Mansoura University First Semester 2021-2022 Physics PDF

Mansoura University Faculty of Computers and Information Department of Information Technology First Semester- 2021-2022 [UNI113P] Physics Grade: FIRST - GENERAL Dr. Nehal Sakr; Dr. Fatmaelzahraa Ahmed WHY TO STUDY PHYSICS?  Computer is considered as an electronic equipm...

Mansoura University Faculty of Computers and Information Department of Information Technology First Semester- 2021-2022 [UNI113P] Physics Grade: FIRST - GENERAL Dr. Nehal Sakr; Dr. Fatmaelzahraa Ahmed WHY TO STUDY PHYSICS?  Computer is considered as an electronic equipment that needs the electricity to work.  Every computer component requires an electrical power to be able to run.  This power can be in different forms.  As a computer science student, we should understand the basic electrical and electronic principles besides the awareness of the computer fundamentals, how it works and its internal components. 2 COURSE SYLLABUS 1. Introduction to Basic Electronics for Computer. 2. Basic concepts (e.g., Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, Energy, etc). 3. Basic Laws (e.g., Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Laws, Nodes, Branches, and Loops, Capacitors, Inductors, etc.). 4. Methods of Analysis (Nodal Analysis, and Mesh Analysis). 5. Circuit Theorems (e.g., Linearity Property, Superposition, Thevenin’s Theorem, Norton’s Theorem, etc.). 6. Operational Amplifier 7. Introduction to Electronics (e.g., the atom, materials used in electronic devices). 3 8. Semiconductor (e.g., Conductors and Insulators, N-Type Semiconductors, P-Type Semiconductors, etc.). COURSE SYLLABUS 1. Introduction to Basic Electronics for Computer. 2. Basic concepts (e.g., Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, Energy, etc). 3. Basic Laws (e.g., Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Laws, Nodes, Branches, and Loops, Capacitors, Inductors, etc.). 4. Methods of Analysis (Nodal Analysis, and Mesh Analysis). 5. Circuit Theorems (e.g., Linearity Property, Superposition, Thevenin’s Theorem, Norton’s Theorem, etc.). 6. Operational Amplifier 7. Introduction to Electronics (e.g., the atom, materials used in electronic devices). 4 8. Semiconductor (e.g., Conductors and Insulators, N-Type Semiconductors, P-Type Semiconductors, etc.). GRADING  Quizzes: 10  Midterm exam: 10  Practical exam: 10  Oral exam: 10  Final: 60 5  CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC ELECTRONICS FOR COMPUTER 6 OUTLINE  Electricity and Energy Foundation  Conductors and Insulators  Electrical Quantities  Components: Active and Passive  Integrated Circuit (IC)  Semiconductor Memory  Power Supply  Printed Circuit Board (PCB)  Soldering/Desoldering 7 ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY FOUNDATION  Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric charge.  Electric charge is a fundamental physical property of matter.  The forms of matter are: solid, liquid, and gases which are made up of atoms.  Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of all molecules.  The center of an atom is called the nucleus.  Atoms consist of three subatomic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/keit101.pdf ▪ Protons are found in the center of the atom, with a charge of +1 and a mass of 1 atomic mass unit, which is approximately equal to 1.66×10-27 kg. ▪ Electrons are found in the periphery of the atom and have a charge of -1. They are much smaller than protons and their mass is 1/1836 amu that is about 9.109×10−31 kg. ▪ The positively charged protons attract negatively charged electrons, hence holding the atomic structure.  The steady flow of electrons is called current. Current is what flows through electrical wires and powers8 electronics items, from light bulbs to televisions. CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS  The materials can be categorized as insulators or conductors based on its physical property known as resistivity.  In the insulator, the electric charge does not flow freely from one atom to another due to high resistivity. ▪ These materials hold their electrons very tightly and do not allow the movement of the electrons through them very well. ▪ Examples: plastic, cloth, glass, and dry air are good insulators and have very high resistance.  In the conductor, the electric charge flows freely from one atom to another due to low resistivity. ▪ In these materials, the electrons that are loosely held can move very easily. ▪ Examples: copper, and aluminium, are good conductors of electricity.. Conductor https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/keit101.pdf 9 Insulator ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES  Current, voltage, and resistance are the three basic building blocks of electrical and electronics.  The figure shows the representation of these electrical quantities by a simple example of an electric circuit. https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/keit101.pdf  An electric circuit is a type of network that has a closed loop, which provides a return path for the current. ▪ The voltage: the amount of work required to move one coulomb charge from one point to another point. the potential difference between two points. 𝑣 = ∆𝑤/∆𝑞 ▪ The current: the movement of electric charge through a conductive medium. 