6-12 Lessons for Exam 12-TVL-ICT PDF

**EAPP LESSON NO: 1** Academic test is defined as critical, objective, specialized text, written by experts or professionals in a given field using a formal language. This means that academic tests are based on facts with solid basis. Academic writing, therefore is generally quite formal, objective...

**EAPP LESSON NO: 1** Academic test is defined as critical, objective, specialized text, written by experts or professionals in a given field using a formal language. This means that academic tests are based on facts with solid basis. Academic writing, therefore is generally quite formal, objective or impersonal and technical. Academic test is formal by avoiding casual or conversational language, such as contractions or informal vocabulary. Say for instance, contractions instead of using, don\'t you have to spell out the two words, so use do not Academic text is impersonal and objective by avoiding direct reference to people or feelings, and instead emphasizing objects, facts, and ideas. Say for example, poems, songs, and other literary pieces are example of texts that have incorporated feelings and emotions of the author or writer, and the academic text is technically by using vocabulary specific to discipline. This means that there are vocabulary words specific to each discipline. Let\'s have your strand in senior high school as example. We do have business, humanities, natural sciences, and social sciences. Say for instance, the word virus has a different meaning to those who are studying technical, vocational courses, and also it has another meaning to those who are studying or STEM or medical courses. Academic language represents the language, depends of school or academics. Academic language includes language use in textbooks, classrooms or tests, and each discipline. It is different in vocabulary and structure from the everyday spoken English of social interactions. Each type of communication, both academic and social, has its purpose and neither is superior to the other. To be a good academic writer, you\'ll need to learn the specific styles and structures for your discipline as well as for each individual writing task. First, literary analysis. A literary analysis essay examines, evaluates, and makes an argument about a literary work. As its name suggests, A literary analysis essay goes beyond mere summarization. It requires careful close reading of one of multiple texts and often focuses on a specific characteristic theme or motive. Second research paper. Our research paper uses outside information to support a thesis or make an argument. Research papers are written in all disciplines and maybe evaluate analytical or critical in nature. Common research sources include data, primary sources or historical records, and secondary sources or peer reviewed scholarly articles. Writing a research paper involves synthesizing this external information with your own ideas. Lastly, dissertation. A dissertation or thesis is a document submitted at the conclusion of a PhD program. The dissertation is a book length summarization of doctoral candidates. Research. Academic papers may be done as part of a class in a program study or for publication in an academic journal or scholarly book of articles around the theme by different authors. Let\'s talk about structure. Structure is an important feature of academic writing. A well-structured text enables the reader to follow the argument and navigate the text. In academic writing, a clear structure and a logical flow are imperative to a cohesive text. These are two common structures of academic texts that you need to learn, which depends on the type of assignment you are required. The three part essay structure and the I Am Read structure. The three part essay structure is a basic structure that consists of introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction and the conclusion should be shorter than the body text. For shorter essays, one or two paragraphs for each of these sections can be appropriate for longer texts or thesis. They may be several pages long. Introduction. Its purpose is to clearly tell the reader the topic, purpose, and structure of the paper as a rough guide. An introduction might be 10 and 20% of the length of the whole paper and has three main parts. First, the most general information such as background and or definitions. Second, the core of the introduction where you show the overall topic purpose, your point of view, hypothesis and or research questions. Depending on what kind of paper, it\'s third, the most specific information describing the scope and structure of your paper. You should write your introduction after you know both your overall point of view. If it is a persuasive paper and the whole structure of your paper, you should then revise the introduction. When you have completed the main body, the body, it develops the question, what is the topic about? It may elaborate directly on the topic sentence by giving definitions, classifications, explanations, contrasts, examples, and evidence. This is considered as the heart of the essay because it expands the specific ideas for the readers to have a better understanding of the topic. It is usually the largest part of the essay Conclusion. The is closely related to the introduction and is often described as its mirror image. This means that if the introduction begins with general information and ends with specific information, the conclusion moves in the opposite direction. The conclusion usually begins by briefly summarizing the main scope of structure of the paper, confirms the topic that was given in the introduction ends with a more general statement about how this topic relates to its context. This may take the form of an evaluation of the importance of the topic, implications for your future research, or a recommendation about theory or your practice. The