Memory PDF

Memory Ability to store and retrieve information  Memory  Memory function  Importance of memory  Inaccuracy of memory  3 (storage) systems of memory  Sensory  Short-term  Long-term  Sensory:  sensory memory  very temporary but  capacity very large  hard to mea...

Memory Ability to store and retrieve information  Memory  Memory function  Importance of memory  Inaccuracy of memory  3 (storage) systems of memory  Sensory  Short-term  Long-term  Sensory:  sensory memory  very temporary but  capacity very large  hard to measure, decays quickly A I K S G F D S N B R N L V J W H C K D K T E M R  What letters did you see (in order)  Actually saw all, decay too quick to report A I K S G F D S N B R N L V J W H C K D K T E M R A I K S G F D S N B R N L V J W H C K D K T E M R  Short-term  Short-term (or working) memory  Temporary storage  Info being consciously worked on  fade 15-20 secs  if not used or rehearsed,  Remember these letters  Row 1:  KLCISNE NVESE YNA CSTTI TNDO  Remember these letters  Row 1:  KLCISNE NVESE YNA CSTTI TNDO  Row 2:  NICKELS SEVEN ANY IN STITCH DONT  Short-term (working memory)  Info consciously processed  Temporary  displaced by new information  serial-positioneffects  Lecture / Studying  Also limited capacity: 7 +- 2 bits.  “Chunking” Write down the letters you were told to remember  Remember these letters  Row 1:  KLCISNE NVESE YNA CSTTI TNDO  Row 2:  NICKELS SEVEN ANY IN STITCH DONT  Encoding  Type / Level of processing in STM  Deeperprocessing = better memory  Move more info to Long Term Memory  Encoding for better memory  Organizational (chunking)  Semantic  Types of Encoding  Semantic  Organizational (chunking)  Visual Imagery  Elaborative  Connecting visual, acoustic, & semantic & personal  All improve memory  Increase # & strength of links  Long Term memory.  “permanent storage”  no known limit.  Information can be lost through the memory process  Long Term memory.  “permanent storage”  Storage = Neural Networks &  Long Term Potentiation  Kinds of Long Term memory  Explicit (declarative) memory  thingsyou consciously “know”,  can state as fact.  General knowledge &  Personal experiences (Episodic)  Kinds of Long Term memory  Implicit memory (no conscious recall)  Skills  “Priming” & Conditioned responses Turn your phones OFF  Types of long-term memories Explicit Implicit (declarative) (nondeclarative) With conscious Without conscious recall recall Facts-general Personally Dispositions- knowledge experienced Skills-motor classical and (“semantic events and cognitive operant memory”) (“episodic conditioning memory”) effects  Separate types of LTM  Separate areas of the brain  Explicit = hippocampus, cortex  Implicit = cerebellum  Stroke can disrupt one or the other  Amnesiacs often lose explicit, not implicit  The Brain & Memory  Amygdala  Attachemotions to memory  Stronger memory for important info  The Brain & Memory  Amygdala  Hippocampus  Explicit, not implicit  Temporarily storing info,  Shifting new memories into LTM  Attach to other memories  Hippocampus “Index”  Where to find old information  The Brain & Memory  Amygdala  Hippocampus  Cerebellum  LTM for implicit memories  Prefrontal Cortex  LTM for explicit memories  Organization and reconstruction of pieces of particular memories  Forgetting  Anterograde Amnesia  Can’t transfer new info into LTM  Still have implicit memory  Retrograde Amnesia  Can’t retrieve previously encoded info, ..\..\..\Videos\Intro\clive wearing.mp4  Getting info out of LTM  Recognition vs recall  Retrieval cues  (guides of where to look)  Context & State dependent memory  Memory “Failures”  Failure to encode  Failure to go from ST to LT  Failure to locate/recall info from LTM FORGETTING  Forgetting (Can’t recall):  Transience (fading over time)  Absentmindedness  Blocking (names very common)  Interference Sour Candy Sugar Bitter Good Taste Tooth Nice Honey Soda Chocolate Heart Cake Tart Pie Thread Pin Eye Sewing Sharp Point Shot Thimble Haystack Injection Syringe Cloth Knitting  Fallibility of memory:  Memory is Reconstructive  Don’t just “hit play”  Fill in gaps as we retell story…. Fallibility of memory: MISremembering  Listof words, did you see  1) Taste 2) Coin  3) Needle 4) King  5) Sweet 6) Thread  Fallibility of memory: MISremembering  Listof words, did you see  Yes Taste No Coin  No Needle No King  No Sweet Yes Thread  False recognition  (remembering things because they “fit”)  Fallibility of memory:  Memory is Reconstructive  False recognition  Memory Misattribution:  Source Amnesia (Misinformation)  Suggestibility  Leading questions change memories Depiction of actual accident Leading question: “About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” Memory construction  Fallibility of memory:  Source Amnesia  Reconstructed memories  Leading questions change memories  crime witnesses, especially children  Bias  Preconceived ideas  Repressed memories Motivated forgetting  Cannot disprove: highly questionable  1) Not how normally store memory  emotional memories hard to forget  Persistence Effect  2) Can “construct” memories  Loftus Lost in the Mall study ..\..\..\Videos\Intro\loftus lost in the mall.mp4  using hypnosis, told true by expert  3) Cannot easily tell real from false  Scary False/Distorted Mem Videos  False Repressed Memories Nadeen Cool  (15 mins)  Jennifer Thompson & Ronald Cotton (pt. 1)  What Jennifer Saw (online)  (15 mins)