Philosophy Notes PDF

**Freedom** - the power or right to act, speak or think without any hindrance. **Aristotle** - The power of Volition, Volition: the power of choosing or determining : will. 2. : an act of making a choice or decision. also : a choice or decision made. There are no one to blame for the result or outc...

**Freedom** - the power or right to act, speak or think without any hindrance. **Aristotle** - The power of Volition, Volition: the power of choosing or determining : will. 2. : an act of making a choice or decision. also : a choice or decision made. There are no one to blame for the result or outcome but yourself. Ex. You skipped classes and got an average grade of 75. You can't blame anyone else for your grade but yourself. **Aristotle's Moral Responsibility:** **Awareness of right and wrong** - you must be aware whether what you're doing is right or wrong **Praise and blame, reward and punishment** - we do things according to the rewards and punishments we will get **Excuses** - excuses cant justify our doings **Consequences** - everything we do has its own consequences we must face upon making decisions **Thomas Acquinas -** Humans can change themselves and their environment for the better. **Eternal Law** - governs all action, natural law of god, karma **Natural Law** - guides human behavior, based on purpose **Human law** - external acts, constitution, republic act **Divine law** - supernatural, ten commandments **Jean Paul Sartre** - Existentialism. Exist before the purpose. Every individual has their own reason to do what they want. Ex. Sara wants to be a doctor so, she is studying so hard just to make her dreams come true. **Self-creation** - creating a yourself, creating your purpose **Freedom and Responsibility -** every choice you make is your responsibility **Bad faith** - blaming others, a person denies their freedom by making excuses for their actions **Thomas Hobbes** - to escape the chaos people create a government. **Social Contract** - people needs agreement to maintain peace and order **Sovereignity** - authority **Jean-Jeacques Rousseau** - for society to achieve peace and order, individuals must come together and agree to form a government that represents the general will. Ex. In a society, citizens follow certain rules for their own interest and benefit. General Will - believed people are born free and good but become corrupt due to society. **Intersubjectivity** - how individuals relate and understand each other. Ex. When two people nodded, it is a form of agreement. I. **thou** - the relationship is personal, mutual and respectful Ex. Ben felt understood when he opened up to his mom. **It-thou** - individuals are seen as objects, hindrance Ex. Ben sees his friends as a tool that he can use when he needs to copy activities and quizzes. **We-relation** - individuals come together to work toward a common good. For a group and community participation Ex. Ben joins a group for empowering women rights **Karol Wojtyla -** We-relation proponent, also known as Pope John Paul II **Rousseau** - believes that women should be knowledgable enough to support and serve men **Wollstonecraft** - women should be in equal footing with men **Heidegger** - believes that authentic dialogue creates mutual understanding, showing our authentic/true being **EO 417** - a law to support PWD's signed by Gloria Arroyo **Soren Kierkegaard** - Social Identity, people become what society expects rather than who they genuinely are. Ex. Ben changes his looks and fashion style to fit in the trends **Immanuel Kant** - moral law, believed that we create our world through perception and understanding Ex. You know lying is bad so even if they wouldn't know that you're lying, you still couldn't bring yourself to lie. **Medieval Period** - lack of technological advances **Industrial Revolution** - era where machines started, replacing human beings **Moden Era** - modernized, technology, vast integration of advancement **Rationalism** - Emphasized reason and science as paths to knowledge **Empiricism** - knowledge comes from sensory experience Socrates: Teaching Methods: Expository Method- Direct answers to student questions. Socratic Method- Dialogue that leads students to self-discovery. Key Processes: Ironic Process- Clearing away ignorance and assumptions. Maieutic Process- \"Midwifing\" knowledge by helping students draw out their own understanding. **Nietzsche** - life's meaning in beauty and suffering, embracing human suffering and idealizing life\'s beauty. **Schopenhauer - The Will and Suffering - e**ach person struggles with purpose and identity, life is full of suffering because we are always striving for things - WILL Heidegger: Embrace mortality for authentic life. Sartre: Freedom and responsibility are life's essence. Jaspers: Faith offers insight at life's limits. Marcel: Personal reflection leads to the divine.