ired structure, the sections of the ired structure or introduction, methods, results, and discussion. The introduction usually depicts the background of the topic and the central focus of this study. The methodology lets your readers know your data collection methods, research, instrument employed, sample size, and so on. Results in discussion states the brief summary of the key findings or the results of your study. **EAPP LESSON NO: 2** According to the young hacker in 2008, in a Canadian writer\'s reference explains that summarizing involves stating a works thesis and main ideas simply, briefly and accurately from dictionaries. It is defined as taking lots of information and creating a condensed version that covers the main points and also to express the most important facts or ideas about something or someone in a short and clear form. So let\'s determine the various techniques in summarizing. First, read the work first, understand the author\'s intent. This is a crucial step because an incomplete reading could lead to an inaccurate summary. Note, an inaccurate summary is plagiarism. Second, one of the summarization techniques you can do is to present information through facts, skills, and concept. In visual formats, you can provide the cause and effects, charts, timelines, and Venn diagrams. Templates for outlines, use flow charts or infographic. Third, to avoid difficulty, you need first to know the main points and the supporting details. You can exclude any illustrations, examples, or explanations. Fourth, you need to analyze the text to save time in thinking what you\'ll do. Fifth, think what information you\'ll put in your summary. Be sure to cover the main points and arguments of the document. Six sixth. One of the best things to do in auto summarizing is restating the words into different one. You should avoid using the original words of the author. Instead, use your own vocabulary about be sure to retain the information. Seventh, you\'ll fully understand what the document is when you organize all ideas. Eight. One of the things you can do is to write down all information in a and precise form. Keep it in mind that the summary is a condensed version of the original paper, so avoid making it long ninth. You can also decide to represent information through using dimensional constructions in representing concepts, skills, or facts. 10th and last is paraphrasing is one of the skills you can do in writing a summary with it. Do not use the same words with the author With these tips, you\'ll no longer worry whenever you need to summarize because it is your one-stop solution to having a fantastic summary that offer nice details to readers. Follow the tips and you\'ll not make mistakes. So let\'s have an example. Let me read this short article entitled Japanese Rail Tunnel and let\'s try to summarize it. Due to the increase in traffic between the various island, which make up Japan and predictions of a continuing growth in train travel, our rail tunnel was built to connect the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido. The second tunnel in Japan is today the longest tunnel in the world with the length of almost 54 kilometers. When the tunnel was opened in 1988, all existing trains went through it. However, newer Japanese bullet trains have never used the tunnel because of the cost of extending the high speed line through it. Consequently, the train journey from Tokyo to SRO still takes about 10 hours. In contrast, the journey by air takes only three and a half hours. This is combined with the fall and the cost of flying has meant that more people travel by plane than train, and the tunnel is not used as much as forecasters had predicted. With a given text, we were able to take note this important keywords increase in traffic, connect islands, honcho and Hokkaido. Predictions and continuing growth. The longest rail tunnel up 19 88, 54 kilometers opened in 1988. Bullet trains never used tunnel full in cost applying, not used as much as forecasters predicted. With this words, we can be able to create our own summary. So the summarized work of this article is The longest railroad tunnel in the world links the islands of Honshu and Huo. This 54 kilometer tunnel was inaugurated in 1988 to deal with a predicted increase in rail traffic. However, the fall in the cost of flying and the fact that high speed trains cannot use the tunnel have resulted in the tunnel being less widely used than expected. Easy techniques in summarizing various academic text technique. One, somebody wanted, but so then somebody wanted, but so then is an excellent summarizing strategy. For stories, each word represents a key question related to the story\'s essential elements. Somebody who is the story about wanted, what does the main character want, but identify a problem that the main character encountered. So how does the main character solve the problem? Then tell how the story ends. Here is an example of this strategy in action. Somebody little Red Riding Hood wanted. She wanted to take cookies to her sick grandmother, but she encountered a wolf pretending to be her grandmother, so she ran away crying for help Zen a woodsman heard her and save her from the wolf. After answering the questions, combine the answers to form a summary, little Red Riding Hood wanted to take cookies to her sick grandmother, but she encountered a wolf. He got to her grandmother\'s house first and pretended to be the old woman. He was going to eat Little Red Riding Hood, but she realized what he was doing and runaway crying for help. A woodsman heard the girls cries and saved her from the Wolf Technique two SAG method. The SAG method is another useful technique for summarizing any kind of text story. Article. Speech at Chatter SAG is an acronym for state Assign Action and complete. Each word in the acronym refers to a specific element that should be included in the