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NUR8101 LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR...

NUR8101 LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR 5. Functions autonomously in the formulation of professional policy and in the control AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION of professional activity thereby. ★ All professions are occupations but not all 6. Attracts individuals of intellect and occupations are professions. personal qualities who exalt service above ○ Differentiating factor -> possession personal gain and who recognize their of degree chosen occupation as a life work. ○ Profession -> pursuit of a job 7. Strives to compensate its practitioners by related to one’s finished educational providing freedom of action, opportunity degree -> you are working in your for continuous professional growth, and field of expertise economic security. PROFESSION ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A PROFESSIONAL NURSE ★ A specialized field of practice ★ Founded upon the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of that 2012 NATIONAL NURSING CORE COMPETENCY STANDARDS discipline. ★ A set of guidelines developed by the ★ Accompanies practice abilities Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) ○ Good judgment is based on theories -> and the Board of Nursing (BON) in making Nursing an evidence-based collaboration with various stakeholders, practice including nursing educators, practitioners, ★ The higher the profession -> the higher the and professional organizations. These responsibility standards were created to ensure that ★ Nursing is a profession because it is a Filipino nurses meet the necessary specialized field of practice which is competencies required to provide safe, founded upon the theoretical structure of effective, and quality nursing care. science or knowledge that discipline and the accompanying practice abilities. ○ It also entails good judgment and criticism -> because of the theories we study. CRITERIA OF PROFESSION 1. Utilizes in its practice a well-defined and well-organized body of specialized knowledge that is on the intellectual level of higher learning. a. Application of gained skills from the institution one studied to; use of systems. 2. Constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and improves its techniques of ★ Key Area of Responsibility education and service using the scientific ○ Defined area or domains of skilled method. performance 3. Entrusts the education of its practitioners ○ Larger scale of competency to institutions of higher education. ★ Core competency 4. Applies its body of knowledge in practical ○ Elements of competency that services that are vital to human and social contribute and build a KAR. welfare. ○ Blocks of KAR a. Services go beyond the conventions BEGINNING NURSE PRACTITIONER of a workplace; ambag sa lipunan ★ Beginning Nurse’s Role on Client Care (5) b. Extending aid to others. ○ Responsibility 1 -> Practices in accordance with legal principles and NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 1 //  NUR8101 LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR the codes of ethics in making guidelines in the conduct of a personal and professional judgment. written research critique. Putting one’s foot in the ○ Responsibility 3 -> Applies the patient’s shoes. research process in improving client ○ Responsibility 2 -> Utilizes the care in partnership with a quality nursing process in the improvement/quality interdisciplinary care of clients assurance/nursing audit team. that empowers the clients and PERSONAL QUALITIES OF THE PROFESSIONAL NURSE promotes safe quality care. ★ Justice ○ Responsibility 3 -> Maintains ○ The quality of being correct, complete and up-to-date recording righteous, fair, and impartial. and reporting system. ○ Honesty, Loyalty, Tolerance ○ Responsibility 4 -> Establishes ★ Prudence collaborative relationships with ○ The basis for the exercise of sound colleagues and other members of the judgment in practical matters team to enhance nursing and other ○ Judgment, Reliability health care services. ★ Fortitude ○ Responsibility 5 -> Promotes ○ Courage; the control of response professional and personal growth and made to difficulties and dangers development. ○ Motivation, Resourcefulness ★ Beginning Nurse’s Role on Management and ★ Temperance Leadership (6) ○ Rational control of life’s essential ○ Responsibility 1 -> Demonstrates functions and basic emotional drives management and leadership skills to (regulation) provide safe and quality care. ○ Moderation ○ Responsibility 2 -> Demonstrates THOMASIAN GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES (SEAL) accountability for safe nursing practice. ★ Servant Leader ○ Responsibility 3 -> Demonstrates ★ Effective Communicator and Collaborator management and leadership skills to ★ Analytical and Creative Thinker deliver health programs and services ★ Lifelong Learner effectively to specific client groups CORE VALUES OF A THOMASIAN NURSE (RELICS) in the community setting. ○ Responsibility 4 -> Manages a I. Respect community/village-based health A. We treat everyone with utmost facility/component of a health dignity in the light of Catholic program or a nursing service. faith. ○ Responsibility 5 -> Demonstrates II. Excellence ability to lead and supervise A. We uphold the culture of excellence nursing support staff. and continuously commit to achieve ○ Responsibility 6 -> Utilizes higher levels of quality. appropriate mechanisms for III. Leadership networking, linkage building, and A. We empower students to become referrals. productive, efficient, and be of ★ Beginning Nurse’s Role on Research (3) service to others. ○ Responsibility 1 -> Engages in IV. Innovation nursing or health-related research A. We encourage creative and critical with or under the supervision of an thinking, new ideas, and research. experienced researcher. V. Compassion A. We are sensitive to the needs of ○ Responsibility 2 -> Evaluates others. research study/report utilizing NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 2 //  NUR8101 LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR 1. Building rapport with your patients. VI. Spirituality A. Assist our patients to have faith, be hopeful, and have a good relationship with God. MODEL OF THE CORE VALUES OF A THOMASIAN NURSE ★ St. Elizabeth of Hungary (1207-1231): Patroness of Nurses ○ Princess -> daughter of Alexander II, King of Hungary ○ Went to Germany for her education, eventually got married there (Ludwig IV) ○ Cared to lepers and orphaned children (namatay parents sa crusade) ○ Built a hospital that accommodated to sick people for free ○ Had 3 children, husband died sa krusada ★ St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274): Patron of Catholic Universities, Colleges, and Schools ○ Doctor Angelicus ○ Doctor Universalis ○ Summa Theologiae ○ Education was in Naples, Italy ○ Mayaman din like St. Elizabeth ○ Intervention of Pope Innocent Iv -> family allowed him to enter priesthood ○ Paris for Master’s. Doctor of Theology at University of Paris (UP GRAD YARN) ★ St. Martin de Porres (1579-1639): Patron of Public Health & Social Justice ○ Did not come from a noble family ○ Lima, Peru ○ Palm of Martyrdom ○ Extended help beyond Peru (International -> was deemed impossible during that time) ○ Shown love equally to humans and to animals (animal lover) ○ May 6, 196 NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 3 //  LESSON 2: CONCEPTS, PATTERNS, COMPONENTS, NUR8101 CHARACTERISTICS THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR ○ Perform nursing actions, interventions CONCEPT ★ Evaluate ★ Idea, thought, or notion conceived in the ○ Were desired outcomes and goals mind achieved? ★ Group of phenomenon ★ May be empirical or abstract CONCEPTUAL V. EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ★ Are building blocks of a theory PHENOMENON THE NURSING PROCESS (ADPIE) ★ An aspect or a reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced. ★ This is considered as a concept ★ Manifestations of different processes -> signs & symptoms (? anudaw) ★ An idea about an event, a situation, a process; a group of events or a group of situations. ★ Example: when we speak of cancer, there is a possibility of death. ★ Assess ○ Gather info, review history THEORY ★ Diagnose ★ A supposition or system of ideas that is ○ Identify problem list proposed to explain a given phenomenon. ★ Plan ★ Used to describe, predict, and control ○ Develop goals, desired outcomes, phenomena action plan ★ Utilized in research ★ Implement ★ E.g. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 4 //  LESSON 2: CONCEPTS, PATTERNS, COMPONENTS, NUR8101 CHARACTERISTICS THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR Purposes of Nursing Theory Communication is a tool for recognizing the patient’s needs and identifying appropriate Nursing theories. nursing actions. - An organized knowledge-based concepts that essentially define the scope of nursing practice. - All the things we do in the ward and in school is backed up by nursing theories. Benefits - Useful in describing, explaining, or predicting a phenomenon. - Cause and effect of the phenomenon. (Direct relationships) - A tool in nursing practice. Orem’s Self-Care Theory - nursing care includes the patient’s self-care needs only if the patient or the significant other is not capable of providing self-care. - cannot perform daily needs. (Bed bath) Nurses Ambulatory - reminding nalang. Examples of phenomena and relationships in nursing Partially assisted - patient can only do things theories. when patient is partially assisted. Not feeding the - a nurse’s patient is a bio-psycho-social patient naman, the patient will feed himself but and cultural being (the theory) the nurse will supervise, assists, makes sure that the task is performed.. Nurses monitor. Completely assisted - Si Buntis, mataas hormoness (biological) - Psychological (nag offer ka support) - Sociological (in explain lahat ng gamot sa Buntis) NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 5 //  LESSON 2: CONCEPTS, PATTERNS, COMPONENTS, NUR8101 CHARACTERISTICS THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR Paradigm 1. Nursing - interventions such as - A pattern of shared understanding (independent- nurses can do without and assumptions about reality and intervention. the world. dependent - need a doctor’s order. - A.k.a. conceptual framework (Paracetamol) - How you came up with the idea. collaborative- focused not only in the - doctor’s intervention, mix work nila doctor, dietician and Doctor. Example Metaparadigm (ontology and diet) - Most abstract level of knowledge - The global concepts specific to a 2. Environment - external (hospital discipline. (Simulacrum) community) - The global propositions that define Internal. and relate the concepts. nurses can do without doctor intervention. 3. Person - recipient of nursing care (an individual, family, community or all mankind). MEMORIZE THIS!!! Environment - where the patient and nurse is setting. Health - well-being of the patient.(5 health, physical intellectual eme.) NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 6 //  LESSON 2: CONCEPTS, PATTERNS, COMPONENTS, NUR8101 CHARACTERISTICS THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR Environment - the internal and external Nursing - the attributes, characteristics and actions of the nurse providing care on behalf of or in conjunction with the person. surroundings that affect the person. Jjj 4. Health - the degree of wellness or well-being that the person experiences. NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 7 //  LESSON 2: CONCEPTS, PATTERNS, COMPONENTS, NUR8101 CHARACTERISTICS THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR Examples of Nursing Propositions in the Nursing Philosophy Nursing Paradigm - Concerned with the values and beliefs held by a discipline and person-environment interactions are its members. the focus of nursing care. Health and illness behavior is a product of person-environment interactions. Nursing philosophy Examples of Nursing Propositions in the Nursing Paradigm (content) The focus of intervention is the patient’s environment. (Basic patient unit, hospital bed, bedside table, chair, reading lamp, trash can, overbed table, and signal cord) Environment is a composite of your energy. Health is a fundamental right of every human individual. Philosophy The family is the essential unit in Concerned with the values and a democratic society. beliefs held by a discipline and Public health nursing is based on it's members. the worth and dignity of man. - A framework for asking on values, (Community, individual, family) assumptions, concepts, propositions, and actions in a discipline. NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 8 //  LESSON 2: CONCEPTS, PATTERNS, COMPONENTS, NUR8101 CHARACTERISTICS THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR Uses of philosophy in nursing Knowledge Significant to the development of - An understanding acquired through nursing theories. learning or investigation of what Enables the nurse practitioner and is known about a discipline’s researcher to select theories that subject matter. are philosophically the same as their own perspective on nursing. - Knowledge may be based on fact or theoretical. Science - A unified body of knowledge about a phenomenon that is supported by agreed-on evidence. - Provides answers to questions that pertain to the subject matter. - Different designs and methodological approaches. NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 9 //  LESSON 2: CONCEPTS, PATTERNS, COMPONENTS, NUR8101 CHARACTERISTICS THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR THE PURPOSES and COMPONENTS OF - Theory stimulates the nurse Nursing Theory scientist to explore and find answers to problems in the field - Explains why the theory was of nursing through research formulated. - Research improves patient care. - Specifies the context and - Minodify na yung theory ni situations in which it should Nightingale. Narerevise na. be applied. Where did the Nursing theory start? - Women were neither educated nor employed in public service. ==> Nightingale era: Established a school of nursing. NURSING THEORY deals with nursing ==> Guide for the establishment of knowledge Nursting schools in US Affects: ==> Curriculum Era: Standardiazed 1. Education curriculum - assumptions about people and the world. ==> ResearchEra: Increase of - Nurses’ seeking higher 2. In clinical practice education - Facilitation of reflecting, - Emergence of nursing theories. questioning, and thinking about what nurses do. ⇒ nursing is a science, and nursing - Especially for practice became a profession. theories. - Trial and error. Check the theories and apply the theories. 