CDB1012/CEB1032 Health, Safety & Environment PDF

CDB1012 / CEB1032 – Health, Safety & Environment ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD AND MANAGEMENT 1  Lecture Content MANAGEMENT DEFINITION EMS OSHMS TYPES OF POLLUTION POLLUTION PREVENTION WASTE MANAGEMENT 2 ...

CDB1012 / CEB1032 – Health, Safety & Environment ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD AND MANAGEMENT 1  Lecture Content MANAGEMENT DEFINITION EMS OSHMS TYPES OF POLLUTION POLLUTION PREVENTION WASTE MANAGEMENT 2  Lecture Outcomes You should be able to Define management Explain the need and the objective of EMS Describe the cycle and phases of continual improvement of EMS Describe the main elements of OSHMS Define pollution Describe the types of pollution Identify the 3P’s – Pollution Prevention Program List out priority of waste management 3  What is management and why EMS? Management is the practice of Planning, Organizing, Leading, Informing, Controlling and Executing (POLICE) an activity, operation, organization or crisis. Environmental management is the application of these processes to address environmental issues. Balancing financial constraints with environmental performance and societal need 4  EMS Motivated by the tightening of legislation - additional responsibilities on industry to reduce the environmental impact. Aids in achieving compliance with legislative demands Further motivation by pressure from environmental groups and the public. Improves cost savings - reduced waste discharges, efficient energy use, resource recycling etc. 5  EMS: Objective & Structure Primary objective is to manage and achieve an organisation’s environmental policy/goals. A systematic approach which provides a structured framework. Set of mechanisms and processes - Links the different processes and business units. Describes WHAT to be accomplished, HOW and by WHOM. 6  EMS: General Principles Starts at the top hierarchy. A process, not an event. About the people & their actions, not just the words & aspirations. Continual improvement - change for the better. 7  EMS: Cycle and phases of continual improvement Continue review & Improvement Leadership & Commitment Measurement & Evaluation Review/Act Policy/Goals Implementation Plan Planning Check/ Corrective Action Implement/Do Policy/goal Leadership & commitment 8 EMS: Phases of continual improvement Leadership & Commitment Essential This element of the EMS must be in place prior to the implementation of subsequent stages (decision-maker & financial provider) Environmental Policy/Goals Defines the organisation’s intent and goals in terms of the environmental protection EMS ultimately aim to implement the intentions/goals stated in the policy 9 EMS: Phases of continual improvement Planning Planning & organising implementation of the EMS requirements. Identifying relevant environmental impacts, legislative requirements, setting objectives and means of achievement. Implementation/Do Putting the plans into practice. Define responsibility and communication procedures, training personnel, creating and controlling documentation and utilising operational procedures. 10 EMS: Phases of continual improvement Checking/Corrective Action Monitoring the performance of the organisation. Audits of the EMS for measurement and evaluation. Executions of corrective and preventive actions for improvement. Review/Act Reviewing to ensure the continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness of the EMS in meeting its intention. 11  A Viable EMS EMS should be: Cost effective and economically viable Not contradicting trade regulations, agreements, local and international legislation Practicable and address in national/international language Performance based Focused on continual improvement 12  Potential Benefits of EMS Improved compliance with regulations Increase marketability & competitiveness Reduce liability / risk Gain regulatory incentives Promote pollution prevention & waste minimisation Increased profit by less cost of compensation Improved internal management system Community goodwill by enhance environment 13  International Organization of Standardization (ISO) requirement ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is an organization to promote the development and implementation of international voluntary standards. ISO develops international standards for almost the entire range of industry and services 14  ISO 14000 Family ISO 14000 - comprehensive system for managing environmental impact to industrial E.g. ISO 14001: EMS – Specification with guidance for use ISO 14004: EMS – General guidelines on principles, systems & supporting techniques Provide step-by-step guidelines for developing, maintaining, implementing and auditing EMS in a structured manner. 15 Occupational Safety & Health Management Systems (OSHMS) 16  Background Voluntary management system. Integrate OHS hazard into businesses process. Identify, assess and meets OHS performance expectations (national and international level). Applicable to any organization, regardless of size, type or level of maturity Example of OSHMS are OHSAS 18001, ILO- OSH-MS-2001 and MS 1722. 17  Background  OSHA 1994: Employer’s responsibility to ensure that the safety and health of people at the workplace are safeguarded.  The employer should make appropriate arrangements to establish an OSHMS.  The OSHMS should contain the main elements of (just as in an EMS): policy, organization, planning and implementation, evaluation and action for improvement. 