summary state name of the article, book or story, assign the name of the author Action what the Author is Doing. Example tells explains complete. Complete the sentence or summary with keywords and important PTS. This method is particularly helpful for students who are learning the format of a summary and need reminders to include the title and author\'s name. However, SAAP does not include clear guidance about which details to include, which some students might find tricky. Here is an example of Zach in action State, the Boy who cried Wolf assigned aso, A Greek storyteller. Action tells complete what happens when a shepherd boy repeatedly lies to the villagers about seeing a wolf use the force accused to write out the summary of the boy who cried wolf in complete sentences. The boy who cried wolf by Asop, a Greek storyteller tells what happens when a shepherd boy repeatedly lies to the villagers about seeing a wolf. After a while, they ignore his false cries. Then when a wolf really does attack, they don\'t come to help him when summarizing is useful, summarizing is useful in many types of writing and at different points in the writing process. Summarizing is used to support an argument, provide context for a paper thesis, write literature, reviews, and annotate a bibliography. The benefit of summarizing lies in showing the big picture, which allows the reader to contextualize what you are saying. In addition to the advantages of summarizing for the reader as a writer, you gain a better sense of where you are going with your writing, which parts need elaboration, and whether you have comprehended the information you have collected. **PD LESSON NO: 1** Now, imagine yourself looking into a mirror as well. What do you see? Do you see your ideal self or your actual self? When we say self it as the union of elements, namely body, thoughts, feelings or emotions and sensations that constitute the individuality and identity of a person. Your ideal self is the self that you aspire to be. It\'s an idealized version of yourself created of what you have learned from your life experiences, the demand of society, and what you admire in your role model. On the other hand, when we say actual self, it\'s the one that you actually see. It\'s your presentation of the attributes that you believe you actually possess or that you believe others believe you possess. It\'s the self that has characteristics that you were nurtured or in some cases born to have. The actual self and ideal self are two broad categories of self concept, self concept, self concept, reference to your awareness of yourself. It\'s the construct that negotiates these two In other worlds, it connotes first the identification of the ideal self as separate from others, and second, it encompasses all the behaviors evaluated on the actual self that you engage in to rich your ideal self. Now that we have defined what self concept is all about, let us do our first activity, which is called self concept inventory. In this activity, we\'ll take a look at your own self concept through answering the following questions using the given scale or score. Well, I\'ll be reading the questions later on or the statement answer using the scale zero. When it\'s very weak, you answer one when it is weak, two, somewhat weak or somewhat strong, then you answer three or strong and four or very strong. Please answer it honestly. Are you ready? Let\'s start. Number one, I have a strong physical appeal. Number two, I\'m proud of my physical figure. Next, I\'m physically attractive and beautiful or and sound. Next number, I exude with charm and poise. Next, I\'m easy to get along with. I can adjust to different people and different situations. Next, I\'m approachable. Other people are at ease and comfortable with me. I\'m lovable and easy to love. Next, I\'m a fast learner and can understand with one instruction. Next, I\'m intelligent. Next I have special talents and abilities. Next, I can easily analyze situations and make right judgements. Then I can be trusted in any transaction. Then I have a clean conscience and carry no guilty feeling. Next, I have integrity and good reputation. Then my friends and classmates can look up to me as a model worth emulating. Then I can express my ideas without difficulty. We\'re almost done. Next, I talk in a persuasive manner that I can easily get people to accept what I say. I can express my ideas in writing without difficulty. Next, I\'m a good listener. Next number, I\'m emotionally stable and not easily rattled when faced with trouble. Next number, I\'m logical and rational in my outlook and decisions. Next, I feel and act with confidence. And lastly, I\'m a mature person. After answering all the questions, kindly compute your score using the scoreboard. Okay, you\'ll be rating through your physical appeal and then you get the subtotal. Then you rate your human relations. Then also get the subtotal. Also your intelligence compute the sub total, of course your character. Then compute the sub total. Then we also have your communications. Then compute the sub total. Of course, we have your maturity level, compute it and then get the sub total. This time students look at the result of your self concept inventory and try to process what areas you consider yourself strong with a score 14 to 16. Also, what areas do you consider yourself somewhat weak with a score off 10 to 13 and lastly, very weak with score 10. Below this self concept. Inventory activity is a good tool to help you know your strengths and limitations to help you deal with others. Moreover, to help you identify more of your strengths, you may also use the following questions as your guide. First question, what are you good at? Second question, what do you enjoy doing? Third question, what areas of your life have you been most successful? Next question, what sorts of activities fill you with energy? And last