6-7-LADDERS-AND-EVOLUTIONS.pdf

6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 1 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS -01. LADDERS-GENERAL.01 TERMINOLOGY Baby Bangor 14-foot extension ladder. Base Bottom end of a ladder....

6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 1 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS -01. LADDERS-GENERAL.01 TERMINOLOGY Baby Bangor 14-foot extension ladder. Base Bottom end of a ladder. Base, True Indicated only by the tie-rods on straight ladders which will be under the rungs of a raised ladder when the true base is down. Beams The principal structural assemblies of ladders. Main Beam Principal structural member of a beam assembly on a trussed ladder. Truss Beam The secondary structural member of a beam assembly on a trussed ladder. Beam Bolts Bolts which hold the beam assembly together. Beam Raise A method of raising a ladder on edge. One beam above the other and rungs vertical at the beginning of the raise. Braces Strengthening strips attached diagonally from main beam to truss beam in some types of trussed ladders. Curling Used to raise one member extension ladder from rest position. Member assumes squat position beside ladder, both feet against beam. Grasps proper rungs, hands against outside beam, elbows outside knee. Rocks over ladder, locks arms, returns to squat position with ladder chest high and rungs parallel to body. Reverse Curl Used to return one member extension ladder to rest position. Dogs See "Locks." Flat Raise Method of raising a ladder with shoes of both beams on ground and rungs parallel to the ground throughout the raise. Front of Ladder Climbing side of ladder; the side away from the building when in position for climbing. Rung side on LAFD ladders. Front Member  6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 2 Member working front side of ladder. Footing Methods used to secure the base of ladder from undesired movement. A. Footing for one member lowering in B. Footing for climbing C. Footing on beam D. Footing Flat Raise - Place the ball of each foot well up on the shoes of the ladder with the heels resting firmly on the ground. Place hands on knees in a slight crouch. Grasp the beams as they come within reach while maintaining balance. E. Footing Beam Raise - With the foot tipped on inner edge, place the foot at right angle to the ladder beam; inner edge of sole on the ground, bottom of foot against the ladder shoe, grasp top truss beam with one hand, with other hand grasp top main beam to assist in raising. Footing ladder flat raise Footing ladder beam raise One member lowering in Footing on beam Footing for climbing Guides Longitudinal strips on inner side of beam assemblies on most extension ladders which guide the fly section and hold the fly to the main section. The guides on baby bangor ladders are metal angles attached to the top of beam assemblies on the main section. Halyard Rope used to extend the fly section of a ladder. Hooks Folding steel members that secure a roof ladder for climbing. Inside Hand (or Foot) The hand (or -foot) that is closer to the ladder. Also, the hand (or foot) that is closer to the other member of a two-member team when working side by side. Knee/Foot Lock Position Used to secure one beam of a ladder when raising or lowering the fly section. The knee is lodged against one side of the beam and the instep of the foot is hooked around the opposite side of the same beam. For safety, avoid placing toe of locked foot under fly section. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 3 Knee/Foot lock position Ladders: Straight A ladder built in one section. Extension A ladder built in two or more sections which can be extended to increase its length. Main Section Lowest or bottom section of extension ladder. Center Section Center section of extension ladder. Fly Section Extension section of a ladder, usually refers to the top section. Left Member (Front or rear). The left member of a two-member team when working side by side as viewed from behind. Locks Positive locking devices which keep the fly section from retracting once raised. Locking-in Secure or lock oneself to a ladder with the leg. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 4 Locking-in Lower - in Rest the upper portion of the ladder against objective after raising ladder to vertical position. Lowering Removing a ladder from a raised position. Includes retracting fly of extension ladder. Moving Pivot Used while raising ladders to bring them parallel with objective. As ladder approaches the near vertical position, base member spans pivot beam at approximately 3rd rung level and opposite beam at approximately 5th rung level. When ladder is near vertical and at balance point, base member removes foot from opposite beam, steps back pulling opposite beam into pivot. As base member starts pivot, top member spans beams shoulder high, foots pivot beam or bottom rung against pivot beam, and assist base members in pivoting ladder into desired position. Moving pivot animated! Outside Hand (or Foot) See "inside" hand (or foot). Opposite of "inside." Park Ladder on the beam and rungs in vertical position. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 5 Pivot As applied to ladders, means turning a ladder on one beam when the ladder is in a vertical or near-vertical position. Pulley Grooved wheel over which the halyard drawn when extending an extension section. Raises Methods of raising a ladder. See "flat raise" and "beam raise." Raising Placing a ladder in position for climbing; includes extending fly of extension ladders and lowering in. Rear of Ladder Side of ladder opposite the climbing side; side of ladder toward the building when in position for climbing. Rear Member Member working rear side of ladder. Rest When ladder is laid on ground with rungs in horizontal position. Right Member (Front or rear) The right member of a two member team when working side by side as viewed from behind. Rungs Cross-members of ladder used when climbing. They are set in main beams or in truss blocks between main and truss beams. Rungs Away Rungs are usually set (Rungs Out) closer to one side of the ladder than the other. "Rungs away" means that rungs are on the side farther from the building after ladder is raised. Rungs Down Rungs are on the side closer to the ground. Rung Side Front of ladder; the side closer to the rungs; climbing side on LAFD ladders. Rungs Up Rungs are on side away from ground. Shoes Metal devices attached to the base of each beam to provide a better footing and to protect the beam ends. Span the Beams Grasp the main and truss beams of an extension ladder shoulder high in such a way that the hand will not be injured by raising or lowering the fly. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 6 Span the beams Spotting Placing the base of ladder in correct location prior to raising. Spurs Metal spikes attached to the base of tormentor poles. Stops Devices which prevent extending the fly out of the main section. Straps Web straps with buckle used for securing ladders, improvising stepladders, etc. Tie-rods Metal rods which reinforce and hold the ladder assembly together. Trombone Moving a ladder forward from the balanced carrying position by extending both arms causing the base to drop to the ground. Trusses Vertical, diagonal, and longitudinal strengthening parts of a trussed ladder. Includes braces, blocks, and truss beams but usually refers to truss beams. Truss Blocks Blocks between the main and truss beams of a trussed ladder..02 LADDER CLASSIFICATION 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 7 Ladder Classification Ladder Feet Extension 12, 14, 20, 24, and 35 Straight 16, 20, and 24 Roof 10, 12, 14, 16 and 20 Collapsible 10.03 NUMBER OF MEMBERS PERMITTED ON LADDERS Straight and Extension Ladder Number of Members 10, 12, 14, and 16 foot One Member 20 and 24 foot Two Members 35 foot Three Members Roof Ladders on Pitched Roofs Ladder Number of Members 10, 12 and 14 foot Two Members 16 and 20 foot Three Members.04 MAINTENANCE Inspection Ladders should be inspected periodically and AFTER USE. Check for: (1) Marred, worn, cracked or splintered parts (2) Shoes worn smooth (3) Worn, frayed or loose halyards (4) Loose tie-rods and beam bolts, and (5) Racked, peeled or blistered finish. Care Keep ladders clean and dry. Particular attention should be directed to crevices where wood members are joined. Oil locks and pulleys as necessary. Check for and touch up chipped finish after each use. Adjust halyards as necessary and replace those which are worn, frayed, or deteriorated by age. Sharpen dull shoes. Report loose tie-rods and beam bolts. When necessary, ladders of wood construction may be carefully scraped and lightly sanded. Minimum of two coats of clear finish, per Department specifications, should then be applied as a means of preserving the wood and facilitating inspection. Sand lightly between coats. NOTE Pigmented paints shall not be used on ladders except on metal parts and for marking. Marking Marking the length and company designation on the metal parts at both ends eliminates the guesswork when removing or replacing ladders. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 8 -02. BASIC OPERATIONS.01 SIGNALS AND COMMANDS The importance of proper and adequate communication between team members when handling ladders cannot be overemphasized. The base member of a team will generally control timing and placement of ladders and will give commands unless otherwise specified. Some signals will be given by voice, others by motion of the ladder. Voice signals may not be heard or understood; therefore, members should be alert for any signal given by motion of the ladder..02 REMOVING 35 Foot Extension Ladder 2 Member Remove From Truck and Raise Video 35 Foot Extension Ladder 3 Member Removing from Truck and Raise Video Several methods are employed for carrying ladders on apparatus. They may be held in place by ladder clamps, keys, straps, etc. Removing or unlocking these devices is necessary to release the ladders. The tiller post must be withdrawn on some trucks before certain ladders can be removed. It may be necessary to remove ladders from apparatus before they are needed. They should be placed near the apparatus, out of the way of emergency operations..03 LIFTING TO CARRY When lifting ladders from the ground or from the apparatus, use the muscles of the legs, arms and shoulders. Keep the back straight and flat. Coordination of effort between team members is essential..04 REVERSING When it is necessary to change direction of travel with long ladders, and it is unnecessary or undesirable to turn the ladder end for end, a simple pivot to reverse direction is used. Ladders Carried Flat On the command to reverse, all members reach across with outside hand, take weight of beam at shoulder level from inside hand, pivot into the ladder to face opposite direction and carry. Remove what is now outside hand. Lifting to carry animated! Ladders Carried At Arm's Length On command to "prepare to reverse," grasp first rung in front of shoulder with outside hand thumb against top beam. On command, "reverse," both members take weight of ladder on outside hand, pivot 90 degrees while withdrawing inside arm from between rungs. Grasp first rung behind shoulder with inside hand, thumb against top beam. Pivot another 90 degrees toward new direction of travel while placing what is now inside arm between 1st and 2nd rungs. Assume normal carrying position. NOTE Above operation should be performed as one fluid movement. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 9.05 SPOTTING Avoid unnecessary blocking of doors, passageways, etc. Ladders are generally spotted so that when raised, the top of the ladder will be to the left side of the window to facilitate getting on or off. Ladders placed for climbing are to be set with the rungs away from the building and the base resting evenly. The proper climbing angle of a ladder is approximately 70 degrees. To obtain this angle, the base of the ladder should be placed at a distance from the building or objective equal to approximately 1/4 the desired height..06 RAISING Two basic methods of raising ladders are the flat and beam raises. Overhead wires, other obstructions and limited space will dictate the type of raise used. 24 Foot Straight Ladder Flat Raise Video 24 Foot Straight Ladder Beam Raise Video.07 LOWERING IN One-member Foot ladder on center of bottom rung. Span beams shoulder high; use body weight to prevent base of ladder from sliding out; lower in to objective; watch the top of the ladder. NOTE Incline the foot with heel off ground so the toes will not be under the fly. Two-member Front member foots ladder on center of bottom rung. Span beams shoulder high. Use body weight to prevent base of ladder from sliding out. Lower in to objective; watch the top of the ladder. Rear member watches base. Spans the beams shoulder height or above, steps back and assumes the weight. Three-Member Front members each foot a beam of the ladder with outside foot, inside foot to rear. Both members span beams shoulder high and lower ladder into objective, watching the top of ladder. Rear member watches base, spans beams above shoulder height, steps back and assumes weight of ladder..08 SHIFTING AND MOVING Shifting Large Ladders Two members at front of ladder grasp most convenient common rung with inside hands, palms up, hands near closest beam, thumbs under rung. With outside hands, reach up and span beams; working together lift base only enough to shift to desired position. Right member responsible for top placement of ladder, left member for base. Lift with legs, keeping back straight. Move base slightly ahead of top of ladder. When shifting large extension ladders (strapping fly) one member shall capture the halyard from the front side of ladder. Incorporating halyard shifting will prevent dogs from unlocking prevent premature release of fly section. 35 Foot Extension Ladder Moving 3 Member Video NOTE On 35' extension ladder, base member to front of ladder and directs right and left member in proper placement of ladder. Shifting Small Ladders One member grasps most convenient rung near center with either hand, palm up, thumb under rung. Span beam with other hand. Face direction of travel. Lift ladder only enough to shift to desired position. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 10 Watch top of ladder keeping base slightly ahead of top. 24 Foot Straight Ladder Moving Video Moving One-Member Straight Ladder Bring ladder to vertical position; with hands well apart, bottom hand palm up, top hand palm down; grasp centers of most convenient rungs. Watch top, using legs lift ladder high enough for bottom rung to clear legs, balance and move. If ladder becomes unbalanced, ground base and place foot on center of bottom rung until ladder is stabilized. Watch top of ladder with occasional glances down to check direction and footing..09 SECURING Ladders raised to fire escape balconies shall be secured to balcony railing with a ladder strap. Strap balcony railing and stanchion to the beam and nearest rung of ladder. Members should be on balconies, inside windows, or on roofs to strap ladders. Ladders shall be held or footed while in use until they are strapped. When working from ladders, members should be locked in. Ladders raised to windows may be secured by strapping rung to a pike pole, crowbar or other similar object placed horizontally just inside window. On roofs, hay hooks and straps may be used. When it is not possible to secure ladders at the top, the base shall be footed to prevent slipping when members are climbing or working. It is an extreme hazard to be locked in on a ladder that has not been secured. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 11 On extension ladders, the fly shall be strapped to the main. Place strap around bottom rung of fly and adjacent rung of main section. It is very important that the top of a ladder be secured before working a hose stream from it, as the nozzle reaction tens to push the tip of the ladder away from the building. In emergencies where it is not possible to secure the top of the ladder from which a hose stream must be used, the ladder should be used at a flatter-than normal angle. Care must be taken not to overload the ladder when in this position and the base must be secured..10 CLIMBING (UP OR DOWN) Ascending, look toward the rungs just above the head. Descending, look toward the rungs just below the head. Climb with hands grasping the center of the rungs, body erect, shoulders at an arm's length from the ladder, knees in line with the body, balls of the feet on the rungs. The legs carry the weight and the arms maintain balance and stability. Do not reach up to pull with the arms. Ascend briskly, but smoothly, feet and hands working together, taking every rung with the feet and every other rung with the hands. When descending, grasp each rung with alternating hands. The feet and hands should contact appropriate rungs at the same time to develop a rhythm that is essential to smooth climbing. NOTE If carrying a heavy load, it may be necessary to take every rung with hands..11 LOCKING IN To work efficiently, it is necessary to "lock in" when working from a ladder to permit the free use of both hands. Lock in with the leg on the side opposite from the work to be performed. 1. Climb ladder to desired height. 2. Stand on one foot and place other foot and leg through ladder over the second rung above the one on which the foot rests. 3. Bring foot back through ladder, under rung; hook foot on beam and position leg with back of knee against rung. 4. Move supporting foot down to a rung that allows for maximum comfort and working stability. Foot parallel on rung, heel or toe against beam. Climbing ladder.12 LOWERING In general, the operations necessary to lower ladders are the reverse of those used in raising. Be sure the area is clear before lowering. Check overhead and ground obstructions. When one member lowers a ladder, member should use every rung, placing hands near the center of the rungs. If more than one member is lowering, the base member is responsible for the safety of the operation. Two members working side by side to lower a ladder should work in unison, placing outside hand on the beam and inside hand on every other rung. Keep arms straight. Avoid the tendency to work too fast when lowering a ladder. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 12.13 VENTILATING Ladders may be used to advantage in ventilating above ground where windowpanes are encountered. With the ladder held in position some distance away, allow top to fall against the glass. Watch for glass falling or sliding down beams of the ladder. NOTE Turning the ladder so that only one beam strikes the glass will reduce the possibility of glass sliding down the beams. -03. STRAIGHT LADDER, 16 AND 20 FOOT 20 Foot Straight Ladder Lifting, Carrying, and Raising Video 20 Foot Straight Ladder Moving 20 Foot Straight Ladder Lowering Video.01 USES Sixteen and twenty-foot straight ladders are generally used for reaching roofs of one story structures, windows on second floors, etc. The 20-foot straight ladder can sometimes he used to reach the lowest fire escape balcony..02 LIFTING & CARRYING With ladder in park position, stand at center of ladder, rungs toward member. Facing away from direction of travel with inside foot to the rear of outside foot. Keeping back straight, bend legs and grasp main beam of ladder at balance point. In one continuous motion: 1. Straighten legs while lifting ladder with inside arm until top beam is just above shoulder height. 2. Pivot 180 degrees into ladder while placing outside hand and arm between the two center rungs of ladder. The top beam is brought to rest on shoulder. The inside hand is fully extended and grasping bottom truss beam. 3. The outside hand is removed from ladder. 4. Rungs next to body, arm through ladder at center, top beam on shoulder, hand grasping well forward on truss beam, pulling rung back against shoulder for stability. 5. Carry ladder with top beam slightly below eye level. (Figure 2). For safety to others, dip the base of ladder low before turning corners or when changing direction to avoid striking someone in front of or behind you..03 RAISING 1. Carry toward objective. 2. While approaching objective, place outside hand on second rung in front of shoulder; little finger against top beam. 3. While in this position, slide inside hand along truss beam. Pass inside elbow back between body and rung, grasp rung which is against shoulder with inside hand, little finger against bottom beam. 4. Raise inside elbow to bring rungs to horizontal position. Maintain proper carrying angle... shoes slightly below eye level. 5. "Trombone" ladder as you approach objective so that shoes of ladder contact ground at base of objective. 6. As ladder base contacts objective at ground level, dip the knees slightly and then as the knees are straightened, push ladder off shoulder and continue to raise ladder, grasping centers of most convenient rungs. Capture bottom rung against objective using foot corresponding to top hand, placing foot parallel to rungs. NOTE 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 13 Steps 2 through 6 are accomplish without stopping forward motion. 7. With hands well apart, grasp centers of most convenient rungs, palms facing each other, ladder clear of ground; pull base away from building to create a proper climbing angle. 8. Secure ladder if possible..04 LOWERING 1. Grasp convenient rungs, hands well apart, palms facing each other; watch top, move base of ladder into objective and capture bottom rung, using same method as in raising. 2. Keeping foot on bottom rung and holding convenient rung with corresponding hand, turn toward direction of travel; check clearance. 3. Before moving foot off bottom rung, allow top of ladder to move away from objective, recapture bottom rung. 4. Turn and face ladder, and with both hands, start to lower, using center of every rung. When one hand reaches the first rung past center, place other hand through the rungs in center of ladder, pivoting body 180 degrees. Grasp well forward on truss beam, lower ladder onto shoulder and walk off, pulling rung into shoulder..05 LOWERING TO GROUND Come to a complete stop, inside foot to rear. With outside hand, grasp main beam with thumb between shoulder and rung, palm down. Hop ladder off shoulder, pivot 90 degrees, and allow ladder to land on forearm. Readjust outside hand to center of ladder; remove forearm, pivot 90 degrees, and using legs, lower ladder to park position. Do not bend back -04. STRAIGHT LADDER, 24-FOOT 24 Foot Straight Ladder Flat Raise Video 24 Foot Straight Ladder Beam Raise Video 24 Foot Straight Ladder Moving Video 24 Foot Straight Ladder Lowering on a Beam Video 24 Foot Straight Ladder Lowering Flat Video.01 USES Twenty-four foot straight ladders are used for reaching roofs of one-story buildings, windows on second floors, fire escape balconies, etc. This ladder is normally raised by two members, however, in an emergency situation it may be raised by one member using 20 foot straight ladder evolutions..02 LIFTING AND CARRYING With ladder in rest position, members take place on proper side of ladder, base and top, facing away from direction of travel. Squat with inside foot to rear. Base member grasps ladder on top beam with inside hand, little finger against first rung. Top member grasps top beam with inside hand, little finger against second rung from top. On command from base member, both members lift ladder, pivot 180 degrees into ladder and place outside arm between first and second rungs, grasp lower beam, arms binding rungs. Step towards objective, ladder carried at arms length. NOTE Never place hand over end of shoe. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 14.03 RETURNING TO GROUND Members stop with inside foot to rear, reach across body with outside hand and grasp top beam. Release inside hand, pivot 180 degrees into ladder and lower to ground..04 FLAT RAISE 1. While approaching objective, base member picks spot, reaches across body with outside hand, grasps top beam, turns head slightly to rear and gives command "flat raise." 