UNIT 6: Predicting Individual Differences in Behavior Genetics PDF

Predicting individual differences  BEHAVIOR GENETICS & _____________________: Behavior Genetics The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior...

Predicting individual differences  BEHAVIOR GENETICS & _____________________: Behavior Genetics The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior environment every Our ____________________is nongenetic influence, from Nature _________________ prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us Vs heredity IS THE PROCESS OF ________________ Nurture _________________ GENETICALLY TRANSMITTING TRAITS OR CHARACTERISTICS FROM AN ANCESTOR TO A DESCENDANT  GENES (NATURE) chromosome _______________________: threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes Humans have 46 chromosomes - 23 from mom & 23 from dad 6 DNA a complex molecule containing the genetic _______: information that makes up the chromosomes Genes ________________: biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins ⑳ We have 20,000 - 25,000 genes Genome ____________________: the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes Genome researchers have discovered that our DNA is 99.9% the same – every other human is nearly your identical twin  GENES (NATURE) -Genes help explain our human nature and human diversity -Variations of gene sites give clues to our uniqueness – why one person has a disease and another does not, why one is tall and another short, why one is anxious and another calm -Most of our traits have complex genetic roots and may be influenced by different genes interacting with your specific environment -Traits such as intelligence, happiness, and aggressiveness are similarly influenced by groups of genes op -Environmental influence interact with our genetic predispositions (Nature and nurture work together!!!) ⑧ TWIN STUDIES scientists tease apart the influences of heredity ___________________________________________________________________ (genes) s environment by studying twins that live apart. ___________________________________________________________________ FRATERNAL TWINS - Develop from 2 separate fertilized eggs - Genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters Scarlett & Hunter -Same sex or one of each Johansson Controls the home environment while varying heredity IDENTICAL TWINS - Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two - Two genetically identical organisms - Same sex Cole & dylan sprouse Controls heredity while varying the home environment  O TWIN STUDIES Twin studies have suggested… diseases are influenced by heredity 1) ______________________________________________ Example: A person whose identical twin has autism spectrum disorder has about a 75% risk of being similarly Diagnosed. Keep in mind: If the twin is fraternal, the co-twin has about a 33% risk. you cannot attribute all similarities to genetic factors because any two 2) _________________________________________ genes influence specific behaviors strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities! Example: compared with rates for fraternal twins, drinking and driving convictions are 12 times greater among those who have an identical twin with such a conviction & SEPARATED TWIN STUDIES the best way to separate the effects of geness environment ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ In research IS to study Identical twins raised In different environments. Researchers studied 74 pairs of identical twins raised apart and found the following similarities: -TASTES -PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES-ABILITIES-ATTITUDES-INTERESTS-FEARS -PERSONALITY (CHARACTERISTIC PATTERNS OF THINKING, FEELING AND ACTING) MORE FINDINGS : Separated twins Separation were more alike if shortly after birth genetically did not amplify identical than if their personality fraternal Compared with identical twins raised together, the separated identical twins had somewhat less identical personalities Three Identical Strangers JIM LEWIS AND JIM SPRINGER The Jim twins were separated and adopted to different families at birth. They did not meet until they were 38. Both were named Jim, had first wives named Linda and second wives named Betty. Both Jims named their sons “James Allan” and had dogs named “Toy”. They both chain-smoked Salem's, drove Chevys, were sheriff deputies, and vacationed on the same beach in Florida. Given tests measuring their personality, intelligence, heart rate, and brain waves, the Jim twins – despite 38 years of separation – were virtually as alike as the same person tested twice.  BIOLOGICAL VERSUS ADOPTIVE RELATIVES ________________________________________________________________________ Scientists tease apart the influences of here dify (genes) ________________________________________________________________________ and environment by studying adoptive relatives. Adoption creates two groups of study Genetic Relatives Environmental Relatives (biological parents and siblings) (adoptive parents and siblings) For personality or any other given trait, we can ask whether adopted children are more like their biological parents, who contributed their genes, or their adoptive parents, who contribute a home environment. While sharing that home environment, do adopted siblings also come to share traits?  