Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics - La Consolacion College - Manila PDF

Opening Prayer Dear God, we give thanks to you, our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, for another beautiful day with our loved ones. As we conduct our day, you are forever in our hearts and thoughts. We ask for your love, guidance, and protection in everything we do. Please watch over those who mean the...

Opening Prayer Dear God, we give thanks to you, our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, for another beautiful day with our loved ones. As we conduct our day, you are forever in our hearts and thoughts. We ask for your love, guidance, and protection in everything we do. Please watch over those who mean the most to us. Please guide our decisions with your love in our hearts. We love you and give thanks for this day because this day, as every day, is your gift to us. Amen. Opening Prayer Sto. Niño… Bless Us… Our Lady of Consolation… Pray for Us… Our Father St. Augustine… Pray for Us… Mother Rita, Venerable Mother Consuelo and Sor. Teresa Andrada, OSA… Intercede for Us… My heart is restless until it rests in you, O God!  UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Week 1 Prepared by: Ms. Abela and Ms. Padlan La Consolacion College - Manila  What did we do yesterday? RECALL GROUP CHANT! INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Group yourselves with 8-10 members. 2. Make a very short chant for your group. 10 minutes will be given for your preparation. 3. Present your group chant in front of the class. LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION! INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Form a group with 8–10 members. 2. Create a short skit showing your prior knowledge about understanding culture, society, and politics within 3-5 minutes. 3. One representative of your group will explain your presentation in brief. RUBRIC for group chant and skit CRITERIA POINTS CREATIVITY 5 COOPERATION 5 PRESENTATION 10 TOTAL 20  THINK ABOUT IT! 1. What is your skit all about? 2. Is your topic relevant and prevalent in the Philippines? 3. How does your skit reflect culture, society, or politics? ANTHROPOLOGY Derived from two Greek words “anthros” which means “man” and “logos” which means “study or inquiry”. It is the systematic study of the biological, cultural, and social aspects of man. SOCIOLOGY An academic discipline that attempts to provide a deeper assessment of individual and group behavior, as well as social phenomena, by examining the interplay between economic, political, and social factors. POLITICAL SCIENCE It is the systematic study of politics. Focuses on the fundamental values of equality, freedom, and justice and its processes are linked to the dynamics of conflict, resolution and cooperation. ANTHROPOLOGY  ANTHROPOLOGY It is the systematic study of the biological, cultural, and social aspects of man. Derived from two Greek words “anthropos” which means “man” and “logos” which means “study or inquiry”. It is significant because it integrates elements from the biological sciences and humanities to fully comprehend the complex human species, including their past practices and social patterns, across diverse cultures. BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ARCHEOLOGY LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY MEET THE FAMOUS ANTHROPOLOGISTS  BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY 1. SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY – Studies how social patterns and practices and cultural variations develop different societies. 2. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY – Studies cultural variation across different societies and examines the need to understand each culture in its own context. 3. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY – Studies language and discourse and how they reflect and shape different aspects of human society and culture. 4. BIOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY – Studies the origins of humans as well as the interplay between social factors and the processes of human evolution, adaptation, and variation overtime. 5. ARCHEOLOGY – Deals with prehistoric societies by studying their tools and environment. FRANZ BOAS considered as the “Father of American Anthropology” HISTORICAL PARTICULARISM – Each society is considered as having a unique form of culture that cannot be subsumed under an overall definition of general culture. ALFRED KROEBER one of the first founders of modern American anthropology, and as a major contributor to culture theory via such constructs as the “superorganic” Kroeber was concerned with culture as a universal human characteristic and believed that a complete understanding of culture must contain explanations not only of specific cultures but also of cultural elements and patternings that transcend specific cultures.  BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI Most influential ethnographer Known for his PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION – A method of Social Science research that requires the anthropologists to have the ability to participate and blend with the way of life of a given group of people.  ALFRED RADCLIFFE -BROWN Known for his “STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALIST PARADIGM” – According to this view, the basic unit of analysis for anthropology and Social Sciences are the social structures and the functions they perform to maintain the equilibrium of society. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM – Individuals as mere products of social structures. CLIFFORD GEERTZ Symbols guide action. Culture, according to Geertz, is “a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life.” The function of culture is to impose meaning on the world and make it understandable. MARGARET MEAD One of the earliest American anthropologists to apply techniques and theories from modern psychology to understanding culture. She believed that cultures emphasize certain aspects of human potential at the expense of others. SOCIOLOGY CIOLOG What comes to your mind when you hear the word SOCIOLOGY?  SOCIOLOGY Anthony Giddens refers Sociology as “The study of human social life, groups, and society.” An academic discipline that attempts to provide a deeper assessment of individual and group behavior, as well as social phenomena, by examining the interplay between economic, political, and social factors. Deal with the scientific study of human interactions, social groups, and institutions. MEET THE FAMOUS SOCIOLOGISTS AUGUST COMTE A French Philospher and Mathematician. Known as the “Founding Father of Sociology”. Suggested that there were three stages in the development of societies: (1) THEOLOGICAL STAGE (2) METAPHYSICAL STAGE (3) POSITIVE STAGE Comte’s sociology has always been associated with POSITIVISM – the ideology that says science and its method is the only valid way of knowing things. HARRIET MARTINEAU Considered as the “MOTHER OF SOCIOLOGY”. She traveled a lot, and wrote her travelogues. In her accounts expressed in HOW TO OBSERVE MORALS AND MANNERS – the deep sociological insights that we now call as ethnographic narratives are fully expressed.  KARL MARX Considered as the “FATHER OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM”. Known for his “SOCIAL STRATIFICATION”: COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFIFICATION ARE: (1) SOCIAL CLASS (2) STATUS (3) ROLE Introduced the materialist analysis of history which discounts religious and metaphysical (spiritual) explanation for historical development. He belonged to the realist tradition of social sciences that power of scientific reason to know the nature of society and human beings. EMILE DURKHEIM Known and pioneer for his “FUNCTIONALISM” in Sociology. Argued that society possesses a reality “SUI GENERIS” means “It’s own kind or a class by itself”. Argued that society pre-existed the individuals and will continue to exist long after the individual is dead known as “METHODOGICAL INDIVIDUALISM”. In his theory called SOCIOLOGICAL REALISM states that society is reality and cannot be reduced to individual aggregates or parts. Known also in his study “SUICIDE” and “ANOMIE” – Society lacks social regulation of through social norms.  MAX WEBER Known for his “INTERPRETATIVE SOCIOLOGY” Stressed the role of rationalization in the development of society. For Weber, Science began to replace religion, people also adopted a scientific or rational attitude to the world. POLITICAL SCIENCE  POLITICAL SCIENCE It is the systematic study of politics. According to Andrew Heywood “The activity through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live.” Focuses on the fundamental values of equality, freedom, and justice and its processes are linked to the dynamics of conflict, resolution and cooperation  BRANCHES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE POLITICAL THEORY PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION COMPARATIVE POLITICS POLITICAL ECONOMY  BRANCHES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE 1. POLITICAL THEORY – Concerned with the study of the ideas and contributions of classical thinkers. 2. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION – Which examines how the government functions and how decisions and policies are made. 3. POLITICAL ECONOMY – Which evaluates the interplay between economics, politics, and law and its implications to the various institutions within society. 4. COMPARATIVE POLITICS – Which compares domestic politics and governance systems across different sovereign states. CHECK POINT  MEET THE FAMOUS POLITICAL SCIENTISTS  PLATO He was a Philosopher in classical Greece. Widely considered the most pivotal figure in the development of philosophy. Known for his DIALECTIC – This is a method used to present the solution and argument to other philosophers for them to critic and assist them in their judgment. ARISTOTLE He was the former student of Plato. Known for his line “Humans are political animal”. EMPIRICISM – All people’s concepts and all of their knowledge was ultimately based on perception. The writings of Plato and Aristotle discussed various political concepts such as the GOVERNMENT, LEADERSHIP and CITIZENSHIP.  BARON DE MONTESQUIEU He is famous for his articulation of the Theory of Separation of Powers. He is also known for DESPOTISM – Ruled by a despot – A despot is a ruler who has the total power and who often uses that power in cruel and unfair ways. (Merriam Webster) JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU His political philosophy influenced the Enlightenment in France. He believed that humans are born with good spirit. His discourse on Inequality and the Social Contract are cornerstones in modern political and social thought. THOMAS HOBBES Known for his political philosophy – LEVIATHAN – Something that is very large and powerful (Merriam Webster) He believed that humans are naturally born with evil spirit. Hobbes viewed government primarily as a device for ensuring collective Security. He defended MATERIALISM – views that only material things are real. Political authority is justified by a hypothetical social contract among the many that in a sovereign person or entity the responsibility for the safety and well- being of all.  JOHN LOCKE He was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Commonly known as the “FATHER OF LIBERALISM”. Liberalism – Belief in the value of social and political change in order to achieve progress.  KARL MARX He was a German philosopher, economist, historian, political theorist, and sociologist. He is known for his CAPITALISM – rulers are capitalist create and operate power to govern and rule society and the economy and MARXISM – It holds that human societies develop through class struggle. CHECK POINT  REFERENCES https://www.britannica.com/biography/A-L-Kroeber https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mead/mead- field.html#:~:text=Mead%20was%20one%20of%20the ,at%20the%20expense%20of%20others.