9&10.pdf

III. LEPROSY II. TUBERCULOSIS - Other name: Hansen’s Disease - Infectious bacteria disease characterized by growth of nodules in tissues, especially the lungs Cause:...

III. LEPROSY II. TUBERCULOSIS - Other name: Hansen’s Disease - Infectious bacteria disease characterized by growth of nodules in tissues, especially the lungs Cause: Mycobacterium Leprae Cause: - Mainly affects the skin, nerves and mucous Mycobacterium Tuberculosis membranes - Only lives in humans - Chronic bacterial disease of the skin, nerves - Small airborne droplets carrying the in the hands and feet, lining of the nose organism to pulmonary air spaces Clinical Features of Oral Leprosy: Clinical Features: 1. Well defined red macule 1. Low grade fever 2. Purple papules on hard palate 2. Night sweats 3. Multiple papules and nodules on dorsal 3. Fatigue tongue 4. Weight loss 4. Ulcer on hard palate 5. Persistent cough - May cause skin problems, loss of feeling 6. Blood in sputum and paralysis of the hands and feet 7. Chills 8. Loss of appetite Clinical Features: - One or more hypopigmented skin macules Signs and Symptoms: - Leonine Facies: skin discoloration due to - The oral manifestation of TB may present medication to treat infection as ulcerative, painless lesion in palate,lips - May lead to iritis or loss of vision unless or tongue accompanied by persistent treated early cervical lymphadenopathy Multidrug Therapy (MDT) Differential Diagnosis: - Cornerstone of leprosy - Squamous cell carcinoma - Prevents disabilities through early - Trauma ulcers - For the purpose of treatment. Leprosy is - Aphthous stomatitis divided into 2 types: - Syphilis ulcers a. Pauci-Bacillary (PB) Leprosy: - Actinomycosis Rifampicin & Dapsone: - 6 months Pulmonary Consumption - 1-5 skin lesions - Tuberculosis of the lungs b. - Most common form of TB c. Multi-Bacillary (MB) Leprosy: - Most infectious form Rifampicin, Clofazimine & Dapsone: Scrofula - 12 months - TB of cervical lymph nodes Pneumothorax IV. ACTINOMYCOSIS - Collapse of a lung - Other name: Lumpy Jaw Treatment: - long term (chronic) bacterial infection, affects face - Patient takes antibiotics for 6-12 months to and neck completely destroy the bacteria - Rifater: contains all of the medicine needed Cause: Actinomyces Israelii Standard “short” treatment if active for - Anaerobic bacteria (2 months): - Not disease causing organism found in - Isoniazid nose and throat - Rifampicin - Pyrazinamide Forms: - Ethambutol 1. Cervicofacial - most common, occurs in Further four months after 2 months med: mouth, neck and head region - Isoniazid and Rifampicin alone 2. Abdominal - appendix or large bowel and Latent TB for 6-9 months: liver - Isoniazid alone 3. Thoracic - lungs and mediastinum 4. Pelvic - women pelvic area Symptoms: Signs and Symptoms in Men: 1. Draining sores in skin 1. Burning sensation when urinating or white, 2. Fever yellow or green discharge from penis 3. Minimal or no pain 2. Painful or swollen testicles - May have no symptoms Radiographic Features: - Symptoms appear 2-5 days after infection - Marked destruction of the bone - Can take as long as 30 days to appear - Common cause is dental abscess Signs and Symptoms in Women: Treatment: 1. Painful or burning sensation when urinating - Antibiotics for several months to a year 2. Increased vaginal discharge - Surgical drainage of lesion may be needed 3. Vaginal bleeding between periods Signs and Symptoms of Rectal Infection in Men and Women: V. CANCRUM ORIS 1. Discharge, anal itching, soreness, bleeding - Other name: NOMA, Gangrenous Stomatitis or painful bowel movements - Rare disorder characterized by gangrenous sores 2. Rectal infection: that spreads rapidly and usually start in mouth or lip - No symptoms - Occurs in undernourished living poor, unhygienic 3. Throat infection: conditions, 2-5 years of age - Sore throat, usually no symptoms Cause: Oral Lesions: Fusospirochetal Organisms: 1. Round, slightly elevated, gray-white spots - Bacterial infection scattered over the tongue, soft palate, cheeks, tonsils, oropharynx Symptoms: 2. Lesions become eroded 1. Inflammation of gums and inner cheeks 3. Pseudomembranes may be present 2. Inflammatory ulcerates if not treated 4. Flu-like stomatitis or pharyngitis 3. Foul-smelling discharge causing breath 5. Secretions, bleeding in gingiva odor and