BIOLOGICAL VERSUS ADOPTIVE RELATIVES Findings: _______________________________________________________________ the environmentsharedbyfamilies children has virtla __________________________________________________________________________ no discernib ~ People who grow up together, whether biologically related or not, do not much resemble one another in personality For example: in personality traits such as extraversion and agreeableness, people who have been adopted are more similar to their biological parents than to their caregiving adoptive parents In fact, separated What does this identical twins all mean, Jim? Well dwight, it help highlight is obvious now the importance that heredity of heredity in helps shapes personality our development personality.  ENVIRONMENT (NURTURE) IF GENETICS PLAYS SUCH A BIG ROLE IN PERSONALITY, WHY ARE CHILDREN FROM THE SAME FAMILY SO DIFFERENT? because sibling Because siblings – despite Is it because each sibling sharing half their genes – have relationships ricochet off experiences unique peer very different combinations of each other amplifying genes and may evoke very influences and life events? differences? different kinds of parenting? Behavior geneticists’ still struggle with this question, but we do know the following: -Genetics does limit the family environment’s influence on personality, but a person’s environment still matters -Parents do influence their children’s attitudes, values, manners, politics, and faith Consider this: do you share some of the above characteristics from your parents? EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY  EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY Evolutionary Psychology ____________________________________________: The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection adaptation ·. Evolutionary psychologists 8 focus mostly on what makes us so much alike as humans Behavior geneticists explore the genetic and environmental roots of human differences CHARLES DARWIN  EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY Natural Selection _____________________________________: The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations Certain biological Offspring that Organisms’ and behavioral survive are varied variations increase more likely to organisms’ offspring reproductive and pass their compete for genes to survival chances in Over time, population survival their particular ensuing generations characteristics may change environment  CAN YOU TRANSFORM A FEARFUL FOX INTO A FRIENDLY FOX? * OVER MULTIPLE GENERATIONS, SCIENTIST’S Belyaer and Trut selected and brea foxes that exhibited __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________. a trait they desired AFTER 40 YEARS AND 45,000 FOXES LATER, THEY HAD A NEW BREED OF FOXES THAT WERE DOMESTICATED, FRIENDLY, AND EAGER FOR HUMAN CONTACT. How does this relate to natural selection? This process is similar to naturally occurring selection in that a desired trait was inherited This process differs from natural selection in Note: Animal breeding that natural selection normally favors traits experiments that contribute to reproduction and survival manipulate genetic selection  NATURAL SELECTION AND ADAPTATION Does natural selection explain our human tendencies? Nature has selected advantageous variations from the new gene combinations produced at each human conception plus the mutations that sometimes result Common Gene Mutations ___________________: a random error in gene replication Mutations Include : that leads to change Down-syndrome ___________________________, Cystic Fibrosis, The genes selected during our ancestral history give us a Cancer (in some cases) great capacity to learn and adapt to life in varied environments Behaviors that promote reproductive success are likely to be genetically predisposed  EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE Nature selects behaviors that increase the likelihood of sending one’s genes into the future We are genetically predisposed to act in ways that will leave us with ancestors For example we … Protect our offspring -____________________________ Fear Heights - _________________________ -Are attracted to fertile-appearing members of the opposite sex PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT & THE NEWBORN BABY * DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH Developmental Psychology ______________________________________: examines our physical, cognitive, & social development across the lifespan Developmental psych examines 3 major issues. 1) Nature & Nurture - how genetics & environment influence us 2) Continuity & Stages - how abrupt or gradual change is 3) Stability & Change - how we change as we age  CONCEPTION The union of egg & sperm - Sperm cells surround the egg - 1 sperm penetrates the outer layer of the egg - Egg & sperm will fuse into a single cell - Cell will subdivide over & over & emerge 9 months later as a 100 trillion cell human! & DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH _________________: zygote the fertilized egg up until about 14 days & Embryo ________________: About 2 weeks after Fewer than ½ of fertilization through the 2nd month; all zygotes Organs form & heart begins to beat survive past the first 2 weeks…We are the lucky ones! ________: FetuS From 9 weeks after conception to birth; Baby looks unmistakably human  PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT At 40 days, the spine is By 4th month, fetus visible & arms and legs weighs 3 oz. and can fit are beginning to grow. in the palm of your hand Both genetic & FETUS environmental factors can By the end of the 2nd affect my month, the fetal period development begins; facial features, EMBRYO hands, & feet have formed. Fetus  DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH In utero, the baby receives nutrients & oxygen through the placenta & ______________: Teratogens chemicals & viruses that can enter the placenta & harm the developing fetus. Teratogens include: HIV/AIDS Heroin & Drugs alcohol (Fetal