2. Upon this command, top member places outside hand on second rung in front of body, little finger against top beam, inside hand on next rung back with little finger touching bottom beam. 3. When spotting point is reached, base member stops with inside foot forward and stops all forward motion of ladder by a slight backward pull. 4. Base member releases grip on bottom beam, withdraws inside arm from between first and second rungs as he/she grounds bottom beam slightly behind heel of inside foot. 5. Place inside hand on top beam, forming a baseball grip, pivot 180 degrees on inside foot and foot grounded beam with outside foot. 6. Release inside hand from top beam and push top beam to ground using outside hand; place outside foot on beam. 7. Base member places hands on knees at this point and waits for ladder to reach him/her. As the base is footed, placing the ladder in a flat-raise position; top member will raise the ladder by driving forward, grasping the center of the most convenient rungs. 8. When ladder reaches a near-vertical position, both members perform moving pivot if necessary. 9. Front member (top member) places foot on bottom rung next to inside beam; base member pivots ladder towards building; both members span beams shoulder high. When pivot is complete, top member slides foot to center of the rung and watches top; rear member steps back. 10. Both members lower ladder into objective. Front member guides the top. Rear member watches base of ladder. 11. Front member secures ladder, if possible..05 LOWERING FLAT 1. Both members span beams shoulder high. Front member foots center of bottom rung. 2. Rear member (base member) pushes ladder to raise from objective to vertical position and foots convenient beam. 3. Pivot if necessary, both members foot pivoting beam. 4. Rear member foots both beams as front member steps back to lower ladder. 5. Rear member watches for overhead or other obstructions as front member lowers ladder. 6. Front member lowers ladder, hand over hand, using the center of each rung until last rung is reached. 7. As front member reaches last rung, the free arm is held out horizontally while still facing base of ladder. 8. Rear member removes foot from the beam indicated by the front member's outstretched arm, with same side hand picks up the unfooted beam. 9. As ladder is lifted to vertical, rear member steps to the rung side of the ladder grasping shoes of top beam with inside hand palm down; outside hand grasps second rung, thumb against top beam. 10. As rear member picks up ladder, front member turns ladder on edge, pivots toward ladder rungs to body and places free arm between first and second rungs to carry. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 15 11. As front member moves away, rear member lifts ladder, removes inside hand from beam, reaches through first and second rungs and assumes proper carrying position..06 BEAM RAISE 1. While approaching objective, base member chooses spot, reaches across body with outside hand, grasps top beam turns head slightly to rear and gives command "Beam Raise." Upon this command, top member places outside hand on second rung in front of body, little finger against bottom beam. Inside arm remains in binding position. 2. When spot is reached, base member stops with inside foot forward and stops all forward motion of ladder by giving a slight backward pull. 3. Base member releases grip on bottom beam, withdraws inside arm from between first and second rungs as bottom shoe is being grounded slightly behind, heel of inside foot. Allows outside hand to remain on top beam and places inside hand on top beam forming a baseball grip. Pivots on inside foot and foots grounded beam with outside foot. Reaches toward top with both hands and grasps truss beam in one hand and main beam in other. 4. After preceding operations are performed by base member, top member lifts ladder with outside hand, simultaneously withdrawing arm from between rungs; places inside hand on underside of lower beam. 5. Base member continues to foot bottom beam with foot at right angle to beam; changes position of hands as necessary to stabilize and assist in raising ladder. 6. Top member raises ladder overhead with both hands spanning bottom beams and continues raising ladder, hand over hand. 7. As ladder nears vertical position, top member captures bottom rung with outside foot against inside beam. 8. Front member (top member) moves foot to center of bottom rung; both members span beams shoulder high; rear member steps back. 9. Both members lower ladder into objective. Front member guides the top. Rear member watches base. 10. Front member secures ladder if possible..07 BEAM FLIP This technique may be necessary to facilitate proper ladder positioning so rungs are away from the objective prior to raising ladder to objective. 1. When base member reaches spot, base member will give command, "beam flip." 2. Both top and base member will place both hands on rungs in front of body, little finger against bottom beam. 3. Both top and base members will position their outside foot with their heel on the ground and their toe up, 4. Both top and base member will lower ladder slightly towards ground to assist in capturing beam when flipped. 5. Base member gives command, "flip." 6. Both top and base member will allow top of the ladder to rotate away from their body, capturing top beam under their outside foot. 7. Both top and base member will now use the beam raise procedure to complete the evolution. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 16.08 LOWERING ON BEAM 1. Both members span beams shoulder high. Front member foots center of bottom rung. 2. Rear member pushes ladder to raise from objective to vertical position and foots convenient beam. 3. Rear member then foots inside of lowering beam. 4. On command from base member, top member moves to footed side of ladder, foots beam and grasps main and truss beams shoulder high. 5. Top member breaks ladder over foot and lowers hand-over-hand spanning the bottom beams. 6. As top member begins to lower ladder, base member grasps main and truss beams to assist in lowering ladder. 7. As top member nears fourth rung from top, base member grasps second rung from bottom with outside hand. 8. As top member moves away, base member pivots around to rung side of ladder and prepares to step off. 9. Rear member lifts ladder, removes inside hand from beam, reaches through first and second rungs and assumes proper carrying position. 10. As rear member picks up ladder, front member pivots toward ladder rungs to body and places free arm between first and second rungs to carry. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 17 -05. EXTENSION LADDERS GENERAL.01 EXTENDING FLY Extension ladders should normally be extended one foot above windowsills or fire escape balcony railing, and a MINIMUM of three feet or more above parapet walls, roofs, etc..02 LOCKING FLY Never reach through rungs to lock the fly of extension ladders. Serious injury can result if halyard breaks or control of ladder is lost..03 SHIFTING BASE The base of an extension ladder may be shifted toward the building or to either side after it is lowered in. DO NOT move the base away from the building unless the sections are strapped together..04 SEPARATING LADDERS Extension ladders can be taken apart to make two straight ladders, however it is not practical with ladders having a halyard. -06. EXTENSION LADDER, 12-FOOT (ONE MEMBER) 12 Foot Extension Ladder Lifting, Carrying, and Raising Video 12 Foot Extension Ladder Removing Pike Pole Video 12 Foot Extension Ladder Lowering Video.01 Uses Twelve-foot extension ladders are useful for inside work and as a stepladder. These ladders are made in two seven-foot sections. A short D-handled pike pole is usually carried attached to the fly..02 LIFTING AND CARRYING Fly section up, base to member's right, using third and fourth rungs from top, curl ladder, bring to near vertical. Using waist high rungs, bend at the knees, back straight. Lock arms and straighten legs raising ladder slightly off the ground. To clear obstructions at rear, take 3 to 4 steps forward and bring the ladder to horizontal carrying position. Base will be forward, main section against face, bottom beam on shoulder. Ladder is carried with both hands. Proper carrying angle is the center of bottom rung at eye level..03 RAISING 1. Carry to desired location, locate spot, trombone to ground base. 2. Spot ladder, fly out, in a vertical position. Pivot if necessary. 