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Questions and Answers
What happens to the body when the right side of the heart fails?
What happens to the body when the right side of the heart fails?
Which statement accurately describes the main function of arteries?
Which statement accurately describes the main function of arteries?
What primarily controls the smooth muscle in the tunica media of blood vessels?
What primarily controls the smooth muscle in the tunica media of blood vessels?
During which phase is blood pressure at its highest in the arteries?
During which phase is blood pressure at its highest in the arteries?
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What characterizes capillary beds in the circulatory system?
What characterizes capillary beds in the circulatory system?
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What is the normal range for diastolic blood pressure?
What is the normal range for diastolic blood pressure?
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Which condition is characterized by a systolic blood pressure above 130 mmHg?
Which condition is characterized by a systolic blood pressure above 130 mmHg?
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What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
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Which of the following structures separates the right atrium and right ventricle?
Which of the following structures separates the right atrium and right ventricle?
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Which chamber of the heart acts as a receiving chamber for deoxygenated blood?
Which chamber of the heart acts as a receiving chamber for deoxygenated blood?
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In the cardiac conduction system, which part acts as the primary pacemaker?
In the cardiac conduction system, which part acts as the primary pacemaker?
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What distinguishes pulmonary circulation from systemic circulation?
What distinguishes pulmonary circulation from systemic circulation?
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What is the role of chordae tendineae in the heart?
What is the role of chordae tendineae in the heart?
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Which vessel carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart?
Which vessel carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart?
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What happens during the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle?
What happens during the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle?
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The walls of veins are thicker than the walls of arteries.
The walls of veins are thicker than the walls of arteries.
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The capillaries are only one cell layer thick to facilitate exchange between blood and tissues.
The capillaries are only one cell layer thick to facilitate exchange between blood and tissues.
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Systolic blood pressure measures the pressure during ventricular relaxation.
Systolic blood pressure measures the pressure during ventricular relaxation.
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Hypotension is characterized by a systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg.
Hypotension is characterized by a systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg.
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The renal system helps to regulate blood pressure by altering blood volume.
The renal system helps to regulate blood pressure by altering blood volume.
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The left ventricle is responsible for pumping blood to the lungs.
The left ventricle is responsible for pumping blood to the lungs.
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Tachycardia is defined as a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute.
Tachycardia is defined as a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute.
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The aorta carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.
The aorta carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.
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The pericardium is a single membrane covering the heart.
The pericardium is a single membrane covering the heart.
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The cardiac output can be calculated using the formula CO = HR x SV.
The cardiac output can be calculated using the formula CO = HR x SV.
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Study Notes
The Cardiovascular System
- The cardiovascular system is a closed system formed by the heart and blood vessels.
- The heart pumps blood, and blood vessels allow blood circulation to all body parts.
- The system delivers oxygen and nutrients, and removes carbon dioxide and waste products.
The Heart
- Located in the thorax, between the lungs.
- Apex (pointed end) is directed toward the left hip, at the level of the 5th intercostal space.
- Approximately the size of a human fist, weighing less than 1 lb.
Heart Coverings
- Pericardium: A double serous membrane.
- Visceral pericardium (epicardium): Next to the heart.
- Parietal pericardium: The outer layer.
- Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium.
Heart Muscle
- Epicardium: Outer layer, connective tissue.
- Myocardium: Middle layer, primarily cardiac muscle.
- Endocardium: Inner layer, endothelium.
Heart Anatomy - External
- Slides 8 displays the major arteries and veins, including the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery, aorta, and various coronary arteries.
Heart Chambers
- Four chambers: Two atria (receiving) and two ventricles (discharging).
- Right and left sides act as separate pumps.
- Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood and the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood.
- Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.
Circulation
- Pulmonary circulation: Blood travels between the heart and the lungs. Blood is deoxygenated when leaving the heart through the pulmonary artery and oxygenated when returning to the heart through the pulmonary veins.
- Systemic circulation: Blood travels between the heart and the rest of the body. Blood is oxygenated when leaving the heart through the aorta and deoxygenated when returning to the heart through the vena cava.
