7. Enzymes in clinical diagnosis.pdf

• Enzymes in clinical diagnosis Enzymes in clinical diagnosis Clinical application of enzymes Enzymes in blood are classified into Functional Non-functional I. Functional enzymes These are enzymes normally present in blood to perform certain physiological functions. Examples: * Proenzymes of...

• Enzymes in clinical diagnosis Enzymes in clinical diagnosis Clinical application of enzymes Enzymes in blood are classified into Functional Non-functional I. Functional enzymes These are enzymes normally present in blood to perform certain physiological functions. Examples: * Proenzymes of blood clotting * Lipoprotein-lipase For digestive system * Pseudocholine esterase II. Non functional enzymes • These enzymes are produced and act inside the cells. • They are present in a very low concentration in blood. • They increase in blood in case of tissue damage. Differences between functional and non-functional plasma enzymes Abnormal level of enzymes in different pathological conditions • ALP (alkaline phosphatase), ALT (alanine transaminase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase) - Liver damage • Amylase - Pancreatic problems • Creatine phosphatase [CPK] – muscle injury • Troponins and creatine kinase – cardiac biomarkers • C-reactive protein (CRP) indicate heart inflammation, possibly from atherosclerosis. Lactose intolerance • Inability to fully digest the sugar (lactose) in milk. • Effects: diarrhea, gas and bloating after eating or drinking dairy products. • Treatment: by lactase enzyme (also called as β-galactosidase) helps in digesting dairy products. Enzymes as therapeutic agents Enzymes as analytical agents Indicator enzyme