6th Quarter 2 Science Module 6 PDF

9 Science Quarter 2 – Module 6 GENERAL CLASSES AND USES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (WEEK 6) Quarter 2 – Module 6: GENERAL CLASSES AND USES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Second Edition, Revised 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any...

9 Science Quarter 2 – Module 6 GENERAL CLASSES AND USES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (WEEK 6) Quarter 2 – Module 6: GENERAL CLASSES AND USES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Second Edition, Revised 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalty. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education – Cebu City Division Schools Division Superintendent: Rhea Mar A. Angtud, EdD Development Team of the Module Writer: Ian Daryl D. Tirol, Teacher III, PASIL NIGHT HIGH SCHOOL Content Editors: Neil Adrian A. Angtud, Head Teacher 1 – SHS Assisting Principal, Cebu City Don Carlos A. Gothong Memorial National High School Florenda G. Yap DevEdD, Master Teacher II - Assistant Principal, Apas National High School Language Editor: Mrs. Wilma Y. Villaflor, Principal III, Don Vicente Rama Mem. E.S. Management Team: Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent Dr. Bernadette A. Susvilla, Assist. Schools Division Superintendent Mrs. Grecia F. Bataluna, CID Chief Dr. Raylene S. Manawatao, EPS-SCIENCE Mrs. Vanessa L. Harayo, EPS-LRMS Printed in the Philippines by: Department of Education – Division of Cebu City Office Address: Imus Avenue, Cebu City Telephone Nos.: (032) 255-1516 / (032) 253-9095 E-mail Address: [email protected]  Module GENERAL CLASSES AND USES 6 OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS What I Need to Know Hello students! Your knowledge about matter is continuously growing. In fact, in the previous modules you were introduced to ionic and covalent bonds, their properties, how ions are formed and how amazing the carbon atom is. You have learned a lot so far! Studying this module will certainly increase your understanding about matter. LEARNING COMPETENCY: Recognize general classes and uses of organic compounds In this module, you are expected to learn the following: understand hydrocarbons and their uses; recognize Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Functional group; and construct Lewis Electron Dot Structure, Molecular, Condensed, and Extended Structural Formulas What I Know PRE-ASSESSMENT Directions: Read each question carefully and write the letter of the correct answer on a separate paper. 1. Which of the following statements best describe organic compounds? Organic compounds are _____. A. produced by living things B. composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen C. substances that contain carbon atoms only D. substances that contain carbon and oxygen 2. How do carbon atoms form many organic compounds? By _____. A. attracting other elements toward themselves to form the bonds B. sharing their electrons with other metal and non-metal elements C. transferring their electrons to the atoms of surrounding elements D. forming many bonds with other carbon atoms and other elements 3. What is the maximum number of bonds can a carbon atom form? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 4. What organic compound is used by embalmers in treating human cadavers? A. acetone C. acetic acid B. formaldehyde D. methyl alcohol 1 5. Which compound is an alcohol? A. C. B. D. 6. Which are TRUE about the use of isopropyl alcohol? I. cleaner III. disinfectant II. fuel IV. fertilizer A. I and III only C. I and IV only B. II and III only D. III and IV only 7. Ethene is a natural gas produced in plants, which acts as a natural ripening agent of fruits. Which of the following organic compounds has the same ability to ripen fruits? A. acetylene C. pentyne B. butane D. propene 8. Which group of hydrocarbon does the molecule with the structure belong? A. alcohol C. alkene B. alkane D. alkyne 9. Jaime scratched herself when her arm bumped into the concrete post. What do you think should she apply to make her bruises free from harmful germs? A. acetone C. water B. formalin D. isopropyl alcohol 10. Which of the following pairs of organic compounds is highly flammable? A. acetone, gasoline C. lubricating oil, isopropyl alcohol B. ethyl alcohol, water D. liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene 11. Honey is applying something to the ball bearings of the wheels of her bicycle so that friction will be minimized. Which of the following material do you think she is using? A. kerosene C. lubricating oil B. vinegar D. isopropyl alcohol 12. Which hydrocarbon compound has a triple bond in the molecule? A. ethene C. methane B. ethyne D. octane 13. How many types of bonds are there in the following hydrocarbon compound? A. 1 C. 3 B. 2 D. 4 2  14. Emmanuel Juan, a fisher man, went home with some of his catch and told his son to cook the fish. But his son said, “father the stove ran out of fuel already”. Then his father told him to buy some so that they could start cooking the fish. Which organic compound do you think the boy will buy? A. gasoline C. lubricating oil B. kerosene D. isopropyl alcohol 15. Salvador must remove the red paint in the paintbrush so that he could still use it again next time. What organic compound should he use to remove the paint in the paintbrush? A. formaldehyde C. acetic acid B. kerosene D. lubricating oil Lesson ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: ARE THEY 1 USEFUL? What’s In DIRECTIONS: Use the words inside the box to identify the pictures below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. acetic acid acetone gasoline kerosene Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) naphthalene Source: Source: Source: https://www.wonderopolis.org https://akabanebussan. https://www.shutterstock.com com 1._______________ 2. ______________ 3. ________________ Source: https://shopee.ph Source: https://www.hirunews.lk Source: https://www.philippinedestiny.com 4. _____________ 5. ___________ 6. _____________ 3  What’s New ACTIVITY 1: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: ARE THEY USEFUL? Objective: In this activity, you will be able to recognize the uses of common organic compounds. Materials: answer sheet and pen Procedures: 1. Using the pictures in WHAT’S IN, copy and complete the table on a separate sheet of paper. Put check mark that indicates the uses of the compounds. (You may check one or more columns) ORGANIC COMPOUNDS USES Acetic Acetone Gasoline Kerosene LPG Naphthalene Acid Antiseptic Cleaner Food Fuel Pesticide Table 1: Organic Compounds and their uses (* This activity is adapted, with minor modification, from Glencoe Physical Science Texas Edition. (1997).Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., page 369) 2. Answer guide questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 2.1. Choose at least 3 organic compounds in item number 1 and complete the table below. COMPOUNDS USES 2.2. Why do you think these kinds of organic compounds are very important? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 4  What is It Many organic compounds are formed because of the special characteristics of the element carbon. A carbon atom has four (4) valence electrons. This kind of atomic structure makes the carbon atom able to form four covalent bonds with atoms of other elements and other carbon atoms. Carbon atoms can also make many types of arrangements: single bond, double bond, and triple bond. With these abilities of the carbon atoms, chemical bonds between carbon atoms and other elements can form different kinds of compounds with short and long, straight and branched chained structures such as the following compounds. Organic compounds are group of compounds that contain the element carbon. Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen combined with other elements namely oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, and halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) Ethyl alcohol, acetone, gasoline, naphthalene, acetic acid, vanillin, acetylene, and esters are just a few examples of many useful organic compounds. These kinds of compounds are produced by plants and animals. One common organic compound is Ethanol which is also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol and grain alcohol. It is a clear, colorless liquid and the principle ingredient in alcoholic beverages like beer, wine, or brandy because it can readily dissolve in water and other organic compounds. Ethanol also is an ingredient in a range of products, from personal care and beauty products to paints and varnishes to fuel. It acts as an astringent to help clean skin, as a preservative in lotions and to help ensure that lotion ingredients do not separate, and it helps hairspray adhere to hair. It mixes easily with water and many organic compounds, and makes an effective solvent for use in paints, lacquers and varnish, as well as personal care and household cleaning products. As an additive to cleaning products, ethanol is also used as a preservative because it is effective in knocking out organisms that could pose a danger to consumers. However, there are carbon-containing compounds that can be produced artificially. There are also organic compounds that are produced from petroleum: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), gasoline, lubricating oil, and kerosene. These compounds have different uses in the community. These common organic compounds are very important because they have many uses at home and in the industry. Every kind of organic compound has specific properties or characteristics. Although these compounds may show similarities in some properties, these compounds do not have exactly the same properties. Gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, lubricating oil, vanillin, acetic acid, and ethyl alcohol are organic compounds with different properties. Gasoline, for example, has a strong odor, is volatile, and highly flammable. Organic compounds are also distinguished in these properties namely, Flammability, Odor, Viscosity, and Volatility. Flammability is the measure of how easily material burns. Kerosene and ethyl alcohol are highly flammable. Flammable liquids such as kerosene is used as fuel for lamps (gasera) and portable stove (kusinilya). Although ethyl alcohol is also flammable, it is not used as fuel for stoves or lamps only. It is also used as a component of biofuels for vehicles, as an ingredient for liquors, and as a disinfectant. Odor is the smell of the compound. Every compound has its own specific odor. 5 Viscosity is a measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow. If the viscosity is high, the flow of the liquid is slow, or the liquid is thick. Organic compounds differ in their viscosity. If you compare a gasoline to lubricating oil, you can observe that lubricating oil is more viscous than gasoline. Common uses of viscous materials or liquids are used to lubricate parts of machines, instruments, or appliances such as motor of electric fan; and protect metals from rusting. Volatility is the measure of the tendency of a compound to evaporate or turn into gaseous state. It is important to have knowledge about the properties of these compounds so people will be aware of their behavior, uses, and effects on people. What’s More DIRECTIONS: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect then change the underlined word/s to make the sentence correct. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Carbon has 4 valence electrons. 2. Ethanol can be used in food preservation. 3. All organic compounds are produced naturally. 4. This diagram shows 4 single bonds. 5. Organic compounds are compounds that contains carbon only. 6. Covalent bond between atoms is formed by sharing of electrons. 7. A single bond is formed when two atoms share one pair of electrons. 8. A carbon atom bonded with other atoms forms four (4) covalent bonds. 