3. In research - Validates and modifies the theory. NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 10 //  LESSON 2: CONCEPTS, PATTERNS, COMPONENTS, NUR8101 CHARACTERISTICS THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR REASONS FOR THEORY 2. Definition PROFESSIONAL AUTONOMY: - Dorothea E. Orem - Theoretical knowledge increases More on “Self care deficit theory of the nurses’ professional Nursing” capacity and abilities. - Nurses will understand what a. Concepts- A theory consists of they are doing. interrelated concepts. - Develops skills in critical Ex. Self-care to health thinking and analysis. - Clarify values and assumptions. b. Definition - general meaning of the concepts in a manner that Calistarois adaptive theory fits the theory. How it was Florence nightingale environmental utilized in the theory. theory - nakaka affect yung environment Ex. Self-care deficit sa kalagayan. Definition of self-care- the practice of activities that a mature person initiates and performs Reasons for theory within time. - Students can choose theories or c. Propositions - statements that conceptual models they will use describe relationships of in their practice concepts or would connect - Serve as a framework for concepts that are factual or structuring the nursing represent the real world. practice, nursing education and - Determines the nature of nursing research. the concept, definitions, purpose, relationships and structure of the theory. COMPONENTS OF THEORY Ex. 1. Concepts - ideas or thoughts that could be abstract or empirical. NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 11 //  LESSON 2: CONCEPTS, PATTERNS, COMPONENTS, NUR8101 CHARACTERISTICS THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR For example, nursing is pero may studies na, pero hindi pa concerned with the principles nakikita sa loob. and laws that govern the life - A person responding to his process, well-being, and environment, the environment optimal functioning of human affecting man’s health, and the beings, sick or well. nurse in action. Propositions = essence of the theory. 4. Assumptions - statements that are taken to be true without proof. - Beliefs about the phenomenon that one must accept as true to accept a theory - may be argued philosophically. - Pwedeng hypothesis. Ex. Human beings require continuous, deliberate inputs to themselves and their environments … - Medication: inassume natin na alam na nung patient na itatake niya yung gamot, kasi 1 week na niyang tinatake pero hindi pa pala niya memorize. 5. Phenomenon -an aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced. Ex. DAWNS phenomenon - patients who are diabetic. May explanations pero the truth is unknown. Kadalasan lang nangyayari pero walang proof nun, NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 12 //  LESSON 2: CONCEPTS, PATTERNS, COMPONENTS, NUR8101 CHARACTERISTICS THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR CHARACTERISTICS of a THEORY - The most useful theory provides (memorize) the greatest sense of understanding. - PARSIMONY - elegant in its 1. Clarity simplicity, even though it may - How clear is the theory be broad in context. (“less is - The theory must have better”) ex. A patient will consistency and structural have a fever = baka may clarity. infection. - Assessed by identifying the theory’s major concepts, Ex. Nightingale’s theory- kasi sa subconcepts, and their environment lang. Very simple. definitions - Words must be defined carefully 3. Generality and specifically. - How general is the theory? - Concepts and relationships - To determine the generality of between concepts within a a theory, examine the concepts theory must be clearly and goals of the theory. identified and valid. May - Could be applied universally. interconnection. - The situations the theory - Diagrams and examples may applies to should not be facilitate clarity. limited. Ex. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. - The broader the scope, the greater the significance of the 2. Simplicity theory. - How simple is the theory? - Nursing research, education, - Nurses need simple theories to and practice. If naaffect lahat, guide practice. geeral yung research or theory. - A theory should be sufficiently comprehensive and at a level of Ex. Nightingale’s theory- hindi lang abstraction to provide sa private applicable, dapat pati din guidance, but it should have as sa government. Hindi lang sa few concepts as possible with hospital, kundi sa community. simplistic relations. - Kawawa mga may simple minds 4. Empirical precision can’t comprehend ambiguity. - How accessible is the theory NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 13 //  LESSON 2: CONCEPTS, PATTERNS, COMPONENTS, NUR8101 CHARACTERISTICS THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR - Refers to the extent that the defined concepts are grounded in observable reality. - Linked to the testability and the ultimate use of the theory = how well the - Nursing theory guides research evidence supports the and practice. theory. - Generate new ideas. EX. Surveys about sa cleanliness, mga - Nursing theory differentiates nurses kay nightingale. the focus of nursing from other professions. - Kay Calista roy Model - the level, Measurable - tools direct nakuha sa adaptive theory. Indirect - - Sa cancer patient, may mga supportive families. The coping mechanisms of the patient is ano kasi may supportive system. - Positive Adaptive ROLE. The patient positively adapts to his/her chemotherapy. - Other scientists should be able to evaluate and verify the results themselves. - Theories are tentative and subject to change. 