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www.shsph.blogspot.com Senior High School Philippine Politics and Governance Quarter 1 – Module 2: Political Ideologies www.shsph.blogspot.com Philippine Politics and Governance – Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 2: Political Ideologies F...

www.shsph.blogspot.com Senior High School Philippine Politics and Governance Quarter 1 – Module 2: Political Ideologies www.shsph.blogspot.com Philippine Politics and Governance – Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 2: Political Ideologies First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Nicolas T. Capulong, PhD, CESO V Ronelo Al K. Firmo, PhD, CESO V Librada M. Rubio, PhD Development Team of the Module Writers: Rochelle G. Tuliao Christian C. Linsangan Anna Maria G. Mejia Content Editors: Angelica M. Burayag, PhD Erwin C. Pagtalunan Reviewers: Eva Fe F. Taclibon, PhD Sergio B. Gonzales Language Editor: Ann Christian A. Francisco Illustration/ Layout Editor: Bryan Balintec Illustrator: Neil John L. Supan Layout Artist: Ric Jayson M. Santos Management Team: Nicolas T. Capulong, PhD, CESO V Librada M. Rubio, PhD Angelica M. Burayag, PhD Ma. Editha R. Caparas, EdD Nestor P. Nuesca, EdD Marie Ann C. Ligsay, PhD Jayne M. Garcia, EdD Beverly T. Mangulabnan, PhD Eva Fe F. Taclibon, PhD Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Region III Office Address: Matalino St., D.M. Government Center, Maimpis, City of San Fernando Telefax: (045) 598-8580 to 89 E-mail Address: [email protected] www.shsph.blogspot.com Senior High School Philippine Politics and Governance Quarter 1 – Module 2: Political Ideologies www.shsph.blogspot.com Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance – Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Political Ideologies! This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. ii www.shsph.blogspot.com For the learner: Welcome to the Philippine Politics and Governance – Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Political Ideologies! The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module. What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module. What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one. What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation. What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson. What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns. iii www.shsph.blogspot.com Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency. Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts. Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module. At the end of this module you will also find: References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! iv www.shsph.blogspot.com What I Need to Know The scope of this module will help you understand the meaning of ideology and political ideologies. The basic tenets or doctrines of different political ideologies will be presented on this lesson. The functions of political ideologies will be enumerated and explained. The political ideologies will be compared to the different perspectives on the state. At the end of the module, you will be able to relate the concepts that you have learned with your everyday life by recognizing how political ideologies bring about social change and impact on the social and political life of Filipinos. The module has one lesson, namely: Lesson 1 – Political Ideologies After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. identify the basic tenets of major political ideologies (i.e., liberalism, conservatism, socialism); 2. differentiate the political ; and 3. analyze how political ideologies impact on the social and political life of Filipino. 1 www.shsph.blogspot.com What I Know MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. It refers to a system of belief about how society should function, behave, and operate. a. Ideology b. Philosophy c. Psychology d. Theology 2. Which of the following is NOT a function of political ideology? a. It creates laws in order to achieve a perfect society. b. It offers an account of existing order by examining what works and what does not work. c. It outlines how political change or the desired social order can be achieved. d. It provides a model of a desired social order, a vision of Good Society 3. It is the set of political beliefs emphasizing individual rights and liberties. a. Conservatism b. Liberalism c. Socialism d. None of the above 4. What set of political beliefs emphasizes preservation of customs and traditions that define the character of a society? a. Conservatism b. Liberalism c. Socialism d. None of the above 5. Which of the following describes a set of political beliefs emphasizing community and social equality? a. Conservatism b. Liberalism c. Socialism d. None of the above 6. Which of the following is NOT a key idea of Liberalism? a. Fraternity b. Freedom c. Individualism d. Reason 2 www.shsph.blogspot.com 7. It is the core principle of Liberalism. a. Fraternity b. Freedom c. Individualism d. Reason 8. What key idea of Liberalism is being described in the statement below? It is a desire to ensure that each person is able to act as he or she pleases or chooses. a. Fraternity b. Freedom c. Individualism d. Reason 9. Which is true about the key ideas of Conservatism? a. Authority, Consent, Human imperfection, Pragmatism, Tradition b. Authority, Equality ,Human imperfection, Pragmatism, Tradition c. Authority, Human imperfection, Pragmatism , Property, Tradition d. Consent, Human imperfection, Pragmatism, Tradition, Toleration 10. What belief states that action should be shaped by practical circumstances and practical goals, or simply by “what works”? a. Authority b. Freedom c. Individualism d. Pragmatism 11. The key idea of Socialism that emphasizes on nurture over nature. a. Community b. Fraternity c. Social Class d. Social Equality 12. The key idea of Conservatism that reflects the accumulated wisdom of the past, institutions and practices that have been ‘tested by time’, and advocates that it should be preserved. a. Laws b. Norms c. Religion d. Tradition 13. Which is NOT a key idea of liberalism on reason? a. Belief in progress and the capacity of human beings to resolve their differences through debate and argument b. Belief in the supreme importance of the human c. Faith in the ability of individuals to make wise judgments d. Individuals as the best judges of their own interests 3 www.shsph.blogspot.com 14. It is the central value of Socialism. a. Fraternity b. Freedom c. Individualism d. Social Equality 15. A political ideology that prefers cooperation over competition and favors collectivism over individualism. a. Communism b. Conservatism c. Liberalism d. Socialism 4 www.shsph.blogspot.com Lesson 1 Political Ideologies In order to understand the different issues in politics and governance, it is important to recognize the various frameworks, theories and political ideologies involved. What’s In Find the words that are related to political science. Write as many words as you can. Answer should be written on a separate sheet of paper. R T C H A R T E R R O S E A L L E G I A N C E U D O N T E O R S B A L L O T Q N H U I S Y U J I N D E P E N D E N C E G C I T I Z E N S D G I M E D I C T A T O R F F G F R E E D O M C J I O B N E R T A U T O N O M Y F H S D F K D K G U E X I L E G H J K I O P F G D M H J S S L E X E C U T I V E D U I L P O L L G X C S D O D F G H J C O N Y I D P R E S I D E N T P A A R I S T O C R A C Y B A L A N C E N U I O P S L I B E R T Y Y U I K L E G I S L A T U R E Notes to the Teacher Now that you have understood the concepts of politics and governance, you may now proceed to the next lesson. 5 www.shsph.blogspot.com What’s New What idea or concept is being depicted by this picture? In 3-4 sentences give your insights about it. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 6 www.shsph.blogspot.com What is It Meaning of Ideology Ideology according to Heywood (2007) refers to a system of beliefs about how society should function, behave, and operate. He further explains that from a social-scientific viewpoint, an ideology is a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides a basis for organized political action, whether this is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow the existing system of power relationships. Functions of Political Ideology Political ideologies are very important in a society. Heywood (2007) also described the following functions of political ideology: (1) It offers an account of the existing order by examining what works and what does not work, as well as other various issues and problems that the state and the broader society are confronted with. (2) It provides a model of a desired social order, a vision of the Good Society. (3) It outlines how political change or the desired social order can be achieved. Major Political Ideologies There are many political ideologies. On this module we will concentrate more on these three major political ideologies. These are the Liberalism, Conservatism, and Socialism. Heywood (2007) explained the key ideas under these ideologies. Read his explanations below: Liberalism Liberalism pertains to set of political beliefs emphasizing individual rights and liberties. Its key ideas are the following: Key Ideas of Liberalism 1. Individualism: It is the core principle of liberal ideology. Individualism is further explained as: 7 www.shsph.blogspot.com ❖ belief in the supreme importance of the human ❖ human beings are seen with equal moral worth; they possess separate and unique identities ❖ the liberal goal is to construct a society within which individuals can flourish and develop 2. Freedom: Individual freedom or liberty is the core value of liberalism. Under freedom are the following features: ❖ desire to ensure that each person is able to act as he or she pleases or chooses ❖ advocate ‘freedom under the law’, as they recognize that one person’s liberty may be a threat to the liberty of others 3. Reason: Liberals believe that the world has a rational structure, and that this can be uncovered through the exercise of human reason and by critical enquiry. Furthermore, the key idea of reason favors the following: ❖ faith in the ability of individuals to make wise judgments; ❖ individuals as the best judges of their own interests; ❖ belief in progress and the capacity of human beings to resolve their differences through debate and argument, rather than bloodshed and war. 4. Equality: This refers to the belief that individuals are ‘born equal’, at least in terms of moral worth. Liberalism has strong commitment to equal rights namely: ❖ legal equality (‘equality before the law’); ❖ political equality (‘one person, one vote; one vote, one value’). 5. Toleration: It means willingness to allow others to think, speak and act in ways which they disapprove. This promotes debate and intellectual progress. 6. Consent: It will advocate that authority and social relationships should always be based on consent or willing agreement. Under this idea, the government must therefore be based on the ‘consent of the governed’. Authority is always grounded in legitimacy. 8 www.shsph.blogspot.com Conservatism Conservatism refers to set of political beliefs based on preservation of customs and traditions that define the character of a society. Here are the key ideas of conservatism: Key Ideas of Conservatism 1. Tradition: It is the central theme of conservative thought or ‘the desire to conserve’. It respects established customs and institutions that have endured through time. Tradition reflects the accumulated wisdom of the past, and institutions and practices that have been ‘tested by time’, and it should be preserved for the benefit of the living and for generations yet to come. 2. Pragmatism: It is the belief that action should be shaped by practical circumstances and practical goals, that is, by ‘what works’. 3. Human imperfection: In this view, human beings are limited, dependent, and security-seeking creatures, drawn to the familiar and the tried and tested. Human beings are needing to live in stable and orderly communities. The maintenance of order requires a strong state, the enforcement of strict laws, and stiff penalties. 4. Authority: Conservatives hold that, to some degree, authority is always exercised ‘from above’, providing leadership, guidance and support for those who lack the knowledge, experience or education to act wisely in their own interests. Authority and leadership are seen as resulting from experience and training. 5. Property: Conservatives see property ownership as being vital because it gives people security and a measure of independence from government, and it encourages them to respect the law and the property of others. Socialism Socialism is defined as set of political beliefs emphasizing community and social equality that adheres to the following ideas: Key Ideas of Socialism 1. Community: The core of socialism is the vision of human beings as social creatures linked by the existence of a common humanity. It highlights the importance of community, and the degree to which individual identity is fashioned 9 www.shsph.blogspot.com by social interaction and membership of social groups and collective bodies. Socialists are inclined to emphasize nurture over nature, and to explain individual behavior mainly in terms of social factors, rather than innate qualities. 2. Fraternity: It is sharing a common humanity. Humans are bound together by a sense of comradeship or fraternity (literally meaning ‘brotherhood’, but broadened in this context to embrace all humans). Socialism prefers cooperation over competition and favors collectivism over individualism. Cooperation enables people to harness their collective energies/strengthens the bonds of community. 3. Social equality is the central value of socialism: It emphasizes equality of outcome as opposed to equality of opportunity. The measure of social equality is looked upon as guarantee of social stability and cohesion. 4. Need is of primary importance in Socialism: It is the belief that material benefits should be distributed on the basis of need, rather than simply on the basis of merit or work: ‘From each according to his ability, to each according to his need’. The satisfaction of basic needs (hunger, thirst, shelter, health, personal security and so on) is a prerequisite for a worthwhile human existence and participation in social life. 5. Social class: Socialism has traditionally been associated with the interests of an oppressed and exploited working class - regarded the working class as an agent of social change. The socialist goal is the eradication of economic and social inequalities, or their substantial reduction. 6. Common ownership: The socialist case for common ownership is that it is a means of harnessing material resources to the common good, with private property being seen to promote selfishness, acquisitiveness and social division. 10 www.shsph.blogspot.com Different Ideologies and their Perspectives on the State Socialism, Liberalism and Conservatism are political ideologies that have different perspective or view on the state. According to Mendoza and Melegrito (2016) have the following explanations: Political Ideologies Perspective on the state Socialism Considers the state as embodiment of the common good and approves government intervention in implementing laws concerning the welfare of the citizens. Cooperation is more important than competition Liberalism Views the state as a tool or instrument of social order Recognizes the state in providing equal opportunities to all citizens. Conservatism Links the state with the need to provide authority and discipline in order to protect society from chaos and social disorder. What’s More ACTIVITY 1 Understanding the Political Ideologies A. Fill in the table with the needed information. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Political Major Features Strengths Weaknesses Ideologies 11 www.shsph.blogspot.com B. Based from your answers on the table above, which do you think is the best ideology that fits in the Philippines? Explain your answer concisely. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ What I Have Learned Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Based on your understanding, explain the word ideology. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 2. Why is it important to have a certain ideology in the society? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 12 www.shsph.blogspot.com ________________________________________________________________________ 3. How do ideologies bring about social change? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ What I Can Do If you were given a chance to be part of the government, what kind of political ideologies would you prefer? Tell us about it briefly. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Note: You will be graded using these rubrics for all the essay questions. 