84122503-2f71-40d4-9cb6-b72ec525eae2_Theories_on_the_Origin_of_the_Universe.pdf

Theories on the Origin of the Universe Favorites Notebook Earth Science Tags Last edited time @September 14, 2024 10:10 PM Created time @September 6...

Theories on the Origin of the Universe Favorites Notebook Earth Science Tags Last edited time @September 14, 2024 10:10 PM Created time @September 6, 2024 10:04 PM Archive Pomodoro Timer Objectives Objective https://flocus.co m/minimalist-pomo Learning Materials doro-timer/ https://prod-files-secure.s3.us-w est-2.amazonaws.com/90ca46ad-82cc Lofi -4128-b15b-51def2d53570/ad0a627c- d61f-4231-aebf-65e1d4c01371/ESCIL esson1TheoriesontheOriginoftheUni Jazz verse.pdf Classical Theories on the Origin of the Universe 1  Work Desk Date: @September 8, 2024 Theories on the Origin of the Universe Theory of Creation Divine Creation Theory Genesis Described how god separated light from darkness, created the sky, land, sea, moon, stars and every living creature in a span of 6 days. Brahmanda (Cosmic Egg) Universe Based on Hindu text “Rigveda” — 15th-12th Century B.C. Describes a cyclical universe — “Cosmic egg” or Brahmanda, expands out of a single point; “Bindu” before collapsing again. The Universe cycles infinitely between expansion and total collapse Anaxgorian (Primordial) Universe By Anaxagoras, A Greek philosopher, believed the original state of the universe was a primordial mixture of all its ingredients This mixture was set in motion by the “Nous” (Mind) — separating the ingredients in a whirling motion, producing the cosmos with different properties that can be seen today. Atomic Universe By Leucippus & Democritus Theories on the Origin of the Universe 2  The universe, composed of very small, indivisible and indestructible atoms — different arrangements of eternal atoms, in which form different combinations and shapes. Also believed that the universe is a giant living body — The sun and stars as the most important, everything else was interconnected. Geocentric Universe By Aristotle & Claudius Ptolemy The earth stayed motionless in the heavens and everything was revolving around it. Heliocentric Universe (1543) By Nicolaus Copernicus and Giordano Bruno 1584, The Solar System is not the center — Merely another star system among an infinite multitude of others. Static (Newtonian) Universe By Isaac Newton, who described the universe in a steady- state. Matter on the large scale is uniformly distributed — the universe is gravitationally balanced but essentially unstable Cartesian Vortex Universe By Rene Descartes The Vacuum of space was not empty, but filled with matter — swirling around in large and small vortices. The model involved a system of huge whirlpools of fine matter, producing “gravitational effects” Theories on the Origin of the Universe 3  Modern Theories on the Origin of the Universe Big Bang Theory By Catholic Priest, Georges Lemaitre, 1927 Describes the universe as expanding, having originated from an infinitely tiny, dense point around 14 BYA Matter wasn’t present at the beginning of time; only pure energy compressed in a single point; “Singularity” Oscillating Universe Einstein’s favored model — after rejecting his own Followed the general relativity equations with Positive Curvature. This Curvature resulted in the expansion then to its contraction due to the pull of its gravity in a perpetual cycle of big bang and big crunch. Steady State Theory By Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, & Hermann Bondi A Model in which the Universe is constantly expanding in a fixed average density. Matter, always created to form galaxies and stars, as the old ones become destroyed. Their relative distances and recession velocity increase to nullify the overall change in the density. There is no overall beginning or ending for the Steady-State universe Inflationary Universe By Alan Guth Theories on the Origin of the Universe 4  The Universe underwent a short and sudden episode of great expansion right after the Big Bang — called “Inflation”, believed to happen in just 10−36 secs. Incorporated a short early period of exponential cosmic inflation in order to solve the uncertainties of the standard big bang model, such as horizon and flatness problem. Multiverse By Andrei Linde Proposes that our universe is necessarily one of a vast number of universes — constantly and randomly spawning new universes in an unending chain of cosmic creation. extending into for the future for eternity. The Origin of the Solar System Composed of the Sun, the planets and their satellites, the comets, and the asteroids — believed that the solar system has been formed around 4.6 Billion years ago, and the evidence suggests that the members of the solar system have a fairly uniform age. Encounter Hypothesis By Georges Leclerc, Comte de Buffon The Solar System formed as a result of a near collision between a rogue star and the sun. The encounter stripped the materials (hot gases) of both the sun and the star. The interaction from the gravity of the encounter led to the formation of the planets in the solar system Theories on the Origin of the Universe 5  HOWEVER.. Hot gas expands rather than contracts, therefore lumps of gas would not create planets Star-to-star encounters are very rare Nebular Hypothesis States that the entire Solar System started as a large cloud of gas that contracted due to self-gravity A Spinning cloud of dust made of mostly light elements, called “Nebula”, flattened into a protoplanetary disk, and became a solar system consisting of a star with orbiting planets. The spinning nebula collected the vast majority of material in its center, which is why the sun accounts for over 99% of the mass in out solar system Theories on the Origin of the Universe 6  HOWEVER.. It couldn't account why 99% of the Solar System’s mass is in the sun — 99% angular momentum is in the planets. Protoplanet Hypothesis By Carl von Weizsacker and Gerard Kuiper. The present working model on the formation of the Solar System. A Modified version of the nebular hypothesis which incorporates modern knowledge on fluids and states of matter. Theories on the Origin of the Universe 7  4.6 Billion years ago, The location of today’s Solar System was nothing more than a loose collection of Gas and Dust — “Nebula”. Something triggered a pressure change in the center of the cloud, which created a disc of material — The center of the disc saw a great increase in pressure that was so powerful that hydrogen atoms loosely floating began to come into contact — Fusing and produced Helium, kickstarting the formation of the Sun. Gravitational instabilities ruptured the thin disc into eddies — each containing many small particles which built up and accreted. Planetesimals were formed and orbited the sun — grew further in size due to gravitational attractions and later on formed the planets. PLANETESIMALS Differed in chemical compositions based on their distance from the sun. Inner Planets - High-temperature metallic and silicate minerals. Gas Giants - Volatile, icy and gaseous materials. Theories on the Origin of the Universe 8