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Questions and Answers
Which theory explains how memories can change due to the phrasing of questions?
What phenomenon describes the difficulty in distinguishing real memories from constructed ones?
What is an example of false recognition in memory?
What is the term for forgetting information because it is emotionally distressing?
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Why might children's memories be more susceptible to influence than adults' memories?
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What is the primary characteristic of sensory memory?
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How long does information typically last in short-term memory if not rehearsed?
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Which encoding method is most effective for improving memory retention?
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What describes long-term memory?
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Which type of memory is characterized as explicit or declarative?
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What is the capacity limit usually associated with short-term memory?
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Which of the following strategies is NOT typically associated with effective long-term memory storage?
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What happens to information in short-term memory when new information is introduced?
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What type of memory involves skills and conditioned responses without conscious recall?
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Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for the explicit memory process?
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Anterograde amnesia affects which ability?
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Which of the following describes a memory phenomenon that involves 'fading over time'?
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What is the term for the brain's inability to locate or recall information stored in long-term memory?
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Which memory type is associated with personal experiences?
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Which type of amnesia involves the inability to recall previously encoded information?
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What is the role of the amygdala in memory processing?
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Study Notes
Memory Function
- Memory is the ability to store and retrieve information
- Memory is essential for learning, communication, and social interaction
Memory Inaccuracy
- Memory is not always accurate, and can be influenced by a variety of factors
Sensory Memory
- Holds vast amounts of information for a very short time
- Practically impossible to measure due to rapid decay
Short-Term Memory
- Allows temporary storage of information that is consciously being processed
- Information fades within 15-20 seconds unless rehearsed or actively used
- Capacity is limited to about 7 +- 2 bits of information
- "Chunking" is a strategy to improve capacity by grouping related information
Long-Term Memory
- Serves as "permanent storage" for information
- No known limit to storage capacity, but information can be lost through the memory process
- Storage involves neural networks and long-term potentiation
Types of Long-Term Memory
- Explicit (declarative) memory: consciously retrievable knowledge, including general facts ("semantic memory") and personal experiences ("episodic memory")
- Implicit (nondeclarative) memory: information not consciously recalled, including skills, priming, and conditioned responses
Brain Regions Involved in Memory
- Explicit memory: hippocampus, cortex
- Implicit memory: cerebellum
- Amygdala: attaches emotions to memories, strengthening memory for important information
- Hippocampus: temporarily stores new information, shifts it to the LTM, and acts as an "index" for retrieving old information
- Prefrontal cortex: involved in organizing and reconstructing memories
Memory Failures
- Forgetting: difficulty recalling information
- Anterograde amnesia: inability to form new long-term memories
- Retrograde amnesia: inability to recall previously learned information
Retrieval From Long-Term Memory
- Retrieval cues: stimuli that guide the search for information
- Context and State-dependent memory: easier to remember information in the same environment or emotional state as when it was learned
Types of Forgetting
- Transience: information fades over time
- Absentmindedness: forgetting due to lack of attention
- Blocking: temporary inability to retrieve available information (e.g., tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon)
- Interference: previously or subsequently learned information interferes with retrieval
Fallibility of Memory
- Reconstructive nature of memory: remembering involves filling in gaps and reconstructing the memory
- False recognition: remembering things that were never actually encountered
- Memory misattribution: misremembering the source of a memory
- Source amnesia (misinformation): misattributing the origin of a memory
- Suggestibility: leading questions can distort or create false memories
- Bias: preconceived ideas and beliefs can influence memory recall
Repressed Memories
- Not supported by scientific evidence
- Emotional memories are often hard to forget due to the persistence effect
- False memories can be constructed through suggestion and hypnosis
Videos for Further Understanding
- False Repressed Memories Nadeen Cool
- Jennifer Thompson & Ronald Cotton: What Jennifer Saw
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of memory with this quiz focused on its different types and functions. Dive into sensory, short-term, and long-term memory, and learn about their unique characteristics and importance in our daily lives. Test your understanding of how memory works and the factors that influence its accuracy.