question, what traits do you admire in other people? Those who know their strengths and use them frequently tend to have more success in several areas. They feel happier, have better self-esteem and are more likely to accomplish their goals. At this point, my dear students, let us together learn what is self-awareness in order for us to know more about ourselves and of course understand others. So when we say self-awareness, it\'s having a clear perception of your personality, including your strengths, weaknesses, thoughts, beliefs, motivation and emotions. Self-awareness allows you to understand other people, how they perceive you, your attitude and your responses to them in the moment. So help us in training self-awareness. We can actually use Johari window. Johari window is a simple and useful tool for understanding and training your self-awareness, personality development, improving communications, interpersonal communication, as well as interpersonal relationship, group dynamics, team development, and intergroup relationships. It is a technique to improve self-awareness within an individual and it helps understanding your relationship with yourself and others. The first quadrant is called the open self or what others know about you, and you know too, this is considered to be the public self, the part of ourselves that we are happy to share with others and discuss openly. Thus, you and I both see and can talk openly about this me and gain a common view of who I\'m in this element. The second quadrant is called blind self. This is actually what others know about you, but you do not know. We often assume that the public and the private selves are all that we are. However, the views that others have of us may be different from those we have ourselves. For example, a person who consider themselves as intelligent may be viewed as arrogant and socially arrogant by others. Our blind self may remain blind because others will not discuss this part of us or arrange reasons. Perhaps they realize that we would not be able to accept what they see, or perhaps they have tried to discuss this and we have been so blind that we assume their views are invalid. They may also withhold this information as it gives them power over us. Next, the third quadrant is what you call the hidden self or what others don\'t know about you, but you do. It\'s your secrets. There are often parts of ourselves that are too private to share with others. Do you agree with that? We hide this away and refuse to discuss them with other people or even expose them in any way. Private elements may be embarrassing or shameful in some way. They may also be feared or avoided being discussed for reasons of vulnerability between the public and private selves. There are partly private and partly public aspects of ourselves that we are prepared to share only by trusted others and our students. The last quadrant is known to be the unknown self. This is what you call what others don\'t know about you and you don\'t know either. Finally, the fourth self is one which neither we see nor other people. See. This undiscovered self may include both good and bad things that may remain forever undiscovered or may one day be discovered. Entering the private blind or maybe even public selves between the blind and undiscovered selves are partly hidden selves that only some people see. Psychologists and those who are more empathic, for example, may well see more than the average person. Showing people who you are requires self-awareness and self-disclosure. The Johari window is effectively a lens on your own self-awareness as well as a lens on self-disclosure. You can think of your self-awareness and self-disclosure. A slider bars and the re window can help you figure out where your slider bars are at. Students know that there are 10 things that make you unique. First, you are known for your signature style that makes you unique. Number two, you are also unique because of your past experiences. Then your ethics and morals instilled in you. You\'re also unique because of your attitude. Of course, your appearance says a lot about you. Your communication way makes you also unique. Your habits or habits and then your relationships, your aspirations and goals, your beliefs and cultures. **PD LESSON NO: 2** "There\'s a story usually attributed to the Native American tradition, which illuminates different ways of paying attention. An elder talking to a child says, I have two wolves fighting in my heart. One wolf is fearful, vengeful, envious, resentful, and deceitful. The other wolf is compassionate, loving, generous, truthful, and peaceful. The child asks, which wolf will win the fight? The elder responds, the one I feed. That doesn\'t mean we try to deny or hurt or kill the angry wolf. If we did that, we\'d end up in a long battle all the while somehow making that wolf more powerful through our hostility and fear, hating that wolf sucks the strength right out of us. Instead, we calmly pay attention to the angry wolf and let go of believing they have the answers. If we can do that, they end up lying down next to us no longer an enemy. We help strengthen the kind and loving wolf, giving it nourishment and support so that we can follow it. That peaceful wolf can become our steady companion and show us the way through all kinds of different life experiences. Restful or chaotic, enjoyable or disappointing experiences may come and go, but we can have a guide with us through it all. This is what mindfulness can help you do. Mindfulness allows us to see our thoughts and feelings as they\'re beginning. It\'s very powerful to know what we\'re feeling as we\'re feeling it, know what we\'re thinking as we\'re thinking it. With mindfulness, we can choose what will strengthen and bring into action, and we can choose what we will gently let go of. We don\'t have to be at the mercy of old habits or old ways of