odor to the skin 4. Tissues begin to die Complication: 5. Massive tissue destruction before healing Women: - Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Location: Men: - One or both sides of the jaw, occasionally - Epididymitis: painful condition of ducts, may the front of the face (mouth, lips, nose and lead to infertility when left untreated chin) - Prostatitis and Urethritis Treatment: Prevention: - Antibiotics - Avoid sexual intercourse or monogamous - Improved nutrition relationship - May require reconstructive plastic surgery - Latex condoms Treatment: VI. GONORRHEA - Antibiotics (Cephalosporins) - People treated may get infected again - STD - If left untreated, it may spread throughout the body, affecting joints and even heart valves - Cannot be spread by sharing toilets and bathrooms - Spread through contact with penis, vagina, mouth or anus Can also spread from mother to baby during delivery (ophthalmia neonatorum) Cause: Neisseria Gonorrhoeae - Can grow and multiply easily in the warm, moist areas of the reproductive tract, including cervix, uterus and fallopian tubes - Can also grow in mouth, throat, eyes and anus MODULE 10: VIRAL INFECTION 3. INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS 1. MUMPS - Spread by person to person contact, saliva is the - highly infectious viral disease transmitted through primary method the patient’s saliva Other names: Other names: - Kissing Disease - Epidemic Parotitis - Glandular Fever - Infectious Parotitis Age: 2nd and 3rd decades of life Age: 5-15 years old Cause: Epstein-Barr Virus Location: Parotid glands Causative Virus: Paramyxovirus Initial Symptoms: (1-3 days) - General lack of energy or malaise Clinical SIgns and Symptoms: - A loss of appetite 1. Incubation period of 2-3 weeks - Chills 2. Starts with fever, malaise and pain 3. Parotid glands are swollen Intense Symptoms: 4. Bad taste and loss of appetite - Severe sore throat 5. Regresses in 1 week to 10 days - Fever - Swollen glands Prevention: 1. Washing hands Usual Symptoms: 2. Using own dishware and utensils - Incubation period is up to 7 weeks 3. Staying home if sick - Disease lasts for a month 4. Maintain strong immune system - Oral lesion appear 3-5 days before the 5. Get vaccinated (MMR) measles, mumps glandular enlargement and rubella Oral Lesions consist of: Treatment: 1. Gingivostomatitis 1. Bed rest 2. Gingival bleeding 2. Plenty of fluids 3. Multiple pinpoint petechiae at the junction of 3. Paracetamol for pain and fever the hard and soft palates 4. Cold compress 5. Soft and easy to swallow food Common Signs: 6. Isolation to reduce spreading of disease - Very reddened throat and tonsils - Swollen lymph glands in the neck - Tonsils have whitish coating in at least ⅓ of the cases 2. HERPANGINA - Childhood disease Treatment: - Occurs in summer months 1. Rest 2. Throat soothing measures Location: soft palate, tonsils, uvula, pharynx 3. Avoid contact sports Cause: Coxsackie Virus Clinical Signs and Symptoms: 1. Incubation period is from 3-7 days 2. Fever, dysphagia and anorexia 3. Presence of vesicles which rupture to ulcers 4. Disease is self-limiting and ulcers heal spontaneously Treatment: 1. Drink lots of cool fluids 2. Treat fever 3. Oral lozenges for pain relief 4. No vaccine available yet  4. CYTOMEGALIC INCLUSION DISEASE Cause: Cytomegalovirus Location: Salivary glands Symptoms: - Fatigue - Low grade fever - Chills or sweats - Muscle aches - Decreased appetite - Enlarged lymph nodes - Sore throat - headache Mode of Transmission: 1. Bodily fluids 2. Touching surface infected with saliva or urine, then touching inside of the nose or mouth Treatment: - Mild infection: No treatment - Life Threatening: antiviral drug Oral complications of COVID-19 1. Taste Disorder a. Hypogeusia - diminished sense of taste b. Dysgeusia - alteration/distortion in the perception of taste c. Ageusia - complete loss of taste Tx: Zinc Ra 2. Oral Mucosal Lesions - Location: Mucous membranes of the tongue, palate, lip, gingiva Tx: Local treatment and oral hygiene 3. Macroglossia Tx: To avoid severe rater loss from the tongue, the tongue can be loosely wrapped with a wet sabine gauze and then wrapped with compressed Coban from the distal end to the proximal. To relieve the symptoms of dry mouth, moisturizing mouthwash can also be used to moisturize 4. Loose Teeth