Benign And Malignant Conditions Of The Cervix And Vulva PDF
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Stellenbosch University
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Summary
This document provides an overview of benign and malignant conditions affecting the cervix and vulva. It covers infections, anatomical disorders, benign tumors, such as Nabothian cysts and cervical polyps, and premalignant and malignant lesions like squamous cell carcinoma. The document also touches on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions.
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BENIGN AND MALIGNANT CONDITIONS OF THE CERVIX AND VULVA THE CERVIX ◦ Infections ◦ Benign tumours ◦ Acute cervicitis ◦ Nabothian cyst ◦ Chronic cervicitis ◦ Cervical polyp ◦ Fungal ◦ Cervical Leiomyoma ◦ Tuberculosis ◦...
BENIGN AND MALIGNANT CONDITIONS OF THE CERVIX AND VULVA THE CERVIX ◦ Infections ◦ Benign tumours ◦ Acute cervicitis ◦ Nabothian cyst ◦ Chronic cervicitis ◦ Cervical polyp ◦ Fungal ◦ Cervical Leiomyoma ◦ Tuberculosis ◦ Endometriosis ◦ Cervical papilloma ◦ Premalignant lesions ◦ Anatomical disorders ◦ Squamous intra‐epithelial lesion ◦ Cervical incompetence ◦ Oncogenesis ◦ Cervical stenosis ◦ Cervical tears ◦ Malignant lesions ◦ Squamous Carcinoma ◦ Adenocarcinoma INFECTIONS Cervicitis ◦ Non‐specific acute or chronic inflammation ◦ Often caused by bacterial or fungal Infections ◦ Associated with discharge ANATOMICAL DISORDERS Cervical incompetence ◦ can be caused by surgical intervention like cone biopsies and may lead to miscarriage and premature labour Cervical stenosis ◦ often caused by surgical intervention or in older post‐menopausal women BENIGN TUMOURS Nabothian follicle ◦ A blocked gland filled with mucus on the surface of the cervix or cervical canal Cervical Polyps ◦ Polyps form the endo‐cervical epithelium ◦ Papilloma – Squamous epithelium on a stalk Cervical endometriosis ◦ A lesion made of endometrial glands occurs on the cervix. It is usually asymptomatic. Cervical leiomyoma ◦ Leiomyoma from the muscle layer of the uterus PREMALIGNANT LESIONS Etiology Always associated with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection HPV infection is associated with sexual activity ◦ early age at first intercourse ◦ reduced immunity ◦ number of sexual partners ◦ Cigarette smoking Cervical Transformation Zone Squamous epithelium METAPLASTIC PROCESS Squamocolumnar Junction (SCJ) Endocervical epithelium Reserve cell hyperplasia Immature metaplasia Reserve cells Mature squamous metaplasia with new SCJ Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) ◦ Genital warts = condylomata (mostly vulva but also vagina and cervix) ◦ HPV6, & 11 cause benign warts ◦ Non condylomatous infection (no visible warts) also occurs in vulva, vagina and cervix ◦ Characteristic morphological features: ◦ Koilocytosis under microscope (cytoplasmic vacuolation) ◦ Precancer (Cervical Intra‐epithelial Neoplasia or CIN) can be caused by many types of HPV ◦ Oncogenic strains like 16,18,45 cause cancer CIN, Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; HPV, human papillomavirus Reproduced with permission from Crow JM. Nature 2012; 488: S2–S3 VGBU/CER/0025/14a MALIGNANT CONDITIONS Microinvasive carcinoma ◦ CIN III breaks through BM to a depth of