thinking or old ways of being. We are empowered. It just takes practice. " Now, how did you find the story? Are you aware of two different opposing wolves operating within your mind, one of which leads to a pain and a diminished sense of life and the other to a joyous, meaningful, and fulfilling life? Have you ever experienced times when you noticed a conflict or fight between parts of yourself so you did not know which way to turn? When was the last time you feel disappointed by the choice of behavior made by you because you knew that there was a more positive option but you just didn\'t choose it? What ways or techniques or exercises do you use to strengthen yourself so as to increase its potency to choose, enhance control your life? Okay. To answer all of these questions, let us explore into the of thoughts, feelings, and actions or behavior. Everyone has problems, both big and small. Do you agree that to better solve your big problem, it helps to learn how your thoughts, feelings, and actions are connected? Imagine you have an upcoming test and you think this statement, I\'m going to fail because of this thought that you fail. You then start to worry. You are so worried that you feel sick just thinking about the test because it\'s uncomfortable. Then you decided not to study at all. You see it all started with your mind, then down to your feeling, which Eventually affects your action. So what one is the definition of thoughts? When we say thoughts, these are words that run through your mind there, the things you tell yourself about what\'s going around you. What do we mean when we say feelings? Our feelings actually come and go as different things happen to you. You might feel happy, angry, sad, all in one day. Some feelings are uncomfortable. On the other hand, when we say actions, these are the things you do or the way you behave. Your thoughts and feelings have a big impact on how you act. If you feel happy, you are likely to do nice things, but if you feel angry, you might want to act mean. Now let us have a simple activity. All you need to do is tell me whether the words or statements that I\'m going to say as a thought or a feeling. Are you ready? Okay. Let\'s do this. First statement, I\'m a good person, second, angry, third, guilty. Fourth, I can do next. I am quite good at soccer. Next, I have several friends. Next, happy, next, sad. Then I\'m hopeless at tennis and the last statement, Nobody likes me. Congratulations. You know now how to identify your thoughts, feelings, and even actions or behavior. At this point, let us now explore into the connections between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors into real life situations. Are you ready? Okay. Imagine you are thinking about an upcoming test or exam in a challenging class. I\'ll show you columns. Two columns in the left column are examples of thoughts that you might notice coming into your mind automatically. You can counter this negative thoughts with more productive positive thoughts like those in the right column by paying attention to your thoughts and replacing the negative thoughts that can sometimes pop up automatically with positive thoughts. You may find it easier to cope with worrisome or stressful Situations like tests. When your automatic thought says, I\'m going to fail, you can cope this thought by saying, I probably won\'t get an A, but maybe I\'ll do. Okay. Now, when your automatic thought says, I\'m not prepared at all of these, why didn\'t I study more? The coping thought is, next time I\'ll try to be more organized and start studying earlier. Or you can say, given how much I had on my plate, I studied as much as I could have. Or you can also say, I have to choose between sleeping and studying and I chose sleeping. Or you can cope by saying that\'s an okay choice to make, even if it means I\'m less prepared. Now, if your automatic thought says, my average grade is going to go way down, you can actually cope the thought by saying, I\'ll have to work really hard to get my grades back up, but I can do it. Okay, now, once your automatic thought says, my teacher is going to think I\'m a S slacker, you can cope it by saying, I should go talk to my teacher about the tests. Or if your automatic thought will say, my parents are going to be so pissed. Your coping thought will be my family and I should be happy with my best performance. There\'s nothing else I can do, but try hard students, when your automatic thought would say, why should I even bother taking the test? Or I should just skip process. You can cope this thought when you say, I should at least see if there is any way to reschedule the test. Or you can say, I can do this. I\'ve been stressed before and I\'m generally a good student. Now, if you\'re off, your automatic thought would say, this school is too hard or This class is too hard for me. I cannot do this. Your coping thought should be, I\'m at a demanding school. Expectations are high, but I know I\'m getting an amazing education. Of course, when your A would say, everyone else gets this stuff, I\'m such a bad student. I bet I\'m not even in the top 10% of my class. I can\'t ever do anything right. Students, you can actually cope that by saying, I have strengths other than being the highest achieving kid in school. **PD LESSON NO: 3** First, the developmental task and challenges being experienced during adolescence. Now, according to John Sandrock, there are actually eight developmental stages and a lifespan development. His research focuses on family processes and children psychosocial development. The following are the stages of development. First, we have prenatal In this period, development happens quickly during the stage, tremendous growth from a single cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioral capabilities. This is the time between conception and birth. This stage is divided into three stages, which