9. & 10. If a grain of rice is dropped into a glass full of cooking oil, the rice grain will reach the bottom of the glass fast. This illustrates the volatility property of organic compounds. What I Have Learned DIRECTIONS: Choose the word or group of words inside the box that complete the thought of the sentence. Write your answer on a separate sheet. Carbon Carbon Compounds Single Bond Double Bond Triple Bond Pair of Electrons One Two Three Six electrons Carbon Hydrogen Artificially Naturally Flammability Odor Viscosity Volatility Most of the things around us are made up of (1) ______.The food we eat, clothes we wear, and even the medicines we take when we are sick are generally called (2) _____. A lot of things are made because of carbon’s interesting property – to form bond/s to various elements. The bonds that a carbon can form with various elements are (3) _____, (4) ______, and (5) ______. It is interesting to note that the number of (6) _______ are the basis to identify the types of bonds formed by carbon. 6 In a single bond, it requires (7) ______ pair of electrons while the double and triple bonds have (8) ______ and (9) ______ pair of electrons, respectively. So, how many electrons are there in a triple bond? (10) _______ Oh! speaking of organic compounds, I remember that these are compounds that contains (11) ______ and (12) ______. The common organic compounds are ethanol, acetone, acetic acid or vinegar, and gasoline. Organic compounds are so amazing because they can be produced (13) ______ and (14) ______. Although these compounds may show similarities in some properties, these compounds do not have exactly the same properties in terms of (15) ______, ______, ______, and _______. Lesson 2 HYDROCARBONS What’s In DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions below. Write your answer on a separate sheet. 1. What types of bonds do non-metals form in compounds? 2. How do atoms of non-metal elements form their compounds? 3. What do you call the bond between the interaction of two (2) non-metals? What’s New In studying Hydrocarbons, there are many ways in which we can represent the bonding. It can be through CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA, EXPANDED STRUCTURAL FORMULA, LEWIS ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE, and MOLECULAR FORMULA. DIRECTIONS: Identify the type of formula. Write your answer on your answer sheet. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org 1. ____________________ 3. _____________________ Source: https://brainly.in/question/14641757 Source: https://chemistry.stackexchange.com 2. ________________________________ 4. ____________________ What is It Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only. Methane, ethane, and butane are components of natural gas are common hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are grouped into families namely, Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes. The compounds in each group have certain structures that make their 7 properties different from the other. So, before we immerse ourselves in the study of hydrocarbons, let us be familiar with these following concepts: Octet Rule refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell. When atoms have fewer than eight electrons, they tend to react and form more stable compounds. The molecules of the halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon are known to obey the octet rule. In general, the elements that obey this rule include the s-block elements and the p-block elements (except hydrogen, helium, and lithium). The octet rule can be observed in the Source: bonding between the carbon and oxygen https://en.wikipedia.org atoms in a carbon dioxide molecule. Carbon and Oxygen atom bonding Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS) a system known as LEDS, proposed by Gilbert 8 8 8 N. Lewis. It is used to emphasize the atom’s valence electrons. It is a shorthand method which consist of a symbol of the element surrounded by dots. The symbol represents the nucleus of the atom while the dots represent the valence electrons of the atom. The illustrations on the right show the (a) LEDS of methane before the combination and the (b) LEDS of methane after combination. HOW TO MAKE THE LEWIS ELECTRON DOT STUCTURE (LEDS)? Source: https://www.shaalaa.com Let us use methane (CH4) as our basis for this topic. (a) LEDS of methane 1. Count the number of valence electron. You knew that the carbon atom belongs to Group 4 and it has four (4) valence electrons and hydrogen atom belongs to Group 1 and has one (1) valence electron. C = 1 x 4 v.e. (valence electron) = 4 v.e. Source: https://flexbooks.ck12.org H = 4 x 1 v.e. + = 4 v.e. (b) LEDS of methane 8 v.e. Note: In the formula of Methane CH4, carbon has an imaginary subscript number of 1 and there are 4 atoms (subscript number) of hydrogen. 2. Determine the central atom. The central atom is the one that all the other atoms will be bonded to. It is usually the only element in the chemical formula. 8  In the formula of methane CH4, the central atom is carbon because it is the only element in the formula and there are four (4) atoms of hydrogen. So in this case, you will put the element symbol of carbon in the middle and it is surrounded by the 4 element symbol of hydrogen. 3. Put dots around the element symbol to represent the valence electrons. There are 4 dots that surrounds carbon because it belongs to Group 4 which has 4 valence electrons and the hydrogen atoms will each have 1 dot because hydrogen has 1 valence electron only. 4. Rearrange the dots to show bonding between atoms. 5. Put all remaining valence electrons as lone pairs. In this example, we do not have lone pairs of electrons because methane is already stable. 