5 4 3 2 1 CATEGORY EXCELLENT VERY AVERAGE NEEDS UNACCEPTABLE GOOD IMPROVEMENT Ideas This paper is This paper is The writer is Topic is not well- Yet, the paper has clear and mostly beginning to defined and/or no clear sense of focused. It focused and define the there are too purpose or central holds the has some topic, even many topics. theme. To extract reader's good details though meaning from the attention. and quotes. development is text, the reader Relevant still basic or must make details and general. inferences based quotes enrich 13 www.shsph.blogspot.com the central on sketchy or theme. missing details. Organization The Paper (and The Sentences within The writing lacks a organization paragraphs) organizational paragraphs make clear sense of enhances and are mostly structure is sense, but the direction. Ideas, showcases the organized, in strong enough order of details, or events central idea or order, and to move the paragraphs does seem strung theme. The makes sense reader through not. together in a loose order, to the reader. the text without or random fashion; structure of too much there is no information is confusion. identifiable internal compelling and structure. moves the reader through the text. Sentence The writing The writing The text hums The text seems The reader has to Fluency has an easy mostly flows, along with a choppy and is not practice quite a bit flow, rhythm, and usually steady beat, easy to read in order to give this and cadence. invites oral but tends to be orally. paper a fair Sentences are reading. more interpretive well built, with businesslike reading. strong and than musical, varied more structure that mechanical invites than fluid. expressive oral reading. Conventions The writer The write The writer The writer seems Errors in spelling, demonstrates understands shows to have made little punctuation, a good grasp of good writing reasonable effort to use capitalization, standard conventions control over a conventions: usage, and writing and usually limited range of spelling, grammar and/or conventions uses them standard punctuation, paragraphing (e.g., spelling, correctly. writing capitalization, repeatedly distract punctuation, Paper is conventions. usage, grammar the reader and capitalization, easily read, Conventions and/or make the text grammar, and errors are sometimes paragraphing difficult to read. usage, are rare; handled well have multiple paragraphing) minor touch- and enhance errors. and uses ups would get readability; at conventions this piece other times, effectively to ready to errors are enhance publish. distracting and readability. impair readability. Presentation The form and The format The writer's The writer's The reader receives presentation of only has a message is message is only a garbled message the text few mistakes understandable understandable due to problems enhances the and is in this format. occasionally, and relating to the ability for the generally easy paper is messily presentation of the reader to to read and written. text and is not understand pleasing to typed. and connect the eye. with the message. It is pleasing to the eye. 14 www.shsph.blogspot.com Source: https://www.uen.org/rubric/previewRubric.html?id=20123 Retrieved on August 06, 2020 Assessment TRUE OR FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise. Write your answer on a separate sheet. 1. Ideology refers to a system or beliefs about how society should function, behave, and operate. 2. One of the functions of political ideology is to provide a model of a desired social order, a vision of the Good Society. 3. Liberalism pertains to set of political beliefs emphasizing community and social equality. 4. Freedom is one of the key ideas of Conservatism. 5. Liberals believe that the world has a rational structure 6. Individualism is the core principle of Liberal ideology. 7. Freedom is the core value of liberalism. 8. Authority is one of the key ideas of Socialism. 9. Socialist regarded the working class as an agent of social change. 10. Tradition, toleration, and human imperfection are key ideas of Conservatism. 11. Social equality is the central value of socialism. 12. Socialism prefers cooperation over competition. 13. Individualism is a belief in the supreme importance of the human. 14. Common ownership, fraternity and social class are key ideas of liberalism. 15. Tradition is the central theme of Socialism. 15 www.shsph.blogspot.com Additional Activities Draw or make a sketch of your dream society. Consider at least one of the Political Ideologies. Put your drawing on a long bond paper. CRITERIA FOR THE DRAWING Relevance to the theme------------------------------------ 25% Creativity and originality---------------------------------- 25% Neatness and organization-------------------------------- 25% Overall impression of the drawing----------------------- 25% ____________ 100% Theme: “My Dream Society” 16  17 What I Know Assessment 1. A 1. True 2. A 2. True 3. B 3. False 4. A 4. False 5. C 5. True 6. D 6. True 7. C 7. True 8. B 8. False 9. C 9. True 10. D 10. False 11. A 11. True 12. D 12. True 13. B 13. True 14. D 14. False 15. D 15. False Answer Key www.shsph.blogspot.com www.shsph.blogspot.com References n.d. Basic Essay Writing Rubric. Accessed August 6, 2020. https://www.uen.org/rubric/previewRubric.html?id=20123. Heywood, Andrew. 2007. Politics. 3rd Edition. Mendoza, D. and Melegrito M. 2016. Politics Without Borders. Pawilen, R.A. et.al. 2017. Philippine Politics and Governance. 1st Edition. 18 www.shsph.blogspot.com For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education Region III- Learning Resources Management Section (DepEd Region III-LRMS) Office Address: Diosdado Macapagal Government Center Maimpis, City of San Fernando (P)