is what we call germinal, embryonic, and fatal. The second development stage in a lifespan development is what we call infancy. Infancy is from birth to 18 to 24 months. It\'s the time of extreme dependence on adults. Many psychological activities are just beginning, such as language, symbolic, thought, sensory, modern coordination, and social learning. The third stage is what we call the early childhood. It is from the end of infancy to five to six years old, or this is the preschool years. Young children learn to become more self-sufficient, and care for themselves, develop school readiness skills and spend many hours and playing with years. Okay, the fourth stage is what we call the middle and late childhood. This is six to 11 years old or the elementary school years. In this stage, fundamental skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic. Our master child is formally exposed to a larger world and its culture, and of course, achievement becomes a more central theme of the child\'s world and self-control increases All right, students, we\'re halfway through. Let\'s now have the fifth stage. The fifth stage is what we call the adolescence. In this stage, their age is ranging from 10 to 12 years old, or 18 to 22 years old, begins with rapid physical changes, dramatic gains in height and weight, changes in the body, contour and development of sexual characteristics such as enlargement of the breast, development of pubic and facial hair and deepening of the voice. In this stage also, pursuit of independence and identity are prominent, and of course, thought is more logical, abstract, and idealistic. Then more time is spent outside family. Now the sixth stage is what we call the early adulthood. This is late teens or early twenties to thirties. It is the time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, even starting a family and wearing children. The seventh stage is what we call the middle adulthood. This is 40 to 60 years old time of expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility, assisting the next generation in becoming competent and mature individuals, reaching and maintaining satisfaction in a career. The last, but definitely not the least stage is what we call the late adulthood. This is sixties and above years old. This is the time for adjustment to decreasing strength and health, life review, retirement and adjustment to new social roles. Alright, there you have it, my dear students. The eight developmental stages and lifespan development. According to John Ra, again, we have prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle and late adulthood, a early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. This time, my dear students, let us focus more into identifying the developmental tasks and challenges being experienced during adolescence, which is your stage now, when we say adolescence, adolescences have one foot in childhood and one foot in adulthood. A developmental task represents our culture\'s definition of quote and quote, normal development at different points in the life span. By understanding the developmental tasks that adolescence face, parents and adults become better equipped to support adolescence as they strive to accomplish these tasks. The many developmental tasks facing adolescence are challenging, but my dear students, they are very achievable. Adolescents are getting their first taste of independence. Do you agree with that? But or yet they\'re not and do not want to be totally independent. Parents and adults need to provide a supportive environment, which adolescents may discover and explore their identities. Parents and other adults who work with adolescence walk a tight rope, adolescence need them to play an active role in their lives. However, adults also need to provide adolescents some room to make their own decisions and to be accountable for the consequences of those decisions. When adolescents make the wrong decisions, they need the support and guidance of parents and adults to help them learn from these experiences. By understanding the developmental tasks of adolescence, parents and adults can help turn mistakes made by adolescence into educational opportunities that enhance adolescence. Mastery of life skills. At times, the interaction between parents or adults and adolescence will be challenging and uncertain, but it\'s very essential the parents and adults remain steadfast in their commitment to adolescent and also parents and adults have an important role to play in and can have a positive impact on the life of adolescence facing adolescence. Number one, achieving mature relations with both sexists. Number two, achieving masculine or feminine social rule. Next, accepting once, physi, then achieving emotional independence of adults. Of course, preparing for marriage and family life, then preparing for economic career, then acquiring values and an ethical system to guide behavior. And lastly, desiring and achieving socially responsible behavior. **PR LESSON NO: 1** These are our learning objective. For today\'s lesson, define quantitative research and identify the characteristics of quantitative research and differentiate strength and weaknesses of quantitative research. Humans are naturally curious about anything and everything. We always ask questions and test theories about ourselves, others, events and environment, and the world around us. Research is asking question and looking for answers to this question. We are already engaging ourselves into research when we are looking for an into something, when we are comparing and contrasting things. When we are searching for more information and when we are finding what people think and want. The word research has coined from the French word sier, which means seek the prefix. Re means repeat, literally. Research is to repeat looking for something. Research signifies finding the truth again