alcohol _____________ syndrome) & ___________________________ Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Low birth weight (FAS) - Small head circumference - Developmental delays - Poor coordination/fine motor skills - Poor socialization skills - Learning difficulties - Poor memory - Behavioral problems  THE NEWBORN BABY & FEEDING REFLEXES Babies aren’t born Rooting - _____________________________ totally helpless! - Sucking THey are equipped - Swallowing with survival reflexes! J  * THE NEWBORN BABY OTHER REFLEXES Grasping ________________ - cling to anything placed in their hands ____________ Stepping - make stepping motions when held upright ________________ Babinski - Big toe moves up & other toes fan out when sole of foot is stroked  SOCIAL RESPONSIVENESS Humans instinctively: - turn our heads in the direction of human voices - prefer the smell of our mother’s body odor - have stronger responses to faces A # abituation __________________: newborns become bored with repeated stimuli, but renew their attention to a slightly different stimulus D THE NEWBORN BABY Each of us is born with a different… _____________________: Temperament characteristic emotional reactivity & sensitivity - Temperament differences typically persist through life! EXAMPLES Difficult EASY Slow to Warm Up Irritable, intense, Cheerful & relaxed; Resisting or fidgety, & sleeping & eating on withdrawing from new unpredictable predictable schedules people & situations  DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH &Using twin and adoption studies, psychologists can mathematically estimate a specific trait’s… _______________: Heritability the extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes Intelligence heritability is roughly 66% genetic…This does NOT mean that 66% of Then what does your intelligence is inherited, Nick it mean, Joe? Heritability never applies to understanding an Individual, but rather comparing those in a group That means, heritability can only explain why people in a group (like brothers) differ from each other INFANCY & CHILDHOOD  INFANCY & CHILDHOOD Infancy and childhood span from birth to the teenage years. During these years, the individual grows physically, cognitively, & socially. Stage Span 1 3 - 1 year Infancy Newborn to toddler 3 year Childhood Toddler to teenager D INFANCY & CHILDHOOD _______________: Maturation biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior; relatively uninfluenced by experience CORTICAL NEURAL NETWORKS - At birth, you had more brain Cells than you will ever have again...but, the neural networks among these cells were incredibly basic Maturation (nature) sets the basic Course for development, experience (Nurture) adjusts it!  THE DEVELOPING BRAIN In utero, the brain over-produces neurons, peaking at about 28 billion by the 7th month. By birth, the number of neurons is pruned to 23 billion. After birth, the most rapid neural growth occurs in the frontal lobe between ages 3-6, adjusting for more rational thought  MATURATION & MEMORY The earliest age of conscious memory is roughly ____________. 5 years of age (Bauer 2002). 3 5-year-olds display a sense of self and increased long-term memory. “Childhood Amnesia” continues to wane by age 7 as the We may “remember” _______________ hippocampus & frontal earlier events in life lobes rapidly develop through reconstructing photos, videos, & stories…but not our conscious memory!  MATURATION & MEMORY Just because our long-term memory isn’t fully developed at the newborn stage, doesn’t mean we aren’t capable of learning! - Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking moves a mobile…and they can retain that learning for a month!  MOTOR DEVELOPMENT With occasional exceptions, the sequence of motor development is universal for humans. 2. __________ crawl 4. walk _____Independently (8-9 months) (15 months) 1. Sit Unsupported 3. Begin to Walk (6 months) (12 months)  MOTOR DEVELOPMENT GLAD YOU ASKED! Babies behind schedule may be perfectly normal! COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT CHANGES IN THE WAYS CHILDREN THINK ABOUT THE WORLD  COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT ___________________________: Cognitive Development all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, & communicating Jean Piaget = the leading cognitive development theorist u explored development through child errors These silly gooses are trying to slide down a miniature slide or sit in a miniature car  & PIAGET’S FINDINGS Our brains relentlessly try to make sense of our experiences. ____________: Schemas a concept or framework that organizes & interprets info. ___________________: assimilation incorporating new experiences into our current understanding (schemas) _________________: accommodation the process of adapting a schema & modifying it to incorporate new information. That’s a lot of vocab…what does this actually look like?  VOCAB BREAKDOWN ACCOMMODATION ASSIMILATION SCHEMA  DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH There are 4 basic stages in which children develop and create their own understanding of the world sensorimotor stage (Birth - 2 years) 1. ________________________ - Children develop/learn by experiencing the world through senses & actions (looking, touching, mouthing, etc.)  