔ An object, word, or action that ➔ Manifestation that signifies ideology stands for something else, without of a particular culture that has natural relationship, that is culturally meaning within that culture. defined. SOCIAL ➔ Provides clues to understanding ➔ Social symbols relating to human experiences. societies and its modes of ➔ They relay recognizable meanings organization. that are shared by societies. POLITICAL SYMBOLISM ➔ Used to represent a political ➔ When something represents abstract standpoint. ideas or concepts. ECONOMIC ➔ It assigns names, denominations ➔ Used in production, distribution, and and defined relations between consumption of goods and services. various elements articulated within a narrative. SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES FUNCTIONS OF SYMBOLS AND SYMBOLISM CULTURAL PRACTICES ➔ Traditional or customary practices of a particular ethnic or cultural group. 1. Social symbols are used to transfer EXAMPLE: culture, ideologies, or beliefs from - Religious and spiritual one group to another group of - Medical treatment people. - Forms of artistic expression 2. Symbols are also used to preserve - Respectful (po and opo) traditions or beliefs of a certain - Obedience to elders group of people. - Removing footwear before entering the house. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS AQUINO, JOHN PAUL A. 12 - DEL MUNDO CULTURAL SYMBOLS ECONOMIC SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES ➔ Nationals items that are used to ➔ Represents economic standpoint. create Filipino identity and promote ECONOMIC SYMBOLS solidarity and unity in a nation. EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: - Currency - Philippine Flag ECONOMIC PRACTICES - Philippine Eagle - National Hero EXAMPLE: - National Anthem - Using alkansya - Paluwagan SOCIAL SYMBOLS & PRACTICES ➔ Visible, external denotation of one’s SIGNIFICANCE OF SYMBOLS AND social position. PRACTICES EXAMPLE: - Clothing ➔ It has been part of our lives and - Societal recognition growth as humankind. - Material possessions ➔ Serves as an avenue to communicate with different groups of POLITICAL SYMBOLS people, influence others of different ideologies, and preserve values that ➔ Usually used to embody an ideology, were transferred from generation to an advocacy, or a group of people generation. with the same principles. EXAMPLE: - Black → Anarchism, CULTURAL RELATIVISM AND Fascism, Catholicism, ETHNOCENTRISM Christian democracy - Blue → conservatism, ETHNOCENTRISM Judaism, Monarchism, ➔ Belief that one’s own culture is better Liberalism than the others. - Brown → Nazism, Fascism ➔ They compare, evaluate, and even - Gold → Capitalism, judge other people’s ways based on Liberalism the values and standards set in POLITICAL PRACTICES one’s own culture. EXAMPLE: ➔ Many are blinded from seeing things - Political Dynasty in another perspective. - Filipino Clans CULTURAL RELATIVISM - Celebrity turned Politicians ➔ Belief that cultures are equally - Palakasan System complex. - Trapo (Traditional Politics) ➔ There’s no such thing as superior or - Catholic Church Influence inferior culture. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS AQUINO, JOHN PAUL A. 12 - DEL MUNDO ➔ A way of viewing the beliefs, values, INTEGRATED AND AT TIMES UNSTABLE and practices of a culture from its ➔ Known as “holism”. viewpoint. ➔ The various parts of a culture being ➔ Promotes greater appreciation of the interconnected and interlinked. cultures that an individual might REQUIRES LANGUAGE AND OTHER encounter along the way. ➔ A good way to rehearse the norms FORMS OF COMMUNICATION and values of a society. ➔ In the process of learning and transmitting culture, we need symbols and language to ASPECTS OF CULTURE communicate with others in society. DYNAMIC, FLEXIBLE, & ADAPTIVE CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE ➔ It responds to the changing needs of time, alongside to the actions within or around it. CONFORMITY SHARED, CONTESTED, & CHALLENGED ➔ As we share our culture with others, ➔ An act of submitting oneself to the we can act in appropriate ways as norms and conventions of a society. well as predict how others will act. EXAMPLE: ➔ SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION → - Following rules process by which different statuses - Changing eating habits develop in any group, organization, - Completing education or society. LEARNED/TRANSMITTED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION & ENCULTURATION DEVIANCE ➔ SOCIALIZATION → ongoing process or learning language, ➔ A behavior, trait, belief or other behaviors, customs, values, and characteristics that violates a norm others to acquire identity. and causes a negative reaction. ➔ ENCULTURATION → process by EXAMPLE: which an individual adopts the - Breaking rules behavioral patterns of culture in - Not meeting expectations which the person is immersed. - Drug addiction PATTERNED SOCIAL INTERACTIONS ➔ Culture as a normative system has Every SOCIETY is a system of SOCIAL the capacity to define and control human behavior. CONTROL ➔ SOCIAL INTERACTION → mutual influence of two or more people in each other’s behaviors. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS AQUINO, JOHN PAUL A. 12 - DEL MUNDO TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES FOR RETREATISM PREVENTING DEVIANT BEHAVIORS IN ANY ➔ Rejection of both cultural goals and means, letting the person “drop out”. SOCIETY REBELLION ➔ Gossip ➔ Similar to retreatism but they go one ➔ Social Ostracism step further to a “counterculture” that ➔ Laws and Punishments supports other social orders that already exist (rule breaking). EMILE DURHEIM ➔ Argued that deviance is a normal and necessary part of any society. HUMAN DIGNITY ROBERT K. MERKTON ➔ Argued that society may be set up in ➔ Respect and acknowledgement of a way that encourages too much an individual person, a human being. deviance. ➔ Idea that a person has an innate right to be valued, respected, and FORMS OF DEVIANCE treated well. 1. INNOVATION → a response due to ➔ Something that can’t be taken away. the strain generated by our culture’s emphasis on wealth and the lack of VIOLENCE AGAINST HUMAN DIGNITY opportunities to get rich, which 1. HUMILIATION → acts that humiliate causes people to be “innovators” by or diminish the self-worth of a engaging in stealing and selling person or a group. drugs. 2. DEGRADATION → acts that 2. INNOVATORS → accept society’s degrade the value of human beings. goals but reject socially acceptable 3. DEHUMANIZATION → acts that means of achieving them. strip a person or a group of their human characteristics, describing or CONFORMISTS treating them as animals ➔ Accept society’s goals and the socially acceptable means of CLASSES OF HUMAN RIGHTS achieving them. 1. NATURAL RIGHTS → right inherent RITUALISM to man and given to him by God as ➔ Inability to reach a cultural goal thus human being. embracing the rules to the point 2. STATUTORY RIGHTS → right where they lose sight of their larger goals in order to feel respectable. provided by the law-making body of ➔ Reject society’s goals but accept a country or by law. institutionalized means. 3. CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS → right guaranteed under the fundamental charter of the country. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS AQUINO, JOHN PAUL A. 12 - DEL MUNDO 4. SOCIAL MEDIA → majority of us are All human beings connected through social media. Much of our waking time is spent on are born FREE and EQUAL in DIGNITY using social media. and RIGHTS. 5. CHURCH 6. GOVERNMENT 7. COMMUNITY SOCIALIZATION AND ENCULTURATION You are a product of socialization. It is a continuing process from the day we SOCIALIZATION were born until we die. Socialization is really a necessity for it develops you as a person. ➔ Process of learning one’s society and its culture (culture’s language, roles in life, what is expected from ENCULTURATION them) ➔ Interacting, mingling, and being with other people/groups outside your ➔ Process by which people learn the society. requirements of their surroundings ➔ Without this, a person can develop and acquire values and behaviors different physical and mental appropriate or necessary in that disabilities. culture. ➔ Stephen A. Grunland & Marvin K. Mayers (1988) (as cited from AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION Hoebel, 1982) → enculturation is 1. FAMILY → a huge part of your both a conscious and unconscious personality is molded and developed conditioning process. by your family because this is where ➔ Parents and other authorities → you spent most of your childhood. initiators of enculturation. 2. SCHOOL → you interact with your classmates, teachers, administrators SOCIAL ORGANIZATION and others which made a lot of experiences for you. 3. PEERS → usually have similar ages, GROUP social status, and share interests. They influence you on how you can ➔ Composed of two (2) or more accept yourself. It is with your peer persons interacting with each other group that you find yourself and guided by a set of norms. belonging. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS AQUINO, JOHN PAUL A. 12 - DEL MUNDO PRIMARY GROUPS ➔ Marked by concern from one another, shared activities and culture, and long periods of time spent together. ➔ Influential in personal development. ➔ Goal is the relationship rather than achieving some other purpose. ➔ Introduced by Charles Cooley. SECONDARY GROUPS ➔ Involve weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of one another. ➔ Don’t have the goal of maintaining and developing the relationships themselves. ➔ Based on habitual interests or affairs. IN-GROUP ➔ Belonging to the same group who share the same bond and interests who are more likely to understand each other. OUT-GROUP ➔ Those who do not belong to the in-group. ➔ Out-group as a negative point of reference. REFERENCE GROUPS ➔ Collection of people that we use as a standard of comparison for ourselves regardless of whether we are part of that group. ➔ To understand social norms, which then shape our values, ideas, behavior, and appearance. NETWORK ➔ Collection of people tied together by a specific pattern of connections. ➔ Dyad → by twos ➔ Triad → by threes