3. Step to front of ladder and assume knee/foot lock position. Span footed beam high with inside hand. 4. Place outside foot 18 to 24 inches in front of ladder and parallel with rungs. 5. Reach down with outside hand, palm up. Grasp third rung from bottom of fly, raise fly and engage locks on third rung from bottom of main section. As fly is raised, lean ladder away from body to allow locks to engage. 6. Grasp bottom rung of fly with right hand, palm up, raise fly to desired height. Lean ladder away from the body allowing locks to engage on the rung of main section. 7. Step to front of ladder, span both beams shoulder high, foot center of bottom rung, watch top, lower in. Removing pike pole (if necessary). With either leg, foot center of bottom rung. With convenient hand, palm down, tightly grasp adjoining rungs of fly and main section. With heel of other hand, free D-handle and remove pike pole. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 18 Replacing pike pole. Reverse procedure as removing..04 LOWERING 1. Foot the ladder on center of bottom rung. Span beams shoulder high and pull the ladder to a near-vertical position. 2. Assume knee/foot lock position, span footed beam high with inside hand. 3. Place outside foot 18 to 24 inches in front of ladder and parallel with rungs. 4. With outside hand, palm up, grasp bottom rung of fly. 5. Unlock, lower fly and engage locks on third rung from bottom on main section. Lean ladder away from body to allow locks to engage. 6. Reach up and grasp third rung of fly. Unlock and lower fly engaging locks on bottom rung of main section..05 RETURNING TO GROUND 1. Step to side of ladder, grasp waist high rung with both hands, palms up, place beam against shoulder, main section against face. Pivot if necessary. 2. Lift and carry to desired location. 3. Locate spot, trombone ladder. 4. With inside hand palm up, grasp 4th rung from top, against outside beam, remove outside hand from ladder, remove beam from shoulder, side step and pivot ladder 180 degrees 5. Lower ladder using reverse curl procedure..06 STEPLADDER 1. Foot ladder the same as for raising. 2. Lean ladder away from body. 3. Grasp fly, palm up, by third rung from the bottom. 4. Lift fly slightly to disengage locks. 5. Lower fly to engage pins on top of fly into slots at top of main beam. 6. Step back with base of fly to complete operation. -07. EXTENSION LADDER, 14-FOOT (ONE MEMBER) 14 Foot Extension Ladder Lifting, Carrying, and Raising Video 14 Foot Extension Ladder Moving Video 14 Foot Extension Ladder Lowering and Returning to the Ground Video.01 USES Fourteen-foot extension ladders are useful for inside work. They are used to access attics through scuttle holes, can be made into stepladders, etc. These ladders are made of two nine-foot sections. A pike pole is usually carried attached to the fly. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 19.02 LIFTING AND CARRYING Main section up, base to member's left, using third and fourth rungs from top, curl ladder, bring to near vertical. Using waist high rungs, bend at the knees, back straight. With locked arms, straighten legs to raise the ladder slightly off the ground. To clear obstructions at rear, take 3 to 4 steps lifting ladder to horizontal carrying position. Base will be forward, main section against face, bottom beam on shoulder. When ladder is balanced on shoulder, remove outside hand. Proper carrying angle is with top shoe slightly below eye level..03 RAISING 1. Carry to desired location, recapture with outside hand, and trombone to ground base of ladder. 2. Spot ladder, rungs out, in a vertical position. 3. Step to rear of ladder. Assume knee/foot lock position. 4. Place rear right foot 18 to 24 inches behind ladder and parallel with rungs. NOTE Before extending ladder, remove pike pole and set it against the wall or other convenient place, away from base of ladder. 5. Span footed beam high with inside hand; pull down and push on ladder, transferring the downward pressure through the ladder to the opposite beam for positive control. 6. Reach down with outside hand, palm up. Grasp fly third rung from bottom, raise fly and engage locks on third rung from bottom of main section. 7. Grasp bottom rung of fly with outside hand, palm up, raise fly to desired height. NOTE Make sure locks are engaged on the rung of main section. 8. Span beams, step around to front of ladder. 9. With heel off the ground and foot inclined, foot the ladder on center of bottom rung; span beams shoulder high and lower in to objective..04 LOWERING 1. Foot ladder on center of bottom rung; span beams shoulder high and pull ladder to vertical position. 2. Step to rear of ladder, assume knee/foot lock position. Span footed beam high with inside hand. 3. Place outside foot 18-24 inches behind ladder, parallel with rungs. 4. With outside hand palm up, grasp bottom rung of fly. 5. Unlock, lower fly and engage locks on third rung from bottom of main section. 6. Reach up and grasp third rung of fly. Unlock, lower fly and engage locks on bottom rung of main section. 7. Replace pike pole. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 20.05 RETURNING TO THE GROUND 1. Step to the side of the ladder, and grasp the waist high rungs. Place the ladder against your shoulder, main section against face. Pivot if necessary. 2. Lift and carry to desired location. 3. Locate spot, trombone ladder. 4. With outside hand palm up grasp 4th rung from top, against outside beam, remove inside hand from ladder, remove beam from shoulder, sidestep and pivot ladder 180 degrees. 5. Lower ladder by reversing curl procedure..06 IMPROVISING STEPLADDER 1. Lay ladder on ground, rungs down, remove pike pole. 2. Push fly forward slightly to release locks; lift fly at base; pull back to release fly from guides. 3. Turn fly over, end for end, rungs up. Insert base of fly into upper end of main section by reaching down between rungs of fly and lifting main section slightly; engage locks on upper rung of main section. 4. Strap the second rungs from the top together with a ladder strap; raise ladder to an upright position. -08. EXTENSION LADDER, 20-FOOT (ONE MEMBER) 20 Foot Extension Ladder Lifting, Carrying, and Raising Video 20 Foot Extension Moving Video 20 Foot Extension Ladder Lowering Video.01 USES Twenty-foot extension ladders are used to reach roofs of one story structures, second floor windows, etc., and occasionally the lowest fire escape balconies. These ladders are made of two 12-foot sections..02 LIFTING AND CARRYING Main section up, base to member's left, using fourth and sixth rungs from top, curl ladder, bring to near vertical. Inside hand may be used at this time to support and balance the ladder by spanning the inside beam. Using chest high rungs, bend at the knees, back straight. Lock arms and straighten legs raising ladder slightly off the ground. To clear obstructions at rear, take 3 to 4 steps lifting ladder to horizontal carrying position. Base forward, main section against face, bottom beam on shoulder. Ladder is carried with both hands on convenient rung. Proper carrying angle; top shoe slightly below eye level..03 RAISING 1. Carry to desired location. Trombone to ground base of the ladder. 2. Pivot (if necessary) base parallel to the objective with rungs out, ladder vertical. Ground outside beam. 3. Assume knee/foot lock position. 