6. Turn lone pairs into double or triple bonds to give an atom an octet (or duet for hydrogen). NOTE: Always check that all atoms in the structures will have eight (8) electrons or achieved an octet. Expanded Structural Formula is a formula for a molecular compound that indicates the atoms present and the bonding sequence of the atoms. The covalent bonds between atoms are shown as lines connecting the symbols of the bonded atoms. This formula gives a clear illustration about the structure of a compound. The number of dashes indicate whether the bond is a single, double, or triple covalent bond. The illustration on the right shows the structural formula of methane. Molecular Formula consists of the chemical symbols for the elements followed by numeric subscripts describing the number of atoms of each element present in the molecule. Molecular formulas are compact and easy to communicate; however, they lack the information about bonding and atomic arrangement that is provided in a structural formula. Condensed Formula is a formula for a molecular compound that indicates the bonding sequence without showing all the bonds. It should be clear that the carbon atoms are bonded together in sequence, and each carbon is bonded to the hydrogen atoms next to the formula. Let us have an example. Make the Lewis Electron Dot Structure, Expanded Structural Formula, and Condensed Structural Formula of Pentane. MOLECULAR FORMULA: C5H12 C = 5 X 4 v.e. = 20 v.e. Step 1: Count the number of valence H = 12 X 1 v.e. = + 12 v.e. electron. 32 v.e. 9  Step 2: Determine the central atom Our central atom in this example is carbon because it has lesser number than hydrogen. Step 3: Put dots around the element symbol to represent the valence electrons. Each carbon has 4 dots around it because carbon has 4 valence electrons while every atom of hydrogen has 1 valence electron. Step 4: Rearrange the dots to show bonding between atoms. Step 5 & 6 are not applicable because we do not have lone pairs (extra) of electrons and all the carbon atoms LEWIS ELECTRON DOT have attained octet. STRUCTURE OF PENTANE ADDITIONAL STEPS Step 7: Change the dots in to a short single line to represent single bond, resulting to the formation of Expanded Structural Formula EXPANDED STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF PENTANE Step 8: Divide the Expanded Structural Formula by parts base on the carbon atom and the hydrogen atom that attaches to the carbon. Step 9: Count how many carbon and hydrogen atoms are in each part. Step 10: To form the Condensed Structural Formula, write the symbol of the carbon atom first, followed by the symbol of hydrogen. The number of hydrogens is the subscript. It is okay not to write the CH3 CH2 CH2CH2 CH3 subscript of carbon atom. CONDENSED STRUCTURAL 3 FORMULA OF PENTANE 10  What’s More DIRECTIONS: Make the Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS), Expanded Structural Formula, and Condensed Structural Formula of a HEXANE and HEPTANE. Show the step-by-step process. Write your answers on your answer sheet. 1.) MOLECULAR FORMULA OF 2.) MOLECULAR FORMULA OF HEXANE: C6H14 HEPTANE: C7H16 Lewis Electron Dot Structure: Lewis Electron Dot Structure: Expanded Structural Formula: Expanded Structural Formula: Condensed Structural Formula: Condensed Structural Formula: What I Have Learned DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions to summarize the lesson. Refer to the given formula and write your answer on a separate sheet. 1. Is the molecular formula correct? Why or why not? 2. Write the correct expanded structural formula of this hydrocarbon 3. Write the Lewis Electron Dot Structure of this hydrocarbon. 4. Write the Condensed Structural Formula of this hydrocarbon. Lesson HYDROCARBONS: Alkanes, 3 Alkenes, Alkynes What’s In Hello students! I bet that you have learned a lot about the carbon and hydrocarbons. Look at the pictures below, are the hydrocarbons similar? If your answer is NO, then your answer is correct. Let us continue our journey as we learn more about this. Source: https://byjus.com Source: https://byjus.com Source: https://en.wikipedia.org 11  What’s New ACTIVITY 2: THE HYDROCARBONS Objectives: Recognize common kinds of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes and their uses. Identify the types of bonds formed in alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Relate the structures of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes to their properties. Materials: answer sheet and pen Procedure 1) Study Tables 2 to 4 to answer the questions in this activity. BOILING NAME PHASE CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA POINT (oC) Methane Gas CH4 -169 Ethane Gas CH3CH3 -89 Propane Gas CH3CH2CH3 -42 Butane Gas CH3CH2CH2 CH3 -0.5 Pentane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 36 Hexane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 69 Heptane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 98 Octane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 126 Nonane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 151 Decane Liquid CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 174.1 Table 2. Alkanes BOILING NAME PHASE CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA POINT (oC) Ethene Gas CH2=CH2 -104 Propene Gas CH2=CHCH3 -47 1-Butene Gas CH2=CHCH2CH3 -6 1-Pentene Liquid CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3 30 1-Hexene Liquid CH2=CHCH2CH2CH2CH3 63 Table 3. Alkenes BOILING NAME PHASE CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA POINT (oC) Ethyne Gas C2H2 -84 12  Propyne Gas CH≡C-CH3 -47 2-Butyne Gas CH3 C≡C-CH3 8.08 Pentyne Liquid HC≡ C CH2CH2 CH3 40.2 Table 4. Alkynes 2) Answer the following GUIDE QUESTIONS. Write your answers on a separate sheet. 2.1 What are the types of bonds present in the following: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes? 2.2 Using Tables 2 to 4, what pattern do you observe in terms of the Phase, Number of carbon atoms, Structure, and Boiling point of the alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes? Explain the patterns you observe. 2.3 Why do you think some hydrocarbons are gases and others are liquids? What is It HYDROCARBON is a class of organic chemical compounds composed only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). The carbon atoms join together to form the framework of the compound, and the hydrogen atoms attach to them in many different configurations. Depending on the properties, hydrocarbons are divided into two groups: ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON (open chain compounds) and CYCLIC HYDROCARBON (close chain compounds). Hydrocarbons are the principal constituents of petroleum and natural gas. They serve as fuels and lubricants as well as raw materials for the production of plastics, fibers, rubbers, solvents, explosives, and industrial chemicals. ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS are divided into three main groups according to the types of bonds they contain: Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes. ALKANE Alkanes are hydrocarbon compounds that only have single bonds in the compounds. Alkanes are also known as saturated hydrocarbons because additional hydrogen atoms can no longer bond in the compound. All alkanes have molecular formulas that satisfy the general expression CnH2n + 2 (n is the number of carbon atoms). The first alkane is methane. The Expanded Structural Formula is shown Expanded Structural Formula of at the right indicates one (1) carbon atom and four (4) Methane hydrogen atoms. Its molecular formula is CH4. Now let Source: https://www.jewishpublicaffairs.org/ us figure out if it fits to the general formula of alkanes. 13  Now look at the general formula, do General Formula: CnH2n + 2 you notice something? To get the Number of Carbon atoms (n) = 1 molecular formula of an alkane, all Number of Hydrogen atoms = 2n + 2 you need to know is to get the = (2 x 1) + 2 number of carbon atoms. It is now =2+2 your turn to compute for the =4 molecular formulas of the rest of the Molecular Formula of methane = CH4 alkanes (refer table 2). In cases where two alkyl groups are attached to the parent chain, name each and locate each with a number. This branched compound is named as 2,5 – methylheptane. Another branch of alkane contains two 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 identical alkyl groups which are attached to a carbon atom. In this case, the prefix di (2) is used. Consider the structure below. 2,5 – methylheptane Both alkyl groups are located on the second carbon atom. Thus, the name would be 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2,2 – dimethylheptane. The number that includes the location of energy group is separated by a comma (,). 2,2 – dimethylheptane NAMING TheOF IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) system is ALKANES used for the naming of organic compounds. Generally, the name should end with the syllable of the family or group where it belongs. All alkane compounds end with -ane, alkenes with -ene, and alkynes with -yne. Straight chain alkanes take the suffix “ane” and the prefix depending on the number of carbon atoms in the chain. For branched alkane, you need to consider the longest continuous chain (parent chain) of carbon in the structure and the alkyl group. An alkyl group is basically an alkane minus one of its hydrogen atoms. or CH3 (Methyl) Remove one hydrogen H Methane 14  As an example, consider the branched chain alkane below and follow the step-by-step procedure to come up with the name. 1. Locate the parent chain or the longest continuous chain of carbon. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org 2. Name the carbon atoms of the parent chain starting from whichever end of the chain gives the location of the first branch. 3. The branch is closer to the left end, so start numbering from left to right. 1 2 3 4 5 6 4. Name the parent chain. Since it has 6 carbon atoms, therefore, it is a hexane. 5. Name the alkyl group attached to the branch. The branch CH3 on the second carbon is named methyl. methyl + hexane = methylhexane 6. Attach the name of the alkyl group as a prefix of the parent chain. 7. Place the location number of the alkyl group in front of the resulting name. Since the alkyl group is on the second carbon, the name of the branched alkane would be 2-methylhexane (note that a hyphen (-) is used to separate the number from the word). Sometimes, a Condensed Structural Formula is used instead of Extended Structural Formula. Consider the example below. Notice that the numbering of carbon atom is reversed. It is because the first branch C2H5 which is methyl (CH3), is attached to the parent chain is located at the right end. So, the numbering starts from right to left. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The alkyl names are assembled in alphabetical order. Again, use a hyphen to separate the number from the words. CH3 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane ALKENE Alkenes are hydrocarbons that have one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in their structures. The name of alkene compounds ends in –ene. Alkenes belong to the class of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Table 3 shows the list of alkenes. However, the list continues like table 2 for alkanes. You just need to change the -ane from alkane compounds to -ene to form the names for alkene compounds. Also, there are numbers before the names of the alkene compounds. What does the number signify? The number determines the location of the double bond. 15  Let us take the Condensed Structural Formula of 1-Butene as an example on the CH2=CH CH2 CH3 right. You already knew that butene is an alkene that has four (4) carbon atoms, and the double bond is located between the first 1 2 3 4 and the second carbon. So, if you change the position of the double bond and place it between the second and the third carbon, will it be 1-Butene still? If your answer is no, you are correct. It now called as 2-Butene. NOTE: Changing the position of the double bond means difference in the Condensed Structural Formula and Expanded Structural Formula. NAMING OF ALKENES To name alkenes, the rules used in naming alkanes will be applied. However, the parent carbon chain must include the double bond even if it takes it shorter than the others. Again, numbering of the parent carbon chain starts from whichever end gives the double-bonded carbon. The location number should be given as to where the double bond is. Let us take this an example: CH3 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2 = CH2 6 5 4 3 2 1 The double bond is located at the right end of the parent carbon chain and the location number is on the first