Engineering Utilities 1 - Introduction to Electricity PDF

# Engineering Utilities 1 - Introduction to Electricity ## Chapter 1: Introduction to Electricity ### 1. Introduction - Electricity is a form of energy generated by friction, induction, or chemical change. - It has magnetic, chemical, and radiant effects. - It can be described as "Electrons in mo...

# Engineering Utilities 1 - Introduction to Electricity ## Chapter 1: Introduction to Electricity ### 1. Introduction - Electricity is a form of energy generated by friction, induction, or chemical change. - It has magnetic, chemical, and radiant effects. - It can be described as "Electrons in motion." ### 2. History of Electricity - **Thales (600 B.C.E.)**: Documented static electricity by rubbing amber with wool or fur, attracting light objects. - **William Gilbert (1600)**: English physicist known as the "Father of Electricity," who studied "Electric Attraction" and "The Electric Force". - **Otto von Guericke (1663)**: German experimenter who built the first electric generator using friction. - **Stephen Gray (1729)**: British chemist who distinguished between conductors and nonconductors and discovered electricity can flow. - **Ewald Georg von Kleist and Pieter van Musschenbroek (1746)**: Independently invented the Leyden jar, a device for storing electricity. - **Benjamin Franklin (1747)**: Suggested the existence of an electrical fluid and proposed positive and negative charges. - **Benjamin Franklin (1752)**: Conducted the famous kite experiment, proving that lightning and electricity are the same. - **Luigi Galvani (1786)**: Italian anatomy professor who observed that static electricity causes a dead frog's leg to twitch. - **Alessandro Volta (1790)**: Italian physicist who expanded on Galvani's findings and built the voltaic pile, an early type of battery. - **Hans Christian Oersted (1820)**: Danish physicist who discovered that a magnetic field surrounds a current-carrying wire. - **André-Marie Ampère (1820)**: French mathematician who observed that a coil of wires acts like a magnet when electrical current passes through it. - **Dominique Francois Arago and Joseph Henry (1820)**: Arago invented the electromagnet, and Henry demonstrated an electromagnetic device capable of lifting over a thousand pounds.. - **Georg Simon Ohm (1827)**: German college teacher who formulated Ohm's Law, describing the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. - **James Prescott Joule, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, & James Clerk Maxwell (1840s)**: Developed mathematical relationships and rules about electrical circuiting. - **Samuel Morse (1844)**: American who invented the telegraph and Morse Code, using electrical impulses to transmit messages. - **Michael Faraday (1831)**: Englishman who developed a crude electric motor and, independent of Joseph Henry, invented the electric generator. - **Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1880s)**: French engineer who measured the amount of electricity and magnetism generated in a circuit. - **Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan (1870s)**: Developed independently a practical incandescent lamp. Edison is credited as the inventor due to his patent and commercial success. - **Edison Electric Light company (later known as General Electric)**: Demonstrated the use of artificial lighting by powering incandescent streetlights and lamps in major cities. - **Nikola Tesla (1880s)**: American who experimented with generators and discovered the rotating magnetic field, which led to the development of the alternating current generator. - **Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs (1883)**: Announced the first transformer, enabling efficient transmission of alternating current power. - **George Westinghouse (1885)**: Bought the patent rights to Tesla's alternating current system. - **Westinghouse Electrical Company (1886)**: First alternating current power station was placed in operation. - **Westinghouse Electrical Company (1888)**: Introduced the alternating current motor, making it the most common electric motor. - **Niagara Falls Power Plant (1895)**: Large-scale electric power distribution started with the use of water power to generate 5000 horsepower. ### 3. Electricity: Properties and Definitions - **Atoms** consist of: - **Electrons**: Negatively charged particles. - **Protons**: Positively charged particles. - **Neutrons**: Particles with no charge. - **Electrical Charges**: - Atoms with an equal number of electrons and protons are **neutral**. - Atoms with an unequal number of electrons and protons are **electrically charged**. - **Positive Ions**: Fewer electrons than protons. - **Negative Ions**: More electrons than protons. - **Attraction and Repulsion**: - Like charges repel. - Unlike charges attract. - **Orbital Shells**: Electrons revolve around the nucleus in spherical paths called orbital shells. - Each shell has a limited capacity of electrons. - **Valence Shell**: The outermost shell; electrons in this shell determine the electrical properties of a material. - **Classical Theory of Electron Flow**: - Electrical current is electron flow. - Electrons in outer shells have a weaker attraction to the nucleus and are easier to free. - Free electrons make up electrical current flow. - **Modern Theory of Charged Particles**: - Electricity involves the flow of charged subatomic particles. - Electromagnetic forces between these particles cause the flow of electricity. - **Conductor**: A material that conducts electricity well with little resistance. - **Insulator**: Material that resists the flow of electricity. - **Semiconductor**: Material that acts as a conductor at high temperatures and an insulator at low temperatures. - **Electric Current**: The flow of electric force in a conductor through a circuit. It requires: - Source of voltage - A closed loop of wiring - Electric load - Means of opening and closing - **Direct Current (DC)**: Flows in one direction. - **Alternating Current (AC)**: Changes direction continuously. - **Ampere (A)**: The unit of measurement for electric current. - **Voltage (V) or Electromotive Force (EMF)**: The driving force for current flow. - **Resistance**: The opposition to the flow of current. - **Factors that influence Conductor Resistance**: - Composition of the conductor - Cross-sectional area of the wire - Length of the wire - Temperature ## Chapter 2: Applications of Electricity - **Electric Curling Iron**: A 3.9 kW curling iron used for 10 minutes per day equates to 3.9 kWh per week. - **Household Appliances**: Example of calculating the monthly energy consumption using the wattage and daily usage of an electric iron, water heater, and toaster. - **Small Manufacturing Plant**: Example of calculating the monthly energy charge based on a rate schedule that considers energy consumed and peak demand. This summary includes all of the key information for understanding electricity from the provided document.