5. Derivable Consequences - How important is the theory? - Nursing theory -> research testing -> practical knowledge. - Importance of the theory, whether the theory should be acceptable or not. NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 14 //  LESSON 2: CONCEPTS, PATTERNS, COMPONENTS, NUR8101 CHARACTERISTICS THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR PATTERNS OF KNOWING (NEXT TOPIC) Knowing -> refers to the way of perceiving and understanding self Four Fundamental Patterns of Knowing in and the world. Nursing (Barbara Carper, 1978) Knowledge -> refers to knowing that is expressed in a form that can be The problem of Nursing as a practice shared and communicated to others. discipline ○ Ex: a good nurse can explain Nursing involves processes of to a patient well why a dynamic interactions certain thing is being done. Nurses in practice know more than they can communicate to others Empirics: The Science of Nursing Historically what nurses know has Based on the assumption that what not been communicated well is known is accessible through the Nurses can not tell information physical senses: seeing, touching, basta-basta and hearing. ○ Alam ng nurse na mamamatay na ○ Reality exists and truths pt but they can’t just say it about it can be understood What is a practice discipline? A pattern of knowing that draws on Empirical knowledge only partially traditional ideas of science reflects nursing knowledge ○ Nursing theory This can be improved when all forms of knowing are integrated and Empirical Knowing valued Expressed in practice as scientific Ethics, Esthetics, Personal competence Knowledge, Empirics (Knowing) Competent action grounded in ○ Emancipatory -> independence scientific knowledge including (liberty for nurses) theories and formal description Involves conscious problem solving Who developed patterns of knowing? and logical reasoning The aim of Carper’s Theory was to: ○ Formally express nursing Positivist Science knowledge Knowledge is systematically ○ Provide a professional and organized into general laws and discipline identity theories ○ Convey to others what nursing Source of this Knowledge contribute to healthcare Research ○ Create expert and effective Theory nursing practice Personal Knowing -> acceptance of self Knowing and Knowledge that is grounded in self-knowledge and confidence NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 15 //  LESSON 2: CONCEPTS, PATTERNS, COMPONENTS, NUR8101 CHARACTERISTICS THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR Concerned with becoming self-aware ○ Deep appreciation of the ○ Self-awareness that grows meaning of a situation over time through ○ Moves beyond the surface of a interactions with others situation Used when nurses engage in the ○ Often share without conscious therapeutic use of self-practice exchange of words ○ Scientific competence, ○ Transformative art/acts moral/ethical practice, ○ Brings together all the insight, and experience of elements of nursing care personal knowing situation to create a Personal Reflection meaningful whole ○ Informed by the response of Perceiving the nature of a clinical others situation and interpreting this ○ We learn through experience information Openness to experience To respond with skilled action Needs to be integrated or It uses the nurses intuition and reconciled with professional empathy responsibilities Based on the skill of the nurse in ○ Hindi kasi lahat ng nasa a given situation book, parating applied in real life Ethics -> the component of moral ○ Not everything we do in the knowledge in nursing area is ideal (here in the Guides and directs how nurses Philippines) conduct their practice Is the basis of therapeutic use of Require self in the nurse-patient ○ Experiential knowledge of relationship social values ○ Perceiving self feelings, and ○ Ethical reasoning prejudices within the Focus on situation ○ Matters of obligation, what ○ Self awareness ought to be done ○ Right, wrong, and Aesthetic Knowing -> the art of nursing responsibility Expressed through: ○ Ethical codes of nursing ○ Actions, bearing, conduct, ○ Confronting and resolving attitudes, narrative, and conflicting values, norms, interaction interests or principles ○ Knowing what to do without conscious deliberation Sources of Ethical Knowing Involves: NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 16 //  LESSON 2: CONCEPTS, PATTERNS, COMPONENTS, NUR8101 CHARACTERISTICS THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING | PROF. SARAH SALAZAR Nursing’s ethical codes and professional standards An understanding of different philosophical positions ○ Duty ○ Social Justice ”Integration of all patterns of knowing is essential for professional nursing practice; no one pattern should be used in isolation from others.” NUR8101: TFN LESSON 1: AN OVERVIEW OF THE NURSING PROFESSION 17 //