GAD Lecture Notes PDF

Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Gender and Development Concepts and Gender Mainstreaming FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts LESSON GOAL: ❖ Understand/revie...

Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Gender and Development Concepts and Gender Mainstreaming FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts LESSON GOAL: ❖ Understand/review/level off the basic Gender and Development (GAD) concepts such as sex and gender, gender roles, gender bias and other key concepts related to GAD; and ❖ Develop an appreciation for gender sensitivity and its importance on one’s personal and professional lives. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Legal Mandates on GAD FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations LEGAL MANDATES ON GAD ⚬ Philippine Constitution – Article II, Section 14 provides that the state recognizes the role of women in nation-building, and shall endure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men. (1987) ⚬ Republic Act 9710 Magna Carta of Women– aims to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women by recognizing, protecting, fulfilling and promoting the rights of Filipino women, especially those in marginalized sector. (2009) FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations LEGAL MANDATES ON GAD ⚬ Section 59 Republic Act 8551 – otherwise known as PNP Reform and Reorganization Act. (1998) ⚬ Republic Act 8760 – also known as General Appropriations Act, Section 27. Programs/Projects related to Gender and Development (GAD). (2000) ⚬ PNP MC 2004-02 – PNP Guidelines in the Implementation of GAD Program vis-à-vis Utilization of the GAD Funds representing 5% of the Agency Budget FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Gender and Development Concepts FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Sex vs Gender FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Sex is …… ❖ biological characteristics of being a female and male -physical attributes pertaining to person’s body contours, features, hormones, genes, chromosomes and reproductive organs (genitals) ❖ generally permanent and universal ❖ attributes are equally valued FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Primary Sex Characteristic MEN WOMEN Penis, testes (androgen and Uterus, ovary (estrogen and testosterone), scrotum, sperm, progesterone) ovum, fallopian tubes vas deferens, etc cervix, vagina, clitoris, etc Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Secondary Sex Characteristic ✓ Development of the breast; ✓ The body become more muscular; ✓ Pelvic widens and Hips ✓ Shoulder and chest become broaden; broader; ✓ Voice deepens slightly; ✓ Adam’s apple grows; ✓ Hair grown under the arms ✓ Vocal Cord Enlarge; and in the pelvic region; ✓ Underarm, pubic hair, hair on the ✓ Ovaries start to function; face, chest & shoulders start to ✓ Regular Menstruation grow; FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations ✓ Penis and testes enlarge; ✓ Testes begin to make sperm  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Sex Roles Female Sex Roles Male Sex Roles Gestation; Ovum Fertilization; Lactation; and Produces spermatozoa Child-bearing which determine child’s sex FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Gender refers to…… ❖ Socially constructed; ❖ Categorize as feminine (pagkababae) and masculine (pagkalalaki); ❖ Time-bound and Place-bound; ❖ Changing; ❖ Attributes are marked by inequality. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  SEX GENDER Given at birth Culturally and socially Male or Female dictated Masculine or Permanent Feminine Constant even in different countries Variable Constant even in Differ in societies different times Differ at times “What you were born with” “What happens afterwards” ARI –MALE, FEMALE KASARIAN – MASCULINE, INTERSEX FEMININE, NEUTER FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations POLL QUESTION #1 Is there a third sex? Yes No FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender Reveal FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations POLL QUESTION #2 Is Gender Reveal Appropriate for Unborn Babies? Yes No FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Social Institutions of Gender: Gender as a Social Construct FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Social Construction of Gender FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations Social Construct *An idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society E.g Class distinctions are a social construct *Source: Merriam Webster FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS that affect GAD FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Social Institutions: FAMILY … has the most influence because the formative years of every individual is almost always spent with and developed by the family. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Social Institutions: Education/School … the formal school system promotes and encourages the different gender roles between men and women. Sex segregation system…. Gender stereotype roles in teaching materials and selection of courses FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Social Institutions: RELIGION/ Church …. Reinforcing gender stereotypes through religious teachings, doctrines and symbols *Good women/wife as martyrs, self sacrificing and conservatives Affecting reproductive choices FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Social Institutions: WORK … gender discrimination in relation to occupation and pay … Balance of family life and work … Question of power relations as well access and control to resources FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Social Institutions: MEDIA … reinforcing gender stereotypes and sex based discrimination through media portrayal of men and women SOCIAL MEDIA INCLUDED Commodification of women’s bodies… docile homemakers… macho men FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Social Institutions: THE STATE … Creates laws and policies that ensure the maintenance of the system. Instrumental in passing laws that are discriminatory to women and other sexual orientations. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Gender roles defined Gender roles in society means how we’re EXPECTED to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based upon our assigned sex. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Gender Roles Gender Roles of Gender Roles of Women Men Cooking; Leader; Childcare; and Providing income for Housekeeping the family FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts MANIFESTATION OF GENDER BIAS FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts What is Gender Bias? Gender bias is a behavior that shows favoritism toward one gender over another. Most often, gender bias is the act of favoring men and/or boys over women and/or girls. -Rothchild, J. (2014) FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts On June 12, 2023, the “Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI) Report” launched by the UNDP has shown that Gender biases against women have not improved in a decade. The report is based on the result of the World Values Survey (WVS) conducted to 91 countries. 85% of the total population worldwide: Biases against Women Worldwide 99.5% of the entire population Biases against Women in the Philippines FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Gender Bias in Education ❖ Researchers have consistently found that teachers give more time, effort and attention to boys than to girls (Sadker & Sadker 1994) ; and ❖ Gender bias exists in textbooks and instructional materials as well. Women are often underrepresented in course materials and/or are presented in stereotypical roles (Raffalli 1994). FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Gender Bias in the Household ❖ Patriarchal households are maintained through power and control in the hands of men, particularly fathers, as the heads of households. Specifically, gendered roles assigned as “breadwinner husband” and ‘homemaker wife” lead to unequal distributions of power within the household. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Gender Bias in Economy ❖ Women are likely to be unemployed, employed in temporary jobs, or employed part time; and ❖ There is a difference between the wages received by women as to their male counterparts while performing basically the same job. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Gender Discrimination To give differential treatment to individuals on the grounds of their gender. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts What is discrimination against women? The Magna Carta of Women defines discrimination against women as: Any gender-based distinction, exclusion, or restriction which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, or exercise by women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil, or any other field. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts GENDER ROLES RESULT IN GENDER BIASes Gender roles are Gender roles Manifestation of Gender Bias deep-seated in the culture as well as have resulted the belief and the to gender bias value systems Marginalization Subordination Multiple burden Violence Gender stereotyping Personal Violence Obstacles to personal development FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Manifestations of Gender Bias Pushing a particular Act of giving someone or group of people to the something less importance edge of society or power. Preconceived ideas Women tend to work longer and more fragmented days than men VAW is deemed to be closely linked with the unequal power relationship between women and men FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Manifestation of Gender Bias/Discrimination (MGB): or Gender Issues/Gaps 1. Multiple burdens 2. Stereotyping 3. Subordination 4. Marginalization 5. Violence against women FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Manifestation of Gender Bias 1. Multiple Burdens/Roles It refers to the situation where no matter what women put in essentially the same working hours as men outside the home, households, child care and wider breath of responsibilities are still primarily women’s concerns. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations Structured Learning Exercise CHOOSE whether Female or Male NURSE SENSITIVE DOCTOR COMPETITIVE ENGINEER DOMINANT TEACHER CARING ARCHITECT EMOTIONAL CONSTRUCTION WORKER AGGRESSIVE TAXI DRIVER NURTURING FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Manifestation of Gender Bias 2. Gender Stereotyping It is the tendency of attitude to ascribe particular traits, characteristics and roles distinctly to men and particular traits, characteristics, roles distinctly to women. Assumption: The ascribed attributes of men apply to all men and that of women apply to all women in a given society. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Manifestation of Gender Bias 3. Gender Subordination Secondary status of women in society, because of this, they have less access to and control over resources for development and its benefits. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Ex: Political Subordination It refers to the perceived political notion and sexist propaganda against women political candidates, insufficient support system to increase women’s active involvement or participation in political parties, factors that hamper women to join politics and other leadership roles. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Obstacles in Women’s Participation in Politics and Decision Making ❖ Gender Stereotyping; ❖ Multiple Burden; ❖ Lack of Political Education and support from political parties. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts PNP SDD PROFILE (As of October 31, 2023) PNP Grand Total: 227,344 49,227 or 21.65% Female 178,117 or 78.35% Male FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations Female PCOs in Key Positions (As of November 2023)* FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations *Source: DPRM PAIS  Gender and Development: Manifestation of Gender Bias 4. Gender Marginalization It is the process which forces women out into the periphery of economic and social life, on the periphery of decision-making process as well as diminishing the values of the activities in which they engage and through which they contribute to the national development process. Ex: Community Decision- Making FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Men continue to dominate the corporate world, politics and sports. Women dominate service occupations which are valued less. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Manifestation of Gender Bias 5. Violence against Women (VAW) Women become victims of all forms of violence, like battering, rape, sexual harassment, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women simply because they are women and occupy a subordinate status in society. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Manifestation of Gender Bias Violence against Women and Children (VAWC) Cases recorded by WCPC (January 2021 to July 2023) January to 2021 2022 July 2023 PCOs 114 81 45 PNCOs 1,028 966 463 NUP 0 0 0 TOTAL 1,142 1,047 508 FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Why Men Batters Women? Possessiveness, jealousy, sexual inadequacy, and low self-esteem, are usual characteristics of men who batter women. Battering is one way the inadequate man tries to prove his masculinity. Male abuser uses violence as a tool to maintain control and demonstrate his power over his marriage mate. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts What is MOVE? MOVE (Men Opposed to Violence Against Women Everywhere) is an organization of men whose members have dedicated themselves to be actively involved in eliminating all forms of discrimination against women particularly violence against women (VAW ). FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Proclamation 1172 declared that from November 25 to December 12 of every year will be the “18-day Campaign to end violence against women”. PNP MOVE Summits FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Gender Biases of Men FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Gender Biases of Men in the Family ❖ Wrong perception that men are only interested in sex. ❖ Discrimination and lack of support for men who decides to stay at home. ❖ Unfair expectation that men are supposed to be the breadwinners. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Gender Biases of Men in the Workplace ❖ Unrealistic expectations from male workers; ❖ More exposed to dangerous jobs; ❖ Abusive working conditions FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Gender Issues of Men in Society ❖ Toxic masculinity; ❖ Wrong depiction of men in the media; ❖ Traditional perception on how men should behave; ❖ Lack of support of men who are victims of abuse FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts Gender, Power & Development FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development What do you see? FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development Gender EQUALITY ❖ Refers to equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women and men and girls and boys. ❖ Equality means that women’s and men’s rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female. ❖ Gender equality implies that the interests, needs and priorities of both women and men are taken into consideration. ❖ Gender equality is not a ‘women’s issue’ but should concern and fully engage men as well as women. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development Gender EQUITY Refers to the POLICIES, INSTRUMENTS, PROGRAMS, SERVICES, and ACTIONS that address the disadvantaged position of women in society by providing preferential treatment and affirmative action. Such temporary special measures aimed at accelerating de facto equality between men and women shall not be considered discriminatory but shall in no way entail as a consequence of the maintenance of unequal or separate standards. These measures shall be discontinued when the objectives of equality of opportunity and treatment have been achieved. -MCW Fairness of treatment for women and men according to their respective needs. May include equal treatment or treatment that is different but is considered equivalent in terms of rights, benefits, obligations and opportunities. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development BASIC PREMISES ON GENDER EQUALITY A. Not a war between sexes; B. Not anti-male; C. Both women and men are victims although there are more women victims than men; and D. Both men and women have a stake in the struggle. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development If gender equality is for both women and men, why do women need special treatment? FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development Gender SENSITIVITY the ability to recognize gender issues and especially the ability to recognize women’s different perception and interest arising from their different social location and different gender roles. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development Gender Awareness VS Gender Sensitivity Gender awareness is the ability to view society from the perspective of gender roles and how this has affected women's needs in comparison to the needs of men. Gender sensitivity is translating this awareness into action, in the design of development policies, programs and budgets. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development How To Be Gender Sensitive? Respect every person regardless of age, ability (physical or mental), belief/religion, educational attainment, race, ethinic group, social status, marital status, region of origin, color, sexual orientation and gender identity. Never assume another person’s identity based on that person’s appearance. Do not judge a person based on the little that we know. FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development What is Gender and Development? ❖ Refers to the development perspective and process that are participatory and empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of self-determination and actualization of human potentials. - (MCW, 2009) ❖ It seeks to achieve gender equality as a fundamental value that should be reflected in development choices and contends that women are active agents of development, not just passive recipients of development. - (PCW, 2011) FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development Be gender-responsive! Use your position to help redress gender biases, and promote women empowerment, and gender equality, through your daily actions and decisions. ACTIONS FJGADD DECISIONS Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Basic Concepts FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations  Gender and Development: Gender, Power, and Development FJGADD Directorate for Police Community Relations