about ideas and problems, which were in existence before in different perspectives. Research is widely recognized as an important tool for so being man\'s various problems and in making life more colorful and convenient. The modern gadgets that we use today, the medicines that give us relieved, the tools and equipments that make our tasks easier are all products of researches conducted by professionals from various discipline. Research is a natural day-to-day activity of gathering information. There is one form of research, however, which is more disciplined in its methodology and more scientific in its procedure is called academic research. Academic research can be quantitative in its approach. It means that informations are obtained and presented in numerical form and analyzed through the use of statistics. By definition, quantitative research is an objective, systematic, empirical investigation of observable phenomena through the use of computational techniques. Its highlights, numerical analysis of data, hoping that the numbers yield unbiased result that can be generalized to some larger population and explain the particular observation. Simply. Quantitative research is concerned with numbers and its relationship with events. What are the characteristics of quantitative research? First, objective, objective. Quantitative research seeks accurate measurement and analysis of target concepts. It is not based on mere intuitions and guesses. Data are gathered before proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem. Second, clearly defined research question. In quantitative research, the researchers know in advance what they are looking for. The research questions are for which objective answers are sought. All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data are gathered. Third, structured research instrument data are normally guttered using structured research tools such as questioners to collect measurable characteristics of the population, like age, socioeconomic status, number of children among others. Fourth, numerical data. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, oftentimes organized and presented using tables, charts, graphs, and figures that consolidates large numbers of data to show trends, relationship, or differences among variables. Fifth, large sample sizes to arrive at a more reliable data analysis. A normal population distribution curve is prepared. This requires a large sample size. Depending on how the characteristics of the population vary. Random sampling is recommended in determining the sample size to avoid researchers bias in interpreting the result. Six. Replication. Reliable quantitative studies can be repeated to verify, confirm the correctness of the result in another setting. This strengthens the validity of the findings, thus eliminating the possibility of spurious conclusions. Seven, future outcomes by using complex mathematical calculations and with the aid of the computers, if then scenarios may be formulated. Thus predicting future results, we proceed to the strengthen of quantitative research. Here are the advantages of quantitative research that includes, it is objective. Since it provides numerical data, it can be easily misinterpreted. The use of statistical techniques facilitates sophisticated analysis that allows you to comprehend a huge amount of vital characteristics of data. The numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy way by employing statistically valid random models. Findings can be generalized to the population about which information is necessary. Quantitative studies are replicable. Standardized approach allows the study to be replicated in different areas or over time with a formulation of comparable findings. Now, let\'s enumerate the weaknesses of quantitative research. These are the disadvantages of the qualitative research as follows, quantitative research requires a large number of respondents. It is assumed that the larger the sample is, the more statistically accurate the findings are. It is costly. Since there is more respondents compared to a qualitative research, the expenses will be greater in researching out or reaching out to these people. And in producing questionnaires. The information contextual factors help interpret the results or to explain variations are usually ignored. It does not consider the distinct capacity of the respondents to share and elaborate further information. Unlike the qualitative research, many informations are difficult to gather using structured research instrument specifically on sensitive issues like premarital sex, domestic violence among others. If not done seriously and correctly, data from questioners may be incomplete and inaccurate. Researchers must be on the lookout on respondents who just are guessing in answering the instruments. **PR LESSON NO: 2** The kind of research is dependent on the researcher\'s aim in conducting the study and the extent to which the findings will be used. The following are various kinds of quantitative research that are the researchers to employ. These are the kinds of quantitative research, descriptive research. This design is concerned with describing the nature characteristics and components of the population or a phenomenon. There is no manipulation of variables of search for costs and effect related to the phenomenon. This design attempts to find general attributes to the presently existing situation and determine the frequency with which it course descriptive research is used. If, for example, you want to know how many hours senior high school students spend in social media, the number of malnourished students who failed in the achievement test, and how healthy is the food served during the recess in the public schools correctional research, it is the systematic investigation of the nature relationship or association between and among variables without