4. Place outside foot in comfortable position. 5. Grasp halyard with hands at about head level, thumbs up; keep elbows up, forearms horizontal to control the ladder; allow ladder to lean slightly away from body toward the objective; balance ladder with the halyard as fly is raised. 6. Pull halyard hand-over-hand elbows high, raising fly to desired height. 7. With hand on same side as beam that is controlled by knee/foot lock, lock fly by a quick upward pull on halyard while momentarily releasing downward pull with upper hand. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 21 8. Span beams shoulder high; foot the ladder on center of bottom rung; and lower into objective..04 LOWERING 1. Foot ladder on center of bottom rung; span beams shoulder high and pull ladder to near vertical position. 2. Assume knee/foot lock position, placing rear foot in a comfortable position. 3. Grasp halyard with hands at head level, thumbs up; keep elbows up, forearms horizontal to control the ladder. Allow ladder to lean away from body toward the objective. 4. Pull halyard, raising fly to release dogs. Lower fly section hand-over-hand, locking dogs on bottom rung of main. Use same locking method as in raising..05 RETURNING TO THE GROUND 1. Step to side of ladder and grasp chest high rungs. Place ladder against shoulder. Pivot if necessary. 2. Lift and carry to desired location. 3. Locate spot, trombone ladder. 4. With outside hand palm up, grasp sixth rung from top against outside beam, remove inside hand from ladder, remove beam from shoulder, sidestep and pivot ladder 180 degrees. 5. Lower ladder using reverse curl procedure. -10. EXTENSION LADDER, 35-FOOT (THREE MEMBER) 35 Foot Extension Ladder 2 Member Remove From Truck and Raise Video 35 Foot Extension Ladder 3 Member Removing from Truck and Raise Video 35 Foot Extension Ladder Moving 3 Member Video 35 Foot Extension Ladder Tying Halyard Knot Video 35 Foot Extension Ladder Lowering 3 Member Video.01 USES Thirty-five foot extension ladders are used to reach fire escape balconies, roofs of two- and some three story buildings, second and third floor windows, etc. These ladders are made of two 20-foot sections. This ladder is normally raised by three members..02 REMOVING FROM TRUCK 1. Release locking pins. 2. Top and base member stand at ends of ladder, facing each other, with inside foot forward. Grasp bottom of lower beam near end with inside hand, palm up, with the outside hand, reach across and grasp end rungs near the center, thumbs up, stand with head and body clear of NOT SURE OF INTENDED MEANING> PLEASE INSERT REMAINDER OF TEXT 3. Center member takes position at top third of ladder, face direction ladder is to be carried. Grasp center of convenient rung with inside hand, and top beam with outside hand, palm down. 4. On command of base member, all members pull ladder from apparatus and lower top beam so that ladder is flat at shoulder level. a. As top beam is lowered, end member with back toward direction of travel pivots to face direction of travel, placing the member between ladder and apparatus. Continuing to hold bottom beam on palm of hand while pivoting, member drops outside hand from rung and carries ladder beam on palm of inside hand at or near shoulder level. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 22 b. Member facing direction of travel, passes ladder in front of face as top beam is lowered, placing body between ladder and apparatus. Member moves hand from rung to beam next to shoulder and carries ladder beam on palm of inside hand at or near shoulder level. Drop outside hand. NOTE Members keep their head and body clear of beam ends as ladder is removed and top beam lowered. c. Center member lowers top beam to shoulder, placing ladder between member and the apparatus. Member guides top beam with outside hand on beam to protect head and shoulder; moves inside hand from rung to beam and carries on palm of inside hand at or near shoulder level. Outside hand is dropped to side..03 CARRYING AND RAISING 1. All members carry ladder on palm of inside hand at or near shoulder level. 2. As ladder nears objective, top member moves up quickly and smoothly, stopping adjacent to center member. 3. Nearing objective, base member checks to ensure that top member has moved up. Base member reaches across body, grasping shoe of inside beam with outside hand, palm up (never placing hand over end of shoe). Member lowers ladder and reaches over beam, with inside hand grasps first or second rungs near center, palm up. Carries at arm's length with hand on the rungs only; if close to spotting position, outside hand may remain on beam. 4. As the base member approaches spotting location, member grasps shoe of inside beam with the outside hand (never place hand over end of shoes), stops at the spotting location with the outside foot forward and the foot next to the ladder adjacent to the spotting location. To halt forward motion of ladder, make a positive stop by pulling back on ladder before grounding base. NOTE This step should ordinarily be accomplished not less than 15 or 20 feet from the objective to facilitate spotting and control of the ladder. 5. Base member removes outside hand with inside hand on rung. Stiff arm ladder to the ground while pivoting around to foot both beams. 6. After beams are footed, base member takes hand from rung, places both hands on knees in a slight crouch. Do not lean forward, but grasp the beams as they come within reach while maintaining balance. 7. When the ladder is spotted and footed, top and center members raise ladder in unison; outside hands on beams, inside hands on rungs. NOTE Members of unequal heights should adjust position accordingly. 8. If necessary, members perform moving pivot when ladder reaches a near-vertical position. NOTE Front member on pivot beam side, foots that beam as soon as member is in position. 9. All members foot ladder. Rear member foots only one beam; spans the beams shoulder high and allows ladder to lean slightly toward objective. Front member left side spans beams at convenient height to allow front right member to raise fly. 10. Rear member pulls down on halyard to lock fly using hand on footed side. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 23 11. All members span beams shoulder high. Front members continue to foot ladder; rear member steps back, takes weight and lowers ladder into objective. Front members watch top of ladder, rear member watches base. 12. Front member on the right side secures ladder. 13. Base member foots ladders while ladder is being secured..04 LOWERING 1. Front members foot ladder. 2. Rear member pushes ladder away from objective to near vertical position, and foots one beam of ladder. 3. Front member, right side, lowers fly. 4. Rear member removes foot from beam and lock, fly on bottom rung of main using the outside that foot to engage opposite lock. (Foot parallel to rungs.) 5. Pivot ladder if necessary. Foot pivot beam at front and rear while pivoting. 6. Base member foots both beams and determines which member will be the top member. 7. Front members lower ladder hand over outside hand on beam, inside hand on rungs. 8. As top and center members start lowering ladder, base member removes hand from beam on side toward center member grasps bottom rungs next to same beam; after securing rungs with bar member removes foot from beam and places behind ladder, parallel with rungs. Other foot remains on beam on side towards top member. Crouch, bracing arm against rear knee, pushing down on rung to keep base secure. Base member then slides hand on beam down toward base; keeps back straight and head up; watches top and center members. 9. When top and center members reach center of ladder, base member calls "center". 10. Base member removes foot from beam, remains in crouch position, passes ladder across body raising base of ladder to shoulder height, places beam in palm of inside hand. (Stay clear of beam ends.) Keeps back straight. Stands and carries ladder at or near shoulder level. 