18  Background A management system allow to decide what need to be done, how to do it and monitor the progress to achieve established goals. Evaluate the result and continue to improve Use the PDCA cycle “Plan-Do-Check-Act“ 19  Elements of successful OSHMS Should convey at least Management OHS policy The company and its review top managers are Continual committed to safety and health Improvement Employees are expected to perform their duties in a safe and healthy manner The company’s commitment extends beyond the walls of Checking & Planning its plant to include Corrective customers and the community action Implementation Safe work practices are expected from all & operation employees at all level for all the activities 20 Ten Essential Elements of an Effective OSHMS 1. Make senior management visible and active. 2. Involve employees and provide incentive. 3. Establish clear emergency procedures. 4. Maintain good record-keeping practices. 5. Communicate, communicate, communicate. 6. Periodically assess Possible risks 7. LISTEN to your employees. 8. Provide individual feedback to employees 9. Provide all necessary safety tools to employees 10. Keep up-to-date on training requirements. 21 Benefits of OSHMS Improve the attitudes of personnel about their working environment Increase the amount of participation in safety and health activities Reduce the lost time injuries and accidents and the cost associated with lost time/accidents Increase productivity 22 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 23  “THE EARTH IS COVERED WITH BLUE OCEANS, GREEN LANDS AND WHITE SKIES. THE EARTH IS LIKE A DIAMOND HANGING IN THE UNIVERSE.” - Neil Armstrong 24  Pollution - Definition FROM THE LEGAL PERSPECTIVE “Pollution” means any direct or indirect alteration of the physical, thermal, chemical or biological properties of any part of the environment by discharging, emitting or depositing environmentally hazardous substances, pollutants or waste so as to affect any beneficial use adversely, to cause a condition which is hazardous or potentially hazardous to public health, safety or welfare or to animals, birds, wildlife, fish or aquatic life or to plants or to cause contravention of any condition, limitation or restriction to which a license under this Act is subject; (Environmental Quality Act 1974) 25  Pollution - Definition FROM THE ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE “Pollution” is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of our air, land and water that may or will harmfully affect human life or that of desirable species, our industrial processes, living conditions and cultural assets or that may or will waste or deteriorate our raw material resources. (Fundamentals of Ecology, Eugene P. Odum) 26  Pollution - Definition FROM THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVE “Pollution” is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of our air, water or land that can harmfully affect the health, survival or activities of humans or other living organisms. (Environmental Science and Engineering, Henry and Heinke) 27  Pollution AIR PRODUCER LAND WATER 28  WATER POLLUTION Surface water - lakes, rivers, streams and oceans. Ground water - water that infiltrates the ground and accumulates above an impermeable layer of rock or dense clay. Polluted water - water that contains impurities that make the water unsuitable for a given use. 29  WATER POLLUTION: SOURCES Pollution is introduced into the water cycle at numerous points. 30  COMMON PARAMETERS Physical Parameters Chemical Parameters ― Turbidity, Total ― pH Suspended Solids (TSS) ― Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) ― Colour ― BOD, COD ― Odour ― Phosphorus, Nitrogen Biological Parameters ― Bacteria, virus, protozoa Toxic Parameters (E. coli, Giardia lamblia, ― Arsenic (As) Cryptosporidium ― Lead (Pb) parvum) 31 WATER POLLUTION: EFFECTS Human health Infectious agents (bacteria, virus etc. ) Organic chemicals (TCE, PCE etc.) Inorganic chemicals (heavy metals etc.) Radioactive materials Disruption to the ecosystem Sediments (TSS) Oxygen-demanding wastes (BOD, COD) Thermal Eutrophication (P, N) 32 33 WASTEWATER TREATMENT 34  Water Pollution: ABATEMENT Zero Discharge change process technology, product design, market drive etc. Reduction quality optimization, material selectivity and 4Rs consumption etc. Reuse for other needs e.g. treated effluent for irrigation, non- human contact household uses etc. Recycle retreat treated effluent until suitable for process consumption. Rehabilitation expensive and difficult, if not impossible. 35  SOIL POLLUTION The introduction of substances, biological organisms, or energy into the soil, resulting in a change of the soil quality, which is likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endangering public health and the living environment. 36 SOIL POLLUTION: SOURCES Land farming – e.g. fertilizers/pesticides, sludge disposal etc. Leaks – e.g. from landfills, storage containers, distribution pipelines etc. Spills – e.g. from transportation tanks etc. 37  SOIL POLLUTION: IMPACTS Harmful contaminants – groundwater contamination, negative effects on human health. Harmful to the environment – renders the soil unsuitable for agriculture etc. Litter - reduction in aesthetic value. 38  SOIL POLLUTION: TREATMENT Bioremediation A treatment process that uses micro-organisms (yeast, fungi, or bacteria) to break down, or degrade, hazardous substances into less toxic or non-toxic substances (carbon dioxide and water). Example: Bligh Island, south Alaska, March 1989. Hydrocarbon-oxidizing microbes in combination with inorganic nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) were used to clean up large tracts of oil- contaminated beaches (and waters) that resulted from an oil spill. The cleanup was completed within a few months following the spill. 