SENSORIMOTOR MILESTONES object permanence The awareness that objects continue to _______________________: exist even when not perceived. (between 6 - 8 months) - no more “out of sight, out of mind” __________________: self-awareness Being able to recognize themselves in a mirror Example: Babies with paint on their noses  DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH 2. ___________________________: preoperational stage Children represent things with words or images; using intuition rather than logical reasoning (between 2 - 6 or 7 years) During this stage, children utilize fantasy and _______________ role playing to better understand the world  PREOPERATIONAL MILESTONES Children in the Preoperational stage Struggle with… ________________: Egocentrism difficulty in taking another’s point of view Conservation the principle that properties such as mass, __________________: volume, & number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects  PREOPERATIONAL MILESTONES Despite struggling with egocentrism, there is evidence that children develop a… _________________: theory of mind ideas about their own & others’ mental states Children as young as 4 or 5 have been able to decipher intentions behind others’ words and actions.  DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH 3. _________________________________: concrete operational Stage Children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events (About 7 - 11 years) - Grasp the concept of “Conservation” - can consider alternate points of view Thinking limited to here snow " - ____________________________________________________________ I Finally Mr. Jones went into a restaurant & understand ordered a whole pie of pizza. When jokes like this! the waiter asked if he wanted it cut into 6 or 8 pieces, he said “you’d better make it 6…i Could never eat 8 pieces!”  DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH 3. ______________________________________: Formal operational stage People begin to think logically about abstract concepts (About 12 years - adulthood) - Grasp imagined realities and symbolism - can consider hypothetical situations Causes Effect & Reasoning - thinking includes “__________________________” All cats have a tail. Hobbes is a cat. ABSTRACT Therefore, hobbes has a tail. PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT &  CRITICISMS OF PIAGET 1) Development does not always progress in “steps” 2) Gradual practice is made based on practice & Experience 3) Infants actually know much more about the world than Piaget credits them with! 4) Egocentric behavior during preoperational stage may be over-exaggerated (children demonstrate this with gift giving) 5) Exposure to media may influence cognitive development  AN ALTERNATE VIEWPOINT ____________________ Lev Vygotsky - emphasized how the child’s mind grows through interaction with the social environment I emphasized the role language plays in cognitive development. - Vygotsky proved that ____________ Inner Speech helped children control their behavior & emotions & master new skills.  AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) A disorder that appears _____________________________________: in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors ONCE BELIEVED TO AFFECT Cause: genetic influences and abnormal 1 IN 2500 CHILDREN, asd brain development – poor NOW GETS DIAGNOSED IN communication among brain regions 1 IN 68 aMERICAN that normally work together to let us CHILDREN AT AGE 8. take another’s viewpoint It afflicts about 4 boys for every 1 girl. ASD had differing levels of severity SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT  SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL From birth, babies are social creatures, developing an intense bond with their caregivers Infants come to prefer familiar faces and voices, then to coo and gurgle when given a parent’s attention I should know what object permanence is! After about 8 months, soon after object permanence emerges and children become mobile they develop stranger anxiety…  SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL ____________________________: Stranger Anxiety The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age Children this age have schemas for familiar faces, when they cannot assimilate the new face into these remembered schemas, they become distressed NOOOOOO! DON’t leave me mom and dad! The brain, mind, and social-emotional behavior develop together!  HUMAN BONDING * ____________________: Attachment An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation Attachment bonds are powerful survival impulses  BODY CONTACT & MONKEY STUDIES WHO: University of Wisconsin psychologists Harry & Margaret ______________ Harlow WHEN: 1950s WHAT: Bred monkey’s for a learning study THE STUDY: Separated infant monkeys from their mothers shortly after birth and raised them in sanitary individual cages which included a cheesecloth baby blanket FINDINGS: When their soft blankets were taken to be laundered, the monkey’s became distressed This intense attachment to the blanket contradicted A PREVIOUS IDEA that attachment derives from an association with nourishment!  BODY CONTACT & MONKEY STUDIES FURTHERING THE STUDY: Harlow’s then raised monkeys with two artificial mothers Findings -When raised with both, _______________ the monkeys ____________________________________ overwhelmingly preferred contact with the _________________________, comfortable cloth mother. even while feeding from the nourishing mother -The monkey babies would cling to their cloth mothers when anxious -When exploring their environment, they used her as a secure base -Qualities such as rocking, warmth, and feeding made the cloth mother even more appealing Nourishment Comfort Cloth How does this relate to human infants? Mother Mother A bare wire A cylinder with no -Humans become attached to parents who are soft and warm and who cylinder with a bottle but covered rock, feed, and pat wooden head and with foam rubber -Human attachment consists of one person providing another with a an attached and wrapped with secure base from which to explore and a safe haven when distressed feeding bottle terry cloth  FAMILIARITY Familiarity is key to attachment If a key experience fails to occur during a critical In many animals, attachments period, behavior is believed based on familiarity form during to be permanently affected critical periods Critical Period ___________________________: An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development Genie “The Wild Child” Wiley Genie wiley, a victim in one of the most severe cases of abuse, neglect, and social isolation, had not acquired a first language by the age of 13. Genie’s story suggests that the acquisition of language has a critical period of development.  FAMILIARITY _________________________ Imprinting : The process by which certain ___________________ animals form strong attachments during early life & critical periods Once these attachments form, they are difficult to reverse Examples: If you are the first moving creature a duckling observes, the ducklings will form an attachment With you Baby birds will imprint to a variety of moving objects  FAMILIARITY Children ___________ DO NOT imprint but they do become attached to what they know Mere exposure to people and things fosters fondness Children like to reread the same Children prefer to live in the same Children prefer to eat books, rewatch the same movies, familiar neighborhood and attend reenact family traditions familiar foods school with the same old friends Familiarity is a safety signal  ATTACHMENT DIFFERENCES _________________________: Secure Attachment An attachment where a child feels comforted by the presence of their caregiver This is the healthiest form of Example attachment! In their mother’s presence: They play comfortably, happily, exploring their new environment Mother leaves: they become distressed Mother returns: they seek contact with her Produced by sensitive, responsive mothers – those who noticed what their babies were doing and responded appropriately  ATTACHMENT DIFFERENCES _________________________________: Insecure Attachment An attachment that contains elements of mistrust, anxiety, avoidance, and lacks secure base Example In their mother’s presence: They are less likely to explore their new environment and may even cling to their mother Mother leaves: They cry loudly Mother returns: remains upset or is indifferent Produced by insensitive, unresponsive mothers – those who attended to their babies when they felt like doing so but ignored them at other times  ATTACHMENT DIFFERENCES Is attachment style the result of parenting (Nurture) or genetically influenced temperament (Nature)? Twin and developmental studies revealed that heredity matters, but… 100 temperamentally difficult 6 to 9-month-olds were randomly assigned to 1. An experimental group, in which mothers received personal training in sensitive responding 2. A control group, in which they did not Results: at 12 months of age, 68% of the infants in the experimental group were rated securely attached, as were only 28% of the control group infants  ATTACHMENT STYLES & LATER RELATIONSHIPS _____________________: Basic Trust A sense that the I believed that world is predictable and reliable securely attached Coo children approach l na me ? life with a sense of -Formed during infancy by appropriate basic trust experiences with ___________ responsive caregivers -Attributed to parenting, not to environment or inborn temperament Overall idea: infants blessed with sensitive, Loving caregivers form a lifelong attitude of Trust rather than fear Erik Erikson  ATTACHMENT STYLES & LATER RELATIONSHIPS Researchers believe that our ____________________________ early attachments form the ______________________________________________________ foundation for our adult relationships and our comfort with affection and intimacy Adult Styles of Romantic Attachment Secure Attachment Insecure Attachment Secure Anxious Avoidant Trusting and empathetic Constantly crave acceptance Experience discomfort getting close to others and use Able to set appropriate Remain vigilant to signs of avoidant strategies to maintain boundaries possible rejection distance from others Feel safe, stable and satisfied Diminishes social connections Increases openness to and support infidelity and increases conflict  SELF CONCEPT Infancy’s major social achievement is _________________ attachment childhood’s major social achievement is _________________ ___________________: self concept an understanding and assessment of who we are; sense of identity and self awareness REMEMBER Color Nose Mirror Study THIS? WHO AM I? 6 months = Touch mirror image 15-18 months = Touch nose 18-months = “What is that spot doing on my nose?” School age = Gender, group memberships, psychological traits, similarities and differences compared with other kids 8-10 years old = Self-image is quite stable PARENTING STYLES  PARENTING STYLES Do your parents Spank? Do your parents reason with you? Are your parents strict or lax? Do you hug and kiss your parents? Do your parents show little physical affection? How and to what extent does parenting affect children? Psychologists recognize 4 distinct styles of parenting.  PARENTING STYLES Authoritarian Parenting 1. ________________________________________: impose rules and expect unquestioning obedience - control children’s behavior rigidly - show little physical affection/warmth - rarely emotional Why?!? BECAUSE I SAID SO!  AUTHORITARIAN STYLE AUTHORITARIAN Children tend to: - have fewer social skills - Have lower self-esteem higher level of stress ; depression - Have __________________________________________________________________ - Be less trusting of authority figures Children of authoritarian parents are more likely to be withdrawn.  