carbon. Thus, the name of the alkene will be 1-hexene. Let us consider another example. This C2 CH5 CH3 time, it is a branched alkene. Applying the rules, it will be named as CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH = C CH3 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 5-ethyl-2-methyloctene. The simplest alkenes are ethene, CH2CH2, and propene, CH2CHCH3. Alkenes are characterized by the general molecular formula CnH2n (n is the number of carbon atoms). The Expanded Structural Formula is shown at the right indicates two (2) carbon atoms and four (4) hydrogen atoms and a double bond between the carbon atoms. Its molecular formula is C2H4. Now let us figure out if it Source: https://en.wikipedia.org fits to the general formula of alkenes. General Formula: CnH2n Number of Carbon atoms (n) = 2 Number of Hydrogen atoms = 2n = 2 x 2 =4 Molecular Formula of ethene = C2H4 In cases where an alkene has two or more double bonds, the prefixes di, tri, tetra, penta, CH2 = CH CH = CH CH3 and so on are used as part of the parent carbon 1 2 3 4 5 chain name 1,3-pentadiene 16  ALKYNE Alkynes contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Alkynes are also unsaturated hydrocarbon just like alkene due to the presence of at least one triple bond between carbon atoms. Open chain alkynes have a general formula CnH2n – 2 (n is the number of carbon atoms). The most common alkyne compound is ethyne or acetylene. General Formula: CnH2n – 2 Number of Carbon atoms (n) = 2 Number of Hydrogen atoms = 2n-2 = (2 x 2) - 2 =4-2 Ethyne or commonly known as Molecular Formula = C2H2 acetylene is an alkyne hydrocarbon of ethyne with a chemical formula C2H2. This organic compound is commonly used as fuel in an oxy-acetylene welding torch. Ethyne (acetylene) is also produced when Calcium carbide, CaC2, reacts with water in the air. It can hasten the ripening of fruits. That is why fruit vendors use calcium carbide in ripening their fruits in just a few days. NAMING OF ALKYNES The rule in naming alkynes is the same as those in alkanes and alkenes but should end with a suffix yne. Below are examples of alkynes. HC ≡ C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 1-hexyne CH3 CH3 CH C ≡ C CH2 CH2 CH3 2-methyl-4-heptyne CH3 C ≡ C C ≡ C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 2,4-nonadiyne What’s More A. DIRECTIONS: Name the following hydrocarbons. Write your answer on your answer sheets. 1. H3C CH CH3 3. H H H H H H CH2 CH3 H–C=C–C–C–C–C–H 2. CH3 CH ≡ CH C ≡ CH CH2 CH3 H H H H 17 B. DIRECTIONS: Draw the EXTENDED STRUCTURAL FORMULA of the following hydrocarbons. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1.) 2,3,4,5,6,7 – hexamethyloctane 3.) 3 – methylocta-1,4-diyne 2.) 5 – methyl-3-octene 4.) 4 – pentyne What I Have Learned DIRECTIONS: Copy and complete the table below. Write your answer on a separate sheet. HYDROCARBON 1. ALKANE 2. 3. TYPES OF BOND 4. 5. has double bond 6. EXAMPLE 7. 8. 9.butyne GEN. FORMULA 10. 11. 12. Lesson HYDROCARBONS: Functional 4 Groups What’s In ACTIVITY 3: THE HYDROCARBONS: Functional Groups Objectives: Recognize kinds of functional group in a hydrocarbon. Identify the types of bonds formed in alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Relate the structures of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes to their properties. Materials: answer sheet and pen Procedures: 1. Look at the Extended Structural Formulas below. 2. Notice the type of bonds that each formula has. ETHYL ALCOHOL ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL METHYL ALCOHOL FORMALDEHYDE ACETONE 18 Answer the guide questions. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What types of bonds are present in ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, and in isopropyl alcohol? 2. Why are these alcohols important? 3. What are the common uses of acetone and formalin? 4. What types of bonds do the common compounds have in their structures? 5. Formalin and acetone are common carbonyl containing compounds. Why do you think they both belong in the group of carbonyl containing compounds? What is It The structure, properties, and chemical reactions of organic compounds are determined by Functional groups. Functional group is a group of atoms that are bonded to the molecule. This group is responsible for the characteristics or property of that compound. Functional groups hold onto their properties regardless of the molecule in which they are found. They are formed through a base molecule and a hydrocarbon group. A. HYDROXYL GROUP ALCOHOL Alcohols have hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a single bond alkyl group, alkane. If you are going to observe the structures of ethyl, isopropyl, and methyl alcohol, you will notice the hydroxyl group (-OH) in their structures. Alcohols are chemically bonded to a carbon atom in the compound. They have special uses such as a reagent, solvent, and disinfectant. Some are used as cleaning agents, fuel, a few alcohols are used as fuel for portable stoves or other types of burners, and others are used as a main component (ethyl alcohol) of liquor and other alcoholic drinks. B. CARBONYL GROUP ALDEHYDES The functional group of aldehyde is composed of carbonyl bonded to a hydrogen atom and a hydrocarbon group. The simplest aldehyde is the formaldehyde or methanal. Aldehydes contribute favorable odors of essential oils like cilantro and vanillin. The formaldehyde or methanal is used as disinfectant and a preservative with a pungent odor common in hospitals and morgues. KETONES A ketone is a functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two other carbon atoms. Ketones differ from aldehydes in that the carbonyl is placed between two carbons rather than at the end of a carbon chain. Acetone or propanone is the simplest example of a ketone. Carbonyl compounds like acetone, and formaldehyde have a carbonyl functional group, C=O, which is chemically bonded to a carbon atom in the compound. These common carbonyl compounds also have important uses: acetone is used as a cleaning agent like a nail polish remover, and formaldehyde is used in preserving organic materials like an animal specimen. This is also the compound used in embalming human cadavers. Acetone and formalin are examples of simple carbonyl containing compounds which have common uses. Carbonyl containing compounds 19 are organic compounds that contain carbonyl functional group, which is composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. What’s More DIRECTIONS: Read each sentence and write you answer on the answer sheet. 1. What organic compound is used by embalmers in treating human cadavers? 2. Jaime scratched herself when her arm bumped into the concrete post. What do you think should she apply to make her bruises free from harmful germs? 3. What type of carboxyl group that has two carbon atoms that are attached to it? 4. It is responsible for the characteristics or property of organic compound. 5. It is the hydroxyl group of alcohol. What I Have Learned DIRECTIONS: Copy and complete the table below. Write your answer on a separate sheet. FUNCTIONAL GROUP 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8 9. 10. 11. use to remove nail polish 1&2. Types of Functional Groups 3-5. Types of each Functional Groups 6-8. Examples of each Functional Groups 9-10. Uses of the examples of the functional group What I Can Do PERFORMANCE TASK: MODEL / DIAGRAM CONSTRUCTION DIRECTIONS: Using the materials available at home, construct the EXTENDED STRUCTURAL FORMULA of the following: 2,6,7 – hexamethylheptane 3 – methyl-4-hexene 2 – methylpenta-1,4-diyne RUBRICS 10 pts. 20 pts. 30 pts. ACCURACY OF Less than 10% of Less than 50% of At least 90% of the CONTENT the lesson is the lesson is lesson is shown in shown in the shown in the the diagram diagram diagram 20 LABELS Important items in Many important All important items the diagram are items in the in the diagram are not labelled diagram are clearly labelled clearly labelled CREATIVITY The materials of The materials of The materials of the diagram are the diagram are the diagram are not coordinated. not so well well coordinated. The diagram is coordinated. The The diagram is done poorly. The diagram is neat and well- output is presented nicely. presented. The constructed for the The output is just output is visually sake of okay appealing compliance 21  Assessment DIRECTION: Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which alkene will most likely have the highest boiling point? A. ethene B. hexene C. pentene D. propene 2. Maria Paula wants to preserve a fish for her project in Biology class. What kind of compound should she use to preserve the animal? A. acetic acid B. acetone C. formaldehyde D.methyl alcohol 3. Veronica wants to change her nail polish because it does not look good with her new dress. What must she use to remove her fingers’ old nail polish? A. acetic acid B. acetone C. formaldehyde D.lubricating oil 4. Which hydrocarbon compound has a double bond in the molecule? A. ethane B. methane C. propene D. propyne 5. Which are TRUE about the use of ethyl alcohol? I. medicine III. disinfectant II. fuel IV. fertilizer A. I and II only C. I and IV only B. II and III only D. III and IV only 6. What happens to the boiling point of hydrocarbon compounds when the number of carbon atoms increases? A. decreases C. remains the same B. increases D. increases then decreases 7. Which group of hydrocarbon does the molecule with the structure belong? A. alcohol C. alkene B. alkane D. alkyne 8. How many types of bonds are there in the following hydrocarbon compound? A. 1 C. 3 B. 2 D. 4 9. Emmanuel Juan cut his finger accidentally when he was cutting his nails. He has to apply something on his wound so that it will not get infected. Which compounds should he use? A. acetone C. kerosene B. formalin D. isopropyl alcohol 22 10. Juan Miguel wants to protect his bicycle’s parts from rusting fast. Which of the following material do you think will Miguel use? A. kerosene C. lubricating oil B. vinegar D. isopropyl alcohol 11. Juan Victor’s grandmother was cooking their supper when she suddenly stopped and said, “Oh, the tank is already empty!” Then her grandmother asked him to buy another tank. What did Victor’s grandmother ask him to buy? A. gasoline C. lubricating oil B. water D. liquefied petroleum gas 12. Marcy’s car stopped at the middle of the road. She found out that her car has ran out of fuel. Which compound must she buy? A. kerosene C. water B. gasoline D. lubricating oil 13. Which of the following compounds is a carbonyl compound? A. C. B. D. 14. Which of the following pairs of organic compounds is highly flammable? A. acetone, gasoline C. lubricating oil, isopropyl alcohol B. ethyl alcohol, water D. liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene 15. How do carbon atoms form many organic compounds? By _____. A. attracting other elements toward themselves to form the bonds B. sharing their electrons with other metal and non-metal elements C. transferring their electrons to the atoms of surrounding elements D. forming many bonds with other carbon atoms and other elements 23 References: A. Books Aquino, Marites D. et. al. 2017. Science Links Worktext for Scientific and Technological Literacy. Philippines: Rex Bookstore Clark, Jim. 2002. Longman GCSE Chemistry. Philippines: Pearson Longman Petrucci, Ralph H., et. al., 2011. General Chemistry 10th Edition. Philippines: Pearson Education Inc. Ungson, Olivia B., 2006. Science Fundamentals for High School III CHEMISTRY revised edition. Philippines: Trinitas Publishing Inc. SCIENCE 9 Learners Module, Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines B. Images https://shopee.ph/15ML-30ML-NAIL-POLISH-REMOVE-ACETONE- 12PCS-i.83581201.2301182784 https://akabanebussan.com/product/datu-puti-vinegar-385ml/ https://www.philippinedestiny.com/2019/06/cooking-in-Philippines-with- LPG.html https://www.wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-is-gasoline-made-of https://www.hirunews.lk/english/192872/cabinet-approves-reduction-of- kerosene-price https://www.shutterstock.com/search/mothballs https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-structural-formula-for- methane https://www.shaalaa.com/question-bank-solutions/explain-bonding- methane-molecule-using-electron-dot-structure-concept-covalent- bond_18457 https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-physical-science- flexbook-2.0/section/6.1/primary/lesson/carbon-bonding-ms-ps https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet_rule https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/48159/what-is-the- difference-between-alkanes-and-polymers https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Butane-condensed-structural- formulae.png https://brainly.in/question/14641757 https://byjus.com/ethane-formula/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethene_structural.svg https://byjus.com/chemistry/acetylene-formula/ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Molecular-structure-of-butene-and- methylpropene_fig1_316567849 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Methylhexane C. Electronic https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/ethanol/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qox3ntVY_5M&t=51s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BeHFU7SjJ9M&t=1s 24  25 MODULE 6 LESSON 1 WHAT’S MORE LESSON 1 WHAT’S IN 1. True 6. True 1. Gasoline 4. Acetone 2. True 7. True 2. Acetic acid 5. Kerosene 3. False, Not all 8. True 3. Naphthalene 6. LPG 4. False, 2 double bonds 9. Slowly 5. False, hydrogen 10. Viscosity WHAT’S NEW ORGANIC COMPOUNDS USES Acetic Acetone Gasoline Kerosene LPG Naphthalene Acid Antiseptic / Cleaner / / Food / Fuel / / / / Pesticide / GUIDE QUESTIONS: 2.1 COMPOUNDS USES Acetic acid Used as component of vinegar (4% by volume) Acetone Used to remove nail polish Gasoline Fuel for vehicles Kerosene Fuel for lamps (gasera) and portable cooking stove (kusinilya) LPG (liquefied Fuel for gas stove and cars petroleum gas) Naphthalene pesticides 2.2 These common organic compounds are very important because they have many uses at home and in the industry. LESSON 1 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED 1. Carbon 6. Pair of electrons 11. Carbon 2. Carbon Compounds 7. 1 12. Hydrogen 3. Single Bond 8. 2 13. Naturally 4. Double Bond 9. 3 14. Artificially 5. Triple Bond 10. 6 electrons 15. Flammability, Odor, Viscosity, Volatility Answer Key  26 LESSON 2 WHAT’S IN 1. Single, Double, Triple Bonds 3. Covalent bond 2. By sharing of elements with the same element or other element WHAT’ S NEW 1. Condensed Structural Formula 3. Molecular Formula 2. Lewis Electron Dot Structure 4. Expanded Structural Formula WHAT’S MORE C6H14 C7H16 LEWIS ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE LEWIS ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE EXTENDED STRUCTURAL FORMULA EXTENDED STRUCTURAL FORMULA CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED 1. NO 2. 3. 4. CH3 CH3  27 LESSON 3 WHAT’S NEW GUIDE QUESTIONS 2.1. Compounds in the alkanes group only have single bonds between carbon atoms. Alkenes have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the compounds. Alkynes have at least one triple bond between carbon atoms in the compounds. 2.2. The physical state of the alkanes from methane to butane is gas, and from pentane to octane: liquid. The reason for this is related to the structure of the compounds. If the molecule of the compound is small, it interacts less with each other. Just like methane, it is likely to be a gaseous compound. When the molecules become bigger in size or structure, they can closely interact with each other, and they will become more likely to be liquid just like in the case of octane. Octane molecule has a very long chained structure that makes it too heavy to be a gaseous compound. The trend in the phase of the compounds is also the same with the alkenes and the alkynes. The phase of the alkenes and alkynes is a gas when the molecules are small and becomes liquid as the molecules become bigger. The trend in the structures of the compounds in alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes is the same. The size of the structures of the compounds is increasing because the compounds become bigger or longer. The trend in the boiling point of the compounds in alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes is also in an increasing pattern. This is because of their structures. As the structures of the compounds become bigger, they also interact more with each other. Bigger molecules that interact with each other more strongly require higher temperature to evaporate. That is why they have a higher boiling point. 2.3 The reason why there are hydrocarbons that are gases and liquids is because of the structure or the size of the molecules of the compounds. When the molecules are small, they tend to interact less among each other. Smaller molecules are usually gases. And when molecules have bigger structures, they interact more with each other. Thus, bigger molecules then tend to settle in liquid state. WHAT’S MORE A. 1.) 2-methylbutane 2.) 2,4-diheptyne 3.) 1-hexene B.  28 LESSON 4 WHAT’S IN GUIDE QUESTIONS: 1. The structures of the alcohols in this activity only have single bonds. 2. Alcohols are important because they can be used as disinfectant/antiseptic, they fuel lamps and portable stoves and most specially, they are main ingredients of liquors. 3. Acetone is commonly used as solvent and nail polish remover. Formaldehyde is used as a preserving agent and disinfectant. 4. The structures of acetone, and formaldehyde all have single and double bonds. 5. The structures of acetone, and formaldehyde both have carbonyl functional group. These make them carbonyl containing compounds. WHAT’S MORE 1. formalin 3. Ketones 5. -OH 2. Ethyl / Isopropyl alcohol 4. Functional group WHAT I HAVE LEARNED 1. Hydroxyl Group 6. Ethyl Alcohol 2. Carbonyl Group 7. Formaldehyde 3. Alcohol 8. Acetone 4. Aldehyde 9. Disinfectant 5. Ketone 10. Use in morgues For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – Cebu City Division Office Address: Imus Avenue, Cebu City, Cebu Telephone Nos.: (063) 255 – 1516, (032)253 - 9095 E-mail Address: [email protected] 28