𝑖 = ∆𝑞/∆𝑡 ▪ The resistance: it resists the flow of electrons and hence electric current in the circuit.  The material’s ability to conduct charge is called electrical conductance where the unit for conductance is 10 siemens (S). COMPONENTS: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE  An electronic circuit is composed of various components.  Electronic components usually have two or more leads, which can be fitted into the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) to form a working electric circuit.  Electronic components are mainly classified into two classes: active and passive components. https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/keit101.pdf ▪ Active components produce energy in the form of voltage or current. They require an external source for their operation. They have an analog electronic filter with the ability to amplify a signal or produce a power gain. Examples: diode, transistors. ▪ Passive components do not generate energy, but can store it or dissipate it. Examples: resistors, inductors, capacitors and transformers that together are needed to build any electrical/electronic circuit. 11 COMPONENTS: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE (CONT.)  The basic material used to manufacture active components is a semiconductor.  So, Let we have some basics about semiconductors: ▪ Semiconductor are materials whose conductivity is between that of conductors and insulators. ▪ Electronic devices are made up of semiconductor material. https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/keit101.pdf ▪ Semiconductors are of two types, which are as follows: o Intrinsic (pure): the semiconductor that does not contain any other impurity atom. o Extrinsic (impure): When impurity atoms are added in the pure (intrinsic) form of semiconductor. P-type semiconductor: when trivalent impurity atom is added. N-type semiconductor: when pentavalent impurity atom is added. 12 ACTIVE COMPONENTS: DIODE  It is an electronic device which allows current to flow easily in circuit.  The most common form of diode is P-N junction diode.  Diode passes current only in one direction, therefore it is also known as unidirectional. 13  There are various types of diodes such as crystal diode, light emitting diode (LED). ACTIVE COMPONENTS:TRANSISTOR https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-transistor-2698913  It is an active semiconductor device that has two P-N junctions which amplify electric current and voltage.  It is a three layer semiconducting device, with three terminals, and two junctions where two layers touch each other. https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/keit101.pdf  There are variety of transistor types such as bipolar junction transistor (BJT), field-effect transistor (FET), etc.  In the BJT, the three terminals can be classified as emitter, base, collector (as shown in the above figure) while in FET they are named source, drain, and gate. 14 PASSIVE COMPONENTS: RESISTOR  It opposes movement of electrons or it controls the amount of current flow in the circuit. This opposition is known as resistance.  Colour bands on a resistor represent the resistance values where there are 4-band, 5-band, and 6-band resistors.  For example, in a 4-band resistor, the first and the second band represent the numerical value of the resistor, the third band is a multiplier to the power of ten, and the fourth band is the tolerance level.  In a 5-band resistor, first three bands represent significant digit, fourth band represents multiplier, and fifth band represents tolerance.  Each colour on the colour coded resistor has the specific value as per the colour scheme. 15 PASSIVE COMPONENTS: RESISTOR (CONT.)  There is also alphanumerically coded (surface mounted) resistors that are rectangular in shape.  The first two or three numbers on the surface mount resistor represent significant digits the last digit represents the number of zeros that should follow. https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/keit101.pdf 16 PASSIVE COMPONENTS: RESISTOR (CONT.)  There are two types of resistors:  Fixed resistors: They have definite or fixed resistance values. https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/keit101.pdf  Variable Resistors: The resistors whose resistance value can be changed. They have three terminals out of which two are connected to the ends of the track and a third terminal is connected to the wiper. The motion of the wiper allows increase and decrease of resistance. https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/keit101.pdf 17 https://dlb.sa.edu.au/rehsmoodle/file.php/466/kpsec.freeuk.com/vres.htm https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/fading-led-with-potentiometer-using-arduino/ PASSIVE COMPONENTS: CAPACITOR  It is a passive electronic component used to store electric charge in the form of an electric field where unit for measuring capacitance is farad (F).  It has two parallel plates and between these plates, energy is stored.  It can also be marked with colour bands to denote value. https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/keit101.pdf The first two bands are the first and second digits whereas the third band denotes the multiplier. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305115547_Niobium_and_tantalum_geology_mineralogy_geochemistry_industrial_applications_and_emphasis_in_Egypt The parameters of capacitor are maximum voltage, capacitance, and tolerance.  There are also other reading schemes of the capacitors.  The amount of charge in capacitor can be calculated by equation: 𝑞 = 𝑐 × 𝑣  There are various types of capacitors based on the type Capacitance value 4700 micro 18 of material used between its plates. farad and maximum voltage value of 10 V https://www.kemisa.es/en/electronics-tutorials/49-color-coding-of-resistors-and-capacitors.html Fixed capacitors, variable capacitors, etc. PASSIVE COMPONENTS: INDUCTOR  It is a two terminal electrical component which resists changes in electric current where the value of inductance is measured in henry (H).  In an inductor, copper wire is used which is wound on a plastic or ferromagnetic material in the form of a coil.  When current flows through the coil, a magnetic field is set that in turn restricts the flow of current. https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/keit101.pdf  The types of inductors are— air core inductor, ferromagnetic core inductor, and variable inductor. 19 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CbF4q8RqhnU&ab_channel=WalidIssa PASSIVE COMPONENTS:TRANSFORMER  It is an electric unit that transfers energy between two circuits using electromagnetic induction.  It does not change the frequency of applied AC signal. It either steps-up or steps- down it.  Based on the purpose, there are different types of transformers such as power transformers, audio transformers, etc. https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/keit101.pdf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYJ9XPkpbAI&ab_channel=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1 20 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)  Digital ICs are used in computers and computer networks.  An IC is a combination of electronic components on a single piece (or ‘chip’) of semiconductor material.  It has a large number of tiny transistors on a small chip and results in circuits that are smaller, cheaper, and faster.  It also has a number of pins. https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/keit101.pdf 21 SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY  Semiconductor memories are electronic data storage devices (store applications and data) that is fabricated on IC.  This storage can be temporary or permanent, as required by a computer and/or its user.  There are two types of memory: ▪ Primary: includes random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM)) and ▪ Secondary: includes hard disk drive, CD/DVD, etc. https://www.avast.com/c-what-is-ram-memory https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/keit101.pdf 22 (a) RAM, (b) ROM POWER SUPPLY  It is an electrical device which provides operating voltage to the computer.  The electronic components inside the computer require very low DC voltage.  The various types of power supply used in computing are DC power supply, AC power supply, linear regulated power supply, batteries, uninterrupted power supply, and switched mode power supply (SMPS).  Regarding the AC and DC power supplies, AC power supply is converted to DC before transmitting it to any device.  For this purpose, a rectifier circuit is used which ensures that the current does not reverse its direction. Standby or offline UPS https://ncert.nic.in/vocational /pdf/keit101.pdf UPS is an electronic device which supplies power to a https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/ke it101.pdf load when the mains supply or input power source fails. This is a device that converts chemical https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer) SMPS is the board on which electronic components energy directly to electrical energy. are assembled for the regulation of electric power. PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB)  This is used to electrically connect various components using tracks, pads, etc.  Internally, all the components are connected, which reduces the complexity of the circuit.  It can be found in many electronics devices like: TV, mobile, digital camera, computers parts like—graphic cards, motherboard, etc. https://www.pcbunlimited.com/blog/in-case-you-didnt-know-printed-circuit-boards-are-in-almost-everything/ SOLDERING/DESOLDERING  Soldering: is the process of melting a metal onto other metal components in order to bind them.  A softer metal with a lower melting point is used to connect components.  Because soldering does not melt components, it is useful for delicate applications, such as electronics works.  Solder can be thought of as a sort of ‘metal glue’.  It can be used to fill in gaps or hold pieces in place, but https://www.protoexpress.com/blog/how-to-achieve-perfect-pcb-soldering/ https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/keit101.pdf does not serve any more complicated purpose.  Since solder is metallic, it conducts electricity, which is another reason for it being widely used for connecting electronic components.  Desoldering: is the process of removing the solder and components from PCB for troubleshooting, repair, or replacement. Thank you ☺ 29