Human Anatomy (PDF)

# Start of OCR for page 1 ## fig. 7 **Check din indlæring** ## Tunica Muscularis - The muscle sheath consists of *stratum circulare* (3a) and *stratum longitudinale* (3b), which are approximately equal in thickness. - In the upper part of the esophagus, the musculature is striated , then a mixt...

# Start of OCR for page 1 ## fig. 7 **Check din indlæring** ## Tunica Muscularis - The muscle sheath consists of *stratum circulare* (3a) and *stratum longitudinale* (3b), which are approximately equal in thickness. - In the upper part of the esophagus, the musculature is striated , then a mixture of smooth and striated , and finally only smooth at the bottom. ## Transition from striated to smooth muscle - There is a gradual transition from striated to smooth muscle in the esophagus. - This transition zone contains both types of muscle. - The musculature of the esophagus is active in swallowing, meaning it transports food through the esophagus. ## Adventitia - The *adventitia* is a loose connective tissue. ## MCQ - **Get feedback on your reading about the esophagus (correct answer).** ## Essay - **Describe the esophagus.** ## fig. 15 My. ## Abdomen - The abdomen extends on the front of the body from the rib cage to the pubic symphysis (8), the inguinal ligament (6) and the iliac crest (9). - The abdomen includes the abdominal wall and the abdominal cavity. ## Abdominal Wall - The abdominal wall consists of: - Anterior abdominal wall (F) - Posterior abdominal wall (B) - Roof (1) - Floor (G) ## fig. 17 Ur. ## Scrotum - The skin of the scrotum (6) and the muscles are continued in thin connective tissue around the testicle (1), inside the scrotum skin. ## fig. 17 My. ## fig. 14 A My. ## fig. 34 ## Testicle in Scrotum - It is easy to imagine that the scrotum is a bag formed by the abdominal wall skin when the testicle presses against the abdominal wall from behind. - Not only the skin but all layers of the abdominal wall are pushed forward. - The muscles, however, only become thin membranes around the testicle, while the skin and the peritoneum do not change. ## fig. 39 ## Inguinal canal - The inguinal canal is the area in the abdominal wall where the testicle pushes the layers forward (fig. 15 My.). - The oblique direction of the canal indicates that the testicle pressed itself from behind, forward and medially. ## Posterior abdominal wall - The posterior abdominal wall is thick. - It is formed by the vertebral column and muscles, including the diaphragm (3) and the *psoas major* muscle (2). ## Roof of the abdominal cavity - The roof of the abdominal cavity is formed by the diaphragm (2). - Since the diaphragm is dome-shaped and rises high up into the chest, the organs in the upper part of the abdominal cavity are covered by ribs and sternum. ## Liver - The liver fills the right side of the dome-shaped diaphragm. ## Floor of the abdominal cavity - The floor of the abdominal cavity is formed by the pelvic floor, which is a bowl-shaped formation (the lower dotted line, G). - The pelvic floor consists of muscles and fascia. - The abdominal cavity can be reduced, and the pressure increased, by lowering the roof, raising the floor and/or pulling the anterior abdominal wall backwards. ## Pressure in the abdominal cavity - The pressure in the abdominal cavity increases on many occasions, for example during defecation. - This significant increase in pressure requires a strong abdominal wall everywhere. - In patients who have undergone large abdominal surgeries, there may be weak areas in the anterior abdominal wall, leading to *abdominal hernias*. ## fig. 38 ## fig. 42 ## fig. 27 Ur. ## fig. 42 ## Peritoneum - The peritoneum, the serous membrane, is a closed sac in males. - In females, there are two small openings in the sac, one left and one right, for the fallopian tubes (3). ## Parietal peritoneum - The part of the sac that covers the abdominal wall is called the parietal peritoneum (4). ## Visceral peritoneum - The part of the sac that covers the organs is called the visceral peritoneum (5). - The two parts of the peritoneum, *parietal* and *visceral*, form a continuous membrane. - The gap between the two layers, the lumen of the sac, is narrow and very irregular. ## fig. 14 My. ## Anterior abdominal wall - The anterior abdominal wall, the "abdominal wall", consists of muscles and fascia that lie between the skin on the outside and the peritoneum on the inside. - Examination of the viscera (internal organs) is performed by palpation through the anterior abdominal wall, which is of great clinical significance. ## fig. 15 My. ## Inguinal Ligament - The inguinal ligament (6) extends from the anterior end (10) of the iliac crest to the pubic symphysis (8). - The spermatic cord (7) passes through the anterior abdominal wall, following the inguinal canal (5). - The inguinal canal is located above the medial half of the inguinal ligament and ends at the pubic symphysis. - The spermatic cord (7) consists of the vas deferens and blood vessels and nerves to the testis. - All the layers of the anterior abdominal wall are "pulled out" around the spermatic cord and the testicle. ## Peritoneum: a serous membrane - The peritoneum is a serous membrane, *tunica serosa*, meaning a membrane that produces a clear fluid to lubricate its own surface with. - The pleura and the pericardium are also serous membranes. - For clarity, the lumen of the peritoneal sac is shown black in the figures (fig. 42-47), but in reality, the lumen is a narrow, irregular gap. # End of OCR for page 1