11. On the command "center", top and center members lower ladder to shoulder height with inside hand, pivot 180 degrees into ladder transferring beam to new inside hand. Step off. 12. Top and center members adjust their positions to properly carry ladder..05 REPLACING 1. Base member calls "that's high" when the Truck is reached. 2. Base member then grasps both beams at the end of the ladder and commands the other members to "prepare to replace". 3. On this command, the center member grasps convenient rungs. The top member faces the base member and grasps both beams. 4. Base member then commands "replace." At this command, all members in a coordinated effort return ladder to its position on the Truck. NOTE Because of the length and weight of the 35 foot extension ladder, it is considered a three member ladder. However, in some emergencies, it may be necessary for two members to raise the ladder. Use the same basic procedures as with a 24-foot extension, two member operation. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 24.06 REMOVING FROM TRUCK 1. Release locking pins. 2. Top and base members stand at ends of ladder. While facing ladder, place foot forward that is opposite the direction of travel and grasp the center of the second and third rungs from top and base of ladder. 3. On command of base member, members pull ladder from apparatus and lower ladder to the thigh of the inside leg. Both members place in side arms between second and third rungs at top and base of ladder. Hand forward so arm binds rung, grasp bottom beam; weight is carried at arm's length..07 CARRYING AND RAISING 1. Both members place inside arms between second and third rungs at top and base of ladder. Hand forward so arm binds rung, grasp bottom beam, weight is carried at arm's length. 2. When approaching objective, base member reaches across body with outside hand and grasps top beam for control. 3. Base member reaches objective and stops with outside foot forward. Member withdraws arm from between rungs and grasps first rung in front of body with index finger against top beam. Member lowers the ladder to the ground with outside hand on top beam. Member then pivots on outside foot around base to face the top member, and foots the grounded beam with member's outside foot. Caution Injury may result if base member turns ladder flat. 4. Top member, after ladder stops, places outside hand on second rung in front of inside arm, little finger touching the top beam. Inside hand grasps rung closest to the body with the little finger against the bottom beam. 5. Top member turns ladder flat as ladder is brought overhead. 6. Base member, when ladder is flat, shall foot both beams with hands on knees in a slight crouch. 7. Top member, with ladder over member's head, will raise ladder, grasping centers of most convenient rungs. 8. Base member does not lean forward as ladder is raised, but grasps the beams as they come within reach while maintaining balance. 9. Both members, when the ladder is vertical, shall foot the pivot beam and pivot the ladder if necessary. 10. Both members shall foot the same beam (either beam) as the fly is extended. 11. Top member is to extend the fly using hand-overhand method. 12. Top member indicates that the fly is high. 13. Base member shall pull down on halyard, locking the dogs when the fly is high, using the hand on same side as the foot that is footing the beam. 14. Top member to span the beams approximately shoulder height, and continues to foot the beam. 15. Base member to span the beam above shoulder height, and to step back to take the weight of the ladder when the ladder is lowered into the objective. 16. Top member watches top of the ladder as the ladder is lowered into objective. 17. Base member watches base of the ladder. 18. Top member secures ladder. 19. Base member foots ladder while ladder is being secured. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 25 -12. ROOF LADDERS.01 USES Roof ladders are 10, 12, 14, 16, and 20 feet in length. They have collapsible hooks and are used for working on pitched roofs to distribute weight and to avoid slipping. They may also be used as a straight ladder..02 CARRYING Roof ladders are carried the same manner as 16 and 20-foot straight ladders or 14- and 20-foot extension ladders. Hooks are generally carried to the rear..03 RAISING: 10,12, AND 14 FOOT (ONE MEMBER) 1. Member spots base of roof ladder against base of ground ladder; or base of objective. 2. Grasp second rung from hooks with one hand and open the hooks toward STRAIGHT SIDE OF BEAMS with other hand. To open hooks, grasp, push and turn. 3. Turn straight side down, raise and lean roof ladder against ground ladder, hooks away from ground ladder. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 26 4. Proceed up ground ladder, place arm between second and third or more convenient rungs on roof ladder. 5. Balance roof ladder on shoulder and climb using both hands. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 27 6. Lock in on ground ladder at roof level. 7. Remove roof ladder from shoulder and slide ladder onto roof, hooks down. 8. Push roof ladder up roof until hooks pass ridge. Make sure flat side of ladder is down. 9. Pull hooks into opposite side of roof to secure ladder..04 RAISING: 16 AND 20 FOOT (TWO MEMBER) 1. Base member stops at ground ladder, foots roof ladder, rungs up. Top member opens hooks, raises ladder and leans against edge of ground ladder, hooks out. 2. As base member foots roof ladder, top member climbs ground ladder and places arm between second and third rungs of roof ladder. 3. Top member steadies roof ladder; base member climbs ground ladder until his/her head is even with second rung below feet of top member, places arm between convenient rungs of roof ladder. 4. Both members climb in unison. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 28 5. When top member reaches roof level, base member locks in. Top member locks in after base member. NOTE: When taking a roof ladder over a parapet wall or onto a flat portion of a multi pitched roof, top member may get off ground ladder and onto roof after base member has locked in. 6. When both members are locked in (or base member locked in and top member on roof), both members slide ladder onto roof, working hand over hand with rungs of roof ladder. 7. Turn hooks down, push roof ladder up roof until hooks pass ridge. 8. Pull hooks into opposite side of roof to secure ladder. NOTE If used as a one member ladder, climb with arm between most convenient rungs slightly above middle of ladder; the weight above the shoulder will facilitate sliding roof ladder onto the roof. -13. HOISTING AND BRIDGING.01 HOISTING LADDERS Situations may arise where it becomes necessary to hoist ladders to roofs or upper floors of buildings. An equipment rope and hose roller are generally used for this purpose..02 HOISTING ROOF 1. Two or more members obtain hose roller and equipment line; proceed to roof or window of upper floor. Secure hose roller to edge of roof or window ledge, drop equipment bag after securing eye of line at rooftop; place line over hose roller. 2. Members on ground lay ladder in position to be hoisted, rungs down; secure equipment line to ladder. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 29 3. Members on roof or in window hoist ladder; members on the ground turn ladder so equipment line will be between ladder and objective. 4. When top of ladder is slightly above hose roller, member on roof passes bight of slack line between first and second rungs and hooks bight over end of beam; allows loop to lengthen as ladder is hoisted. 5. Continue to hoist ladder; when ladder knot reaches hose roller, member with loop break & ladder over hose roller. 6. Other members turn ladder on edge; pull in on roof.  6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 30 7. When lowering, ladder should be between equipment line and building..03 HOISTING TO UPPERS FLOORS 1. Two or more members obtain hose roller and equipment rope, and proceed to the roof or a floor above where ladder is desired. They secure hose roller to edge of roof or windowsill; drop rope bag after securing eye of rope. Place rope over hose roller. 