necessarily investigating into council reasons underlying them. It is also concerned with the extent of relationship that exists between or among two variables. For example, if pre-board examination results can be used to predict performance in the licensure examination for teachers, then they higher the pre-board grade is the higher, most likely be the score. In the left correctional research is employed. If you like to know, for example, if the following factors are related to each other, sex and mathematical ability, marriage and cancer recovery or occupation and lifespan survey research. Survey research is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and studying samples chosen from a population. It may be done in various ways like face-to-face, phone mail, and online survey. Research may be cross-sectional if the information is collected from a sample in just single point in time. Just like the child reviewing practices of single parents and population controlled practices of unmarried couples. Survey research is considered longitudinal if the researchers collect information on the same subject over a period of time, sometimes lasting many years in order to study the changes through the years. Longitudinal survey is utilized, for example, to determine the growth of RISE yield in the country and the rate of promotion of doctorate degree holders five years after earning the degree SAL comparative research. It is also known as the ex post facto after the fact. Research means this kind of research derives conclusion from observations and manifestations that already occurred in the past and now compared to some dependent variables. It discusses why and how the phenomenon occurs. For example, the researcher is interested in how weight influences stress coping level of adults. Here, the subjects would be separated into different groups, underweight normal weight, overweight, and the stress coping level measure. This is an ex post factor design because a free existing characteristic, like the weight was used to form the groups experimental research. This research utilizes scientific method to test cost and effect relationships under conditions controlled by the researcher. In this case, an effort is made to determine the imposed control over all other variables except one. An independent variable is manipulated to determine the effect on the dependent variable. For instance, a teacher would like to know if a new teaching strategy is affected or not, so he or she teaches one section using the new strategy and teaches another comparative section. Without the new strategy, then an achievement test was given to the two section. The manipulated independent variable is the new teaching strategy, which is being tested. If it has an effect on the dependent variable, which is the achievement test of the students, notice that sections are comparable with one another, meaning all other variables are controlled by the teacher. **PE LESSON NO: 1** Stress is a feeling of being under abnormal pressure. This pressure can come from different aspects of your day-to-day life, such as an increased workload, a transitional period, an argument you may have with your family or friends or new and existing financial worries. You may find that it has a cumulative effect with each stressor building on top of one another. During these situations, you may feel threatened or upset and your body might create a stress response. This can cause a variety of physical symptoms change the way you behave and lead you to experience more intense emotions. Stress affects us in a number of phases, both physically and emotionally and in varying intensities. Research has shown that stress can sometimes be positive. It can make you more alert and help you perform better in certain situations. However, stress has only been found to be beneficial if it is short-lived. Excessive or prolonged stress can contribute to illnesses such as heart disease and mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. Some common symptoms of stress include sleeping problems, sweating, or a change in appetite. Symptoms like these are triggered by a rush of stress hormones in your body, which when released allow you to deal with pressures or threats. This is known as the fight or flight response. When stress affects your brain with its many nerve connections, the rest of the body feels the impact as well. So it is logical to say that if your body feels better, so does your mind exercise in any physical activity. Promote or produce endorphins, a chemical in your brain that acts as natural painkillers and also improve the ability to sleep, which in turn reduce stress. Meditation, acupuncture, massage therapy. The greatest weapon against stress is our ability to choose one thought over another. Stress even breathing deeply can cause your body to produce endorphins and conventional wisdom holds that the workout of load to moderate intensity makes you feel energized and healthy. Scientists have found that regular participation in aerobic exercises has shown a decrease in overall levels of tension, elevates and stabilizes mood, improves sleep, and improves self-esteem. Even five minutes of aerobic exercises can stimulate anti-anxiety effects. Now, what is the role of physical activity in managing one\'s stress in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic? The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented time all across the world worldwide extensive social distancing policies are put into place restricting people\'s daily activities and worldwide police from governments, asking people to stay safe and stay at home. This of course, means that most people will spend much of their time, if not at all at their homes. These social distancing measures mean that people have far fewer opportunities to be physically active, especially if activities such as walking or cycling as