Heart Valves
- Atrioventricular valves (AV valves): Located between the atria and ventricles.
- Bicuspid valve (left).
- Tricuspid valve (right).
- Semilunar valves: Between the ventricles and major arteries.
- Pulmonary semilunar valve.
- Aortic semilunar valve.
Operation of Heart Valves
- AV valves open when blood returning to the heart fills the atria, exerting pressure.
- AV valves close when ventricles contract, preventing backflow into the atria.
- Semilunar valves open when the ventricles contract and pressure rises, forcing blood into the arteries.
- Semilunar valves close to prevent backflow into the ventricles.
Associated Great Vessels
- Aorta: Leaves the left ventricle.
- Vena cava: Enters the right atrium.
- Pulmonary arteries: Leave the right ventricle.
- Pulmonary veins: Enter the left atrium (four).
Coronary Circulation
- The heart has its own circulatory system.
- Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle.
- Cardiac veins collect deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle.
Heart Conduction System
- Heart muscle cells contract with a continuous, coordinated rhythm.
- The conducting system coordinates contraction: sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker), atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.
Cardiac Cycle
- The sequence of events in one complete heartbeat.
- Atrial systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation), followed by ventricular systole and diastole.
Electrocardiograms (EKG/ECG)
- EKG/ECG records electrical activity of the heart.
- Waves (P, QRS, T) correspond to different stages of the cardiac cycle.
Filling of Heart Chambers
- Ventricular filling, atrial contraction, isovolumetric contraction phase, ventricular ejection phase, and isovolumetric relaxation phases.
Heart Rate
- Normal heart rate at rest in adults is 60–100 beats per minute. In children, it is 70–110 beats per minute.
- Tachycardia is a heart rate over 100 beats per minute.
- Bradycardia is a heart rate under 60 beats per minute.
Pathology of the Heart
- Fibrillation is a lack of a coordinated heartbeat. Atrial fibrillation is a quivering of the atria.
Cardiac Output
- Cardiac Output (CO) = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV).
- Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction.
- Normal cardiac output is approximately 5000 mL/min
Vital Signs
- Arterial pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature are vital signs. These signs indicate the efficiency of the circulatory, respiratory, and thermal (heat-regulating) systems.
Blood Pressure
- Systolic pressure: Peak pressure during ventricular contraction.
- Diastolic pressure: Minimum pressure during ventricular relaxation.
- Blood pressure declines as distance from the heart increases.
Blood Vessels (Vascular System)
- Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart.
- Arterioles: Small branches of arteries.
- Capillaries: Thin-walled vessels facilitating gas/nutrient exchange.
- Venules: Small veins that collect blood from capillaries.
- Veins: Carry blood back to the heart.
Blood Vessel Anatomy
- Blood vessels have three layers (tunics):
- Tunica intima: Innermost layer (endothelium).
- Tunica media: Middle layer (smooth muscle).
- Tunica externa: Outer layer (connective tissue).
Differences Between Arteries and Veins
- Arteries: High pressure, thick walls, low volume, no valves.
- Veins: Low pressure, thin walls, high volume, valves.
Differences Between Blood Vessel Types
- Arteries: Thickest walls, small lumens.
- Veins: Thinner walls, larger lumens.
- Capillaries: Single cell layer walls, thin.
Movement of Blood Through Vessels
- Arteries: Blood is pumped by the heart.
- Veins: Skeletal muscle contraction helps pump blood toward the heart.
Capillary Beds
- Capillary beds consist of true capillaries and vascular shunts.
- True capillaries facilitate gas and nutrient exchange.
- Vascular shunts directly connect arterioles to venules bypassing capillaries.
Additional Notes
- The presentation also showed diagrams and numerical values associated with various cardiovascular measurements, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the cardiovascular system, including the structure and function of the heart, its coverings, and the muscle layers. This quiz delves into the vital role the heart plays in circulation, nutrient delivery, and waste removal.