2. One or more members proceed to window of floor on which ladder is desired. 3. Members on the ground lay ladder in position to be hoisted, rungs down; secure rope to ladder. 4. Members on roof or upper floor hoist ladder; members on the ground turn ladder so rope will be between top of ladder and building. When lowering, top of ladder should be between rope and building. 5. When base of ladder is even with desired window, members at window grasp base of ladder, signal members aloft to lower. Pull base in window as ladder is lowered. Hoisted, rungs down Pull base in window Hose roller and equipment rope Floor on which ladder is desired Ladder is even with desired window 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 31.04 BRIDGING Emergencies may arise where it is necessary to bridge between buildings to effectively continue operations. Only use straight ladders for this purpose. Steps 1 through 5 are the same as "hoisting to upper floors." 6. When ladders nears horizontal position, members at base push ladder toward opposite 7. When ladder comes to rest on opposite windowsill, members at base turn ladder truss down. 8. Members above remove slack and secure rope. Rest on opposite windowsill Above remove slack and secure rope Nears vertical position.05 ALTERNATE METHOD OF BRIDGING Operations are same as above, with the following exceptions: 1. When base of ladder is even with desired window, members at window grasp base of ladder and turn top of ladder between rope and building. Signal members aloft to lower, and pull base in window as ladder is lowered. NOTE Rope leads over top rung. 2. When ladder comes to rest on opposite windowsill, members above remove slack and secure rope. 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS 32 References http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=9Wzr-8W5vtg http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=JtvA02NyDro http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=3QPAikV7Y-c http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=riN0b8oTj9Y http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=lBLLfNzb4vk http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=q0MEmnUaJzk http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=O7lRP7TDrLw http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=-1dJSJLX6SY http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=a9570_un1EA http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=l-dF5xMgek4 http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=wfhh_X5xZfU http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=Q3HA2CyTHJk http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=XRwaZgzE1bQ http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=KzeOp2pf5Xk http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=LsvR6iHte1k http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=MuG1htW-oas http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=5cvxY7qhOFk http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=1wEweouqdbw http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=6zjxMuboqlY http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=9D-BvYaU6fM http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=ZdGvE_DGL64 http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=S_0_8HiZcxo Article Sources and Contributors 33 Article Sources and Contributors 6/7 LADDERS AND EVOLUTIONS Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?oldid=13554 Contributors: SeanJ, Sjoseph Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:One member lowering in Ladder3.5.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:One_member_lowering_in_Ladder3.5.jpg License: unknown Contributors: JeffO File:Span the Beams.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Span_the_Beams.jpg License: unknown Contributors: JeffO File:Footing on beam.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Footing_on_beam_.jpg License: unknown Contributors: JeffO File:Ladder-6.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Ladder-6.jpg License: unknown Contributors: JeffO File:Footing Beam Raise.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Footing_Beam_Raise.jpg License: unknown Contributors: JeffO File:Knee Foot.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Knee_Foot.jpg License: unknown Contributors: JeffO File:Locking-in1.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Locking-in1.jpg License: unknown Contributors: SeanJ image:24sf5.gif Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:24sf5.gif License: unknown Contributors: RBARNA image:20sb.gif Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:20sb.gif License: unknown Contributors: RBARNA image:movingladd.png Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Movingladd.png License: unknown Contributors: RBARNA image:ladstrap.png Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Ladstrap.png License: unknown Contributors: RBARNA File:Climbing Ladder.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Climbing_Ladder.jpg License: unknown Contributors: JeffO image:beamflip1.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Beamflip1.jpg License: unknown Contributors: RBARNA image:beamflip2.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Beamflip2.jpg License: unknown Contributors: RBARNA image:beamflip3.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Beamflip3.jpg License: unknown Contributors: RBARNA image:beamflip4.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Beamflip4.jpg License: unknown Contributors: RBARNA image:beamflip5.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Beamflip5.jpg License: unknown Contributors: RBARNA image:beamflip6.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Beamflip6.jpg License: unknown Contributors: RBARNA image:roofladder1.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Roofladder1.jpg License: unknown Contributors: RBARNA image:roofladder2.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Roofladder2.jpg License: unknown Contributors: RBARNA image:roofladder3.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Roofladder3.jpg License: unknown Contributors: RBARNA image:roofladder4.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Roofladder4.jpg License: unknown Contributors: RBARNA image:Hoisting-ladder-1.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Hoisting-ladder-1.jpg License: unknown Contributors: SeanJ image:ladbridge2.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Ladbridge2.jpg License: unknown Contributors: SeanJ image:ladbridge3.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Ladbridge3.jpg License: unknown Contributors: SeanJ image:ladbridge4.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Ladbridge4.jpg License: unknown Contributors: SeanJ image:ladbridge5.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Ladbridge5.jpg License: unknown Contributors: SeanJ File:B.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:B.jpg License: unknown Contributors: SeanJ File:A.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:A.jpg License: unknown Contributors: SeanJ File:C.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:C.jpg License: unknown Contributors: SeanJ File:E.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:E.jpg License: unknown Contributors: SeanJ File:D.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:D.jpg License: unknown Contributors: SeanJ File:1.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:1.jpg License: unknown Contributors: SeanJ File:2.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:2.jpg License: unknown Contributors: SeanJ File:3.jpg Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:3.jpg License: unknown Contributors: SeanJ image:ladbridge7.png Source: http://lafd.info/index.php?title=File:Ladbridge7.png License: unknown Contributors: RBARNA