PARENTING STYLES Permissive Parenting 2. _________________________________________: unrestrained; make few demands and use little punishment. They may be indifferent, unresponsive, or unwilling to set limits. - have little control - expect mature behavior but rarely follow through with consequences - act more as a friend than a parent  PERMISSIVE STYLE Permissive Children tend to: - be more aggressive - be immature - be overly dependent & manipulating - Be less trusting of authority figures Lack self-control "self-esteem - ____________________________________________________ But I want it nooowwwww!  PARENTING STYLES 3. _____________________________________: NegligentParenting uninvolved; careless, inattentive, & don’t seek a close relationship with their child Negligent children tend to: Poor Academic Standing - have ______________________________________________ - lack self-esteem - have increased social conflicts  PARENTING STYLES Authoritative Parenting 4. _____________________________________: confrontive; they are both demanding and responsive. I want you to understand there are - provide structure & guidance boundaries and rules in - not overly controlling place because I love you - Listen and explain decisions and want the best for - Clearly demonstrate & you! Enforce rules  AUTHORITARIAN STYLE AUTHORITative Children tend to: - have higher self-esteem - Be more self-reliant socially responsible - Be more _____________________________________________ Which kind of parenting style do you think your parents exhibit? How has it shaped your behavior?  PARENTING STYLES AUTHORITARIAN PERMISSIVE AUTHORITATIVE NEGLIGENT TOO SOFT! JUST RIGHT! TOO HARD!  NOTE THE WORD “CHANGES” INSTEAD OF “DEVELOPMENT” PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE CHANGES  ADOLESCENCE Adolescence _________________________: The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence Starts with the physical beginnings of sexual maturity (puberty) Ends with the social achievement of independent adult status  PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT __________________: Puberty sexual maturation The period of __________________________, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing -Follows a surge of ____________, hormones which may intensify moods and trigger bodily changes HMMM, I’m - ____________ sequence of physical starting to feel changes in puberty are far …different more predictable than ________ timing  PHYSICAL CHANGES GrowthSpurt __________________________ IT VARIES! boys Girls Average Age: 12 Average Age: 11 Adult height is typically reached 6 years after growth spurt  PHYSICAL CHANGES girls Puberty begins - Growth spurt Between 8 - 13 years old - Growth of breasts and pubic hair Average Age= 11 _____________________________ - ___________ Menarche - the first menstrual period  PHYSICAL CHANGES boys Puberty begins - Growth of testes and penis Between - Growth of pubic hair/possibly facial hair 9 - 14 years old - Growth spurt Average Age 12 ____________________________ =  PHYSICAL CHANGES Early versus late maturing has mixed effects on boys Early puberty means we’ll bigger and stronger be _______________________________________ - We tend to be more ___________. popular, self-assured, and independent. But, we’ll also be more likely deviant. and/or _____________________ __________________ sexually aggressive ________________________. We are more at risk for alcohol use, delinquency, and premature sexual activity.  PHYSICAL CHANGES Early versus late maturing can be challenging for girls Early puberty means we’ll be ___________ more socially aware first If our _______________________________________. feeling are out of sync with our emotional maturity and our friends’ physical development/experiences, we may begin associating with older adolescents. We are also more likely to get unwanted attention (teasing ___________________________________ and sexual harrasment) and have more insecurities about _______________________________________ our bodies.  THE TEENAGE BRAIN Frontal lobes continue to develop Growth of myelin enables better communication with other brain regions These developments bring improved judgement, impulse control, and long-term planning What we don’t use we lose! Unused neurons and connections are selectively pruned  THE TEENAGE BRAIN __________________________________________________ Frontal Lobe maturation lags behind emotional limbic system. Why are teens impulsive and emotional? - Puberty’s hormonal surge and limbic system development - Unfinished Frontal Lobes are not fully equipped to make long-term plans, reason, or control impulses - Weigh benefits of risks more heavily - Seek thrills and rewards When will it stop? The Frontal Lobes will continue to mature until about age 25. They will also become better connected with the limbic system, enabling better emotion regulation  COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT ____________________________________________________________ During early teen years reasoning Is often , _______________________________ self focused. Our We are Capable of thinking about our experiences are Grau unique and Our own thinking, and about other people’s parents Will thinking. We can now imagine what others just never are thinking about understand! Us, too! Gradually, teens will begin to reason more abstractly  DEVELOPING REASONING POWER When adolescents achieve Piaget’s _________________________, Formal operational Stage they apply their new ________________ abstract reasoning to the world around them - Think about what is ideally