7th Grade Chapter 10 Study Guide PDF

7th Grade Chapter 10 Study Guide 10.1 The North Industrializing rapidly Textiles, manufacturing, iron and steel, machinery, shipbuilding, food processing, trade, banking Larger and more diverse population, including a growing urban population Generally opposed to slavery Extensi...

7th Grade Chapter 10 Study Guide 10.1 The North Industrializing rapidly Textiles, manufacturing, iron and steel, machinery, shipbuilding, food processing, trade, banking Larger and more diverse population, including a growing urban population Generally opposed to slavery Extensive network of railroads, canals and roads Population of 13.5 million in 1850 The South Agricultural economy that was heavily reliant on slave labor Smaller and less diverse population, dominated by small farms and large plantations Defended slavery as essential to their economy Limited transportation infrastructure with fewer railroads and canals Population of 9.6 million ○ 3.2 million were enslaved In 1846, congressman David Wilmot proposed that slavery in should not be allowed in any territory that the US gained through war with Mexico. Though the Wilmot Proviso did not become law, it did heighten tensions between the North and South. California became a free state in 1850 after months of fierce debate in Congress The Compromise of 1850 was a major factor in California acquiring statehood ○ During the debates in Congress threats of secession became more common ○ Henry Clay of Kentucky was the primary author of the Compromise of 1850 The goal of the bill was to appease both the North and the South California admitted as a free state Slavery in Utah and New Mexico territories decided by popular sovereignty Stricter enforcement of the fugitive slave law ○ John C. Calhoun of South Carolina was strongly opposed to the  Compromise of 1850 and threatened secession ○ Following the death of Calhoun and President Zachary Taylor in 1850, President Millard Fillmore indicated his support for the Compromise of 1850 It became law a few months later 10.2 Millard Fillmore felt that the Compromise of 1850 would put an end to the sectionalism that had been brewing for decades However, the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 increased sectionalism and played a major role in the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, as many northerners saw it as an overreach of federal power Key points to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 ○ Denied fugitive slaves the right to a trial by jury and to testify on their own behalf ○ Allowed and encouraged federal marshals and bounty hunters to seize suspected fugitive slaves in any state or territory ○ Judges who ruled in favor of slave owners were paid a bonus, which led to corruption ○ Compelled citizens to cooperate with federal officials, including, providing information, housing, or transportation to slave catchers Slaves had successfully fled to the North for decades prior to the 1850s However, after the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 the efforts to assist fugitive slaves intensified This secret network of free African Americans and White abolitionists became known as the Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman is one of the most famous “conductors” of the Underground Railroad ○ Born into slavery in Maryland in 1820 or 1821 she escaped in 1849 to Philadelphia ○ She made 19 trips back to the South and helped around 300 slaves secure their freedom The publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe served to create more tension between the North and South ○ It had a profound impact on public opinion in the North, fueling more anti-slavery feelings  ○ People in the South who defended slavery viewed Uncle Tom’s Cabin with intense anger Anti-slavery feelings in the North grew stronger with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 ○ Senator Stephen Douglas from Illinois was the author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act ○ Key points Created two new territories. Kansas and Nebraska Repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had outlawed slavery north of the 36 degree line of latitude Introduced Popular Sovereignty as the means to decide if slavery was to be allowed in western territories ○ After the Kansas-Nebraska Act took effect thousands of people (both pro-slavery and anti-slavery) arrived in the territories ○ Bleeding Kansas was period of significant violence in Kansas Territory from 1854-1859 The Sack of Lawrence in 1856, saw 800 armed pro-slavery men enter the town and terrorize its anti-slavery citizens. They burned down the anti-slavery headquarters, looted numerous homes and destroyed two printing presses Following the Sack of Lawrence, John Brown led 6 men (including two of his sons) to the pro-slavery settlement of Potawatamie Creek He and six others killed five pro-slavery settlers ○ In 1856, Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner was beaten by a pro-slavery Democrat in the Senate chamber after Sumner delivered an intense speech condemining the pro-slavery forces in Kansas 10.3 The Republican Party was formally organized in 1854 ○ They opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the extension of slavery in the territories ○ The party incorporated a wide range of political positions ○ Between 1854 and 1856 a series of events positioned the Republican party to challenge the Democrats for the  presidency Kansas-Nebraska Act, Bleeding Kansas, caning of Charles Sumner Though the Republicans lost the 1856 presidential election it became clear that the party was a rising political force in the North 10.4 James Buchanan won the 1856 Presidential election ○ During his presidency he faced a series of slavery-related controversies Dred Scott Decision 1857 The Supreme Court ruled that the slave Dred Scott could not file a lawsuit because be was not a citizen Lincoln-Douglas Debates ○ Race for the Senate in Illinois in the summer of 1858 ○ Stephen Douglas (Democrat) vs Abraham Lincoln (Republican) ○ Douglas was a two term senator ○ Lincoln was a relative newcomer to politics, having served one term in the House of Representatives ○ Lincoln challenged Douglas to seven debates on the issue of slavery in the territories. ○ Douglas was a strong proponent of popular sovereignty He believed that slavery was not suited to the western territories and that the people would vote to reject it in the territories ○ Lincoln was strongly opposed to popular sovereignty and believed that slavery was morally wrong He was in favor of outlawing slavery in the territories ○ Douglas won the race for the senate in 1858, but by this time the Democrat party had become deeply divided over the issue of slavery Northern Democrats (led by people like Stephen Douglas) favored popular sovereignty Southern Democrats believed that the federal government had a duty to protect slavery In 1859, John Brown led 18 men into Harper’s Ferry, Virginia  (now West Virginia) with the goal of starting a widespread slave uprising. He hoped to seize the federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry and distribute the arms to slaves in the surrounding territory Instead, many of Brown’s men were killed and he was captured by a detachment of US Marines The execution of John Brown served to further divide the North and South ○ Many Northerners glorified him and saw him as a martyr ○ Many Southerners vilified him and began to fear that Northerners had plans to incite more uprisings across the South In 1860 Abraham Lincoln won the presidential election ○ He won all of the free states and none of the slave states In fact, the only slave state where his name appeared on the ballot was Virginia ○ South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union, doing so just one month after Lincoln won the election ○ In February of 1861 delegates from the South met in Montgomery Alabama and formed the Confederate States of America, and elected Jefferson Davis as their President ○ The Civil War began in April of 1861, just 37 days after Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated