6 Pathogens & Infectious Diseases PDF

Group viruses affecting a variety of of animal species coronaviruses Single stand RNA Crown like spherical To attach to receptors on human cells Structure Allow membrane of virus to fuse with human cell membrane Spike like proteins on surface Viral genome enters When virus comes contact with...

Group viruses affecting a variety of of animal species coronaviruses Single stand RNA Crown like spherical To attach to receptors on human cells Structure Allow membrane of virus to fuse with human cell membrane Spike like proteins on surface Viral genome enters When virus comes contact with host cells and intro itself material into cell Earliest stage of infection in viral life cycle COVID19 Viral entry Accumulation of fluid Structure, pathophysiology and detection of covid 19 Mechanism 3. Moderate damage Reduced in gas exchange SARS-CoV2 Disorders by organisms Infectious diseases Microscopic levvel Passed directly/indirectly Effects of on resp Build up of protein-rich fluid Affect any tissue 4. Servere damage Limited gas exchange Cell damage Inflammatory reactions Bacteria infection Overreacting of immune system lead to severe inflammation Visible under light microscope (staining techniques) Major causes of infections disease globally Signal release of huge amt of cytokines protozoa Fungi 5 types of microbes Helminth Virus Use electron microscope COVID19 Cytokine storm 1. Covid affect lungs cells Viruses 2. Immune cells id virus and prod cytokines 3. They attract more immune cells and prod cytokines and creating cycle of inflammation to damage cells of lung HIV/AIDS Influenza Common infectious diseases Cause bt viruses y bacteria Anthrax TB How it affects resp bacteria Salmonella Resp y diarrhoea disease 4. Damage through fibrin formation Malaria (causes by) 5. Weakened BV lead to fluid to go in and fill in the lung leading to resp failure Small genetic code DNA/RNA Surround by caspid 6 Pathogens y infectious diease Amplifies 1 copy/few copies of segment DNA Must infect cells, using host cells to copy Kill host cell Cannot replicate alone PCR TEST Damage to host organism Targets RNA carriers Reverse transcription 1. RNA + primers + reverse transcriptase > DNA 2. Denaturation (melting 2 DNA strands) 3. Annealing - primers bind to single strand Someone who has a viral infection but does not display symptoms Define by viruses produce disease in the host Reverse Transcription PCR 1. Entry of virus into the body steps Tests taken 4. Elongation Enzyme-line immunosorbent assay Stages of viral pathogenesis Virus replicated from infected cell Virus Disperse to infect nearby cells Uses antibody and color change to id an antigen 2. Local replication in susceptible cells Localised infection Common cold (rhinovirus) Serological test Single cells ELISA Prokaryotes Flu [parainfluneza] examples GI infection [rotavirus] Characteristics Skin infection [papilomavirus] Majority harmless Virus may cause systemic diseases bacteria Archae Has microorganisms 3. Dissemination and spread to sec tissues and target organs Microscopic eukaryotes Blood or lymphatic system Chicken pox [varicella zoster virus][ Resistance to pathogens Maintaining gut intestinal epithelium Steps Example Gut microbiome Spreading to sites where it shedding happens Controlling immune reaction Viral pathogenesis Gut-brain axis 4. Shedding of virus into e environment Mutualistic interactions - good Commensal interactions neutral resp alimentary Urogenital tracts Blood Pathogenic - bad Adapted and endowed to overcome normal body defences Invading blood E.coli, C. Botulinum, Salmonella, V. Cholera, Tetanus, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Syphillis, Streptococcus, TB Impact and diagnosis of common pathogenic bacteria List of dangerous from 10 -> 1 Overcome by immune system Wound intoxication Chilling Fatigue 5. Onward transmission to third host Infection happen when Body defence mechanism damage by local trauma/underlying disease Malnutrition Transmit to others to establish cycle Structural changes to host cells by viral infections Bacteria in diseases Entry of host cells Direct cell death Destroy host by var mechanisms Kills cells @ distance through enzyme release Damage of blood vessels (ischemic necrosis) Examples can be found in the form of fluids, aerosols, skin and excrement types Can cause disease Changes to cellular metabolism/ proliferation Smallpox [variola] HIV Metabolising dietary y meds Lesser the mutualist and commensal combined Through disseminated infection spreadin thoughtout the body Direct cytopathic Disrupts cellular functions Enzyme release Degrade host metabolic precursor Proteins Damage by Release of toxin Protein release Cellular effects Inhibit synthesis Host factors DNA/y RNA Induce immune response Presistency may lead to cancer cells Culture Gram staining Measure antibodies in blood samples Biochem id Diagnosis bacterial agents Serological id Using var chemical to hightlight part of cells Not preferred Histochemical staining of microgrnorganism Lytic viruses Stimulating tumors HPV Kill by incurring/or interfering with specialised cells function of host Trigger necrosis Host signal cascading Trigger apoptosis Major immune cells/antigenpresenting cell Acts as immunisupression for persistent infection HIV eg