possible and compare that with the imperfect reality of their society, their parents, and themselves - Debate human nature, good and evil, truth and justice - Sense of what's fair changes from simple equality to equity - Reasoning hypothetically and deducing consequences enables them to detect inconsistencies and spot hypocrisy in others’ reasoning MORAL DEVELOPMENT  DEVELOPING REASONING TWO CRUCIAL TASKS OF CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENCE Character refers to the 1. _____________________________ Discern right from wrong psychological “muscles” for develop character 2. ______________________________ controlling impulses JEAN PIAGET Once formal operations are achieved, hypothetical & Deductive reasoning leads to deeper, more meaningful understanding of the world  MORAL DEVELOPMENT __________________________: Lawrence Kohlberg Described the development of moral reasoning - the thinking that occurs as we consider right & wrong - Posed moral dilemmas & asked whether the action was right or wrong RESULTS There are 3 basic levels of moral thinking The stage you’re in doesn’t depend on WHAT you decide to do…it depends on WHY you decided to do it!  MORAL DEVELOPMENT Level 1: ___________________________ preconventional (Ages 1-roughly 9) - Self-interested focus; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards “Snitches get stitches” “Right” and “Wrong” is a great example of behavior depends on preconventional whether or not I will be thought! punished!  MORAL DEVELOPMENT Level 2: ____________________________ conventional (Early adolescence) - Uphold laws & rules to gain social approval or maintain social order - Right behavior helps society & is approved by its members I won’t tell your secret because I want you to like me!  MORAL DEVELOPMENT Level 3: _____________________________ Post conventional (adolescence & Beyond) - Moral reasoning transcends society’s rules; reflects an understanding that rules sometimes need to be changed/ignored - The __________________ most abstract level of morality - can lead to differing perspectives I have personal morals and standards even if others don’t agree!  MORAL DEVELOPMENT Moral Thinking Moral Feeling Moral Action More than thinking; Involves DOING the the brain’s right thing; people emotional centers who engage in light up when doing the right presented with thing develop emotionally driven empathy & moral dilemmas self-discipline. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT/ FORMING AN IDENTITY  STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ⑨ I BELIEVE THAT EACH STAGE OF LIFE HAS ITS OWN PSYCHOSOCIAL TASK, A CRISIS THAT NEEDS RESOLUTION. · ⑧ ① Today's focus Erik Erikson  FORMING AN IDENTITY ____________________________________________________________ To refine their sense of identity , adolescents usually try out ____________________________________________________________ different "selves"In different situations Is “family-me” or Who am i? “friends-me” the real me? What do i want to do with my What values life? should I live by? Am i leader What do i or a follower? believe in?  FORMING AN IDENTITY ___________________: Identity Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles Influences on identity: - Friends - Cliques - Parents - Significant others - Other adults  FORMING AN IDENTITY ____________________________: social Identity The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships Group identities are often formed by how we differ from those around us When living in Britain, I become When surrounded by women, I am conscious of my Americanness mindful of my gender identity When spending time with my Social Identity forms __________________________________ daughter in Africa, I become around distinctiveness – Ethnic conscious of my minority White groups, sexual orientation, race disabilities, etc.  one question : ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY “The closer the system to the individual, the greater the influence” - Urie Bronfenbrenner (1977) Examples: Chrono _______________ Macro_________________ Exo___________________ Meso__________________ Micro__________________  PARENT & PEER RELATIONSHIPS _______________________________________________________ Adolescence is typically a time of diminishing parental influence _______________________________________________________ and growing peer influence. As adolescents in Western cultures seek to form their own identities, they begin to pull away from their parents Positive parent-teen relations and positive peer relations often go hand in hand Teens who felt close to their parents have tended to be healthy and happy and to do well in school Misbehaving teens are more likely to have tense relationships with parents and other adults  PARENT & PEER RELATIONSHIPS __________________________ Heredity (Nature) does much of the heavy lifting in forming individual temperament and personality differences. ____________________________ Peer Influence (Nurture) do much of the rest. Most teens are herd animals - what their friends are they become, what their friends do they do Parents have more influences in shaping religious faith and career choices  EMERGING ADULTHOOD _____________________________ Emerging Adulthood (18 - mid-twenties) : In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task is young adulthood In prosperous communities, it is an increasingly not-yet-settled phase of life Emerging adults have not assumed full adult responsibilities and independence and may feel “in between” ADULTHOOD, OLD AGE, DEATH, & DYING  STUDYING DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY ____________________________: Longitudinal Study