39  AIR POLLUTION — Air pollutants are substances in the atmosphere that have harmful effects. — Air pollution releases involve both gas and solid phase contaminants. — Two types of air pollution - outdoor pollution and indoor pollution. 40  MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS Suspended particulate Impair respiratory matter (e.g. PM10) functions Formation of ozone, Volatile organic photochemical compounds (VOCs) (e.g. oxidants (highly gasoline, paint solvents) reactive compounds) Blocks delivery of Carbon monoxide (CO) oxygen to organs and tissues 41  MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS Lung irritant - acute Nitrogen oxides (NOx) respiratory disease in children Sulfur oxides (SOx) Acid deposition (acid rain) Accumulates in the Lead and other heavy body and impairs metal. many tissues and organs, eventually death 42  MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS Ozone and other Highly toxic to both photochemical plants and animals, oxidants damage lung tissues 43  AIR POLLUTION: EFFECTS Effects of air pollution on human health can be distinguished in three categories. Chronic, Acute, Carcinogenic Plants are more sensitive than humans. Example: Dying vegetation in large urban areas, damage crops, orchards, and forests downwind of urban areas. Effects on materials and aesthetics. Example: Blackened materials, corroded structures, monuments, statues. 44  AIR POLLUTION: CONTROL OBJECTIVE to maintain an atmosphere in which pollutants have no negative impact on human activities. METHODOLOGY Not to produce the pollutants e.g. Lead emission from automobiles. Pollution control equipment. Planned dispersion e.g. centralized power generation plant. 45  CONTROL EQUIPMENT CYCLONE DUST COLLECTOR VENTURI SCRUBBER 46  REDUCTION AND ABATEMENT Engineering Management Substitution of fossil fuel Specificity and clarity in with alternative sources. legislation. More efficient process/product designs. Effective urban planning e.g. Structural planning - Alternative material township, residential and selection. industrial area; efficient public transportation Resource recovery/recycling. 47 POLLUTION PREVENTION Pollution prevention and waste reduction have become the common- sense solution to the prevention of future environmental problems. 48 POLLUTION PREVENTION METHODS  Process modification  Product reformulation  Feed substitution  Equipment redesign  Improve housekeeping  Segregation of incompatible toxic wastes 49  PRIORITIES IN WASTE MANAGEMENT Eliminate Generation Reduce Generation Lessen environmental impact, lower operating cost, decrease Recycle and Reuse the complexity of waste management and reduce the Recovery potential liability of the waste. Treatment Residual Disposal 50  Example #1 (Process Modification) A manufacturer of fabricated metal products employed an alkaline bath to clean nickel and titanium wires prior to their use in the final product. As part of its efforts in waste management, the company started using a mechanical abrasive system in which the wires were cleaned by passing them, under pressure, through silk and carbide pads. The new system worked and produced clean wires without the use of a chemical cleaning bath. The hazardous wastes produced by the original system were altogether eliminated, thus permanently eliminating the cost of disposing the waste. 51  Example #2 (Product Reformulation) Solvent–based paints are being rapidly phased out in the paint industry. Water-based paints have eliminated the use of toxic or flammable chemicals. Water-based paints do not require chemical solvents to clean paintbrushes and applicators. Emissions of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) from solvent-based paints have also been eliminated. 52  Example #3 (Feed Substitution) An electronic manufacturing facility originally cleaned printed circuit boards with chemical solvents. The company found that by switching from a solvent-based cleaning system to a water- based system, the same operating conditions and workloads could be maintained. The water-based system was found to be six times more efficient in cleaning the circuit boards. This change resulted in a lower product rejection rate, and more importantly, eliminated a hazardous waste. 53  Example #4 (Recycling and Reuse) A printer of newspaper advertisements bought an ink- recycling unit to produce black newspaper ink from its waste inks. The unit mixes the different colours of waste inks with fresh black ink and black toner to create the black ink. This ink is then filtered to remove flakes of dried ink, after which it is ready for use in place of fresh black ink. The recycle has eliminated the need for the company to ship the waste ink offsite for disposal and has entailed significant cost savings. 54  Example #5 (Recovery) A photo processing company uses an electrolytic deposition cell to recover silver from the rinse water from film processing equipment. The silver is sold to a small recycler. By removing silver from wastewater, the wastewater is no longer considered hazardous waste and is discharged into the sewer system without additional pre- treatment by the company. 55 Summary Defined Pollution Distinguished types of pollution – water, air, soil 3P’s – Pollution Prevention Program Priority on waste mgmt End of lecture. Thank you. 56