research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time Example: Studying language development by testing millie bobby brown over time AGE 3 AGE 9 AGE 18  STUDYING DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Cross-sectional Study ___________________________: a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another VS  ADULTHOOD Although adulthood begins sometime after a person’s mid-twenties, defining adulthood into stages is more difficult than defining stages during childhood or adolescence Early adulthood (roughly twenties and thirties) Middle adulthood (to age 65) Late adulthood (the years after 65) Within each of these stages, people will vary widely in physical, psychological, and social development  PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Our physical abilities – ________________________________ muscular strength, reaction time, ______________ sensory keenness and cardiac output – peak in early adulthood - Men’s Peak = Approximately 27-33 - Women’s Peak = Approximately 18-24 -Mid-twenties – physical abilities begin an almost unnoticeable decline - Early and middle adulthood – physical vigor has less to do with age than with a person’s health and exercise habits  PHYSICAL CHANGES IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD _________________ women Aging brings gradual decline in fertility __________________: Menopause The time of natural cessation of menstruation; the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines - Approximately at age 50 - Reduction in the hormone, estrogen - Stereotypes of emotionality and depressions clash w/ reality - Women’s expectations and attitudes influence emotional impact of menopause PHYSICAL CHANGES IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD men Midlife Crisis ______________________ - No equivalence to menopause is not the same as menopause! - No cessation of fertility - No sharp drop in sex hormones - Gradual decline in sperm count, testosterone level, speed of erection and ejaculation  PHYSICAL CHANGES IN LATE ADULTHOOD Sensory abilities, strength, and stamina _____________, After age To hearing, distance perception, and the sense of smell diminish, as do muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina.  PHYSICAL CHANGES IN LATE ADULTHOOD health The body’s disease- fighting immune system ____________, weakens making the elderly more susceptible to life-threatening ailments such as cancer and pneumonia Thanks to a lifetime’s accumulation of antibodies, people over 65 suffer fewer short-term ailments, such as a common flu and cold viruses exercise slows aging, enhances muscles, bones, and energy, Good news: _________________ and stimulates brain cell development and neural connections!  PHYSICAL CHANGES IN LATE ADULTHOOD The aging brain After 80, neural processes slow down – reaction time, solving perceptual puzzles, speech, and remembering names take a bit more time. Brain regions important to memory and inhibition-control begin to atrophy (degrade). That’s so sad, Don’t worry! darling. The aging brain is plastic ________________________ and will partly compensate for what it loses by recruiting and reorganizing neural networks  COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AGING AND MEMORY Recognition memory does not decline with age, and material that is meaningful is recalled better than meaningless material. The same is true for ____________________ prospective memory recal In this experiment, the ability to _______________ (“remember to …”). new information declined during early and middle adulthood, but the ability to recognize ____________________________ new information did not. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AGING AND MEMORY A number of cognitive abilities __________ decline with age. However, vocabulary and general knowledge ____________ Increase with age.  COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AGING AND INTELLIGENCE Intelligence remains stable until Longitudinal studies Suggest that intelligence later in life Remains relative as we age _____________________________: Fluid Intelligence ⑨ Ability to reason speedily Declines with age _____________________________: Crystallized Intelligence Accumulated knowledge And skills Does not decline with age  COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS With increasing age, the risk of neurocognitive disorders (formerly called dementia) also increases. Small strokes, brain tumors, Alzheimer's disease,and alcohol use disorder can progressively damage the brain and cause this type of mental erosion. This is not a normal part of aging.  COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT _____________________________________ Alzheimer's Disease The risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease also increases with age. Alzheimer’s first deteriorates memory, then reasoning. Individuals who are in the early stages of this disease show more MRI activity in the brain than do normal individuals of the same age.  SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT & ADULT AGES AND STAGE Many differences between the young and old are not simply based on physical and cognitive abilities, but may instead be based on life events associated with family, relationships, and work. Life events trigger transitions to new life stages at varying ages _________________: Social Clock the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement  DEATH & DYING There is no “normal” & reaction or series of grief stages after the death of a loved one. Grief is more sudden if death occurs unexpectedly. People who reach a sense of integrity in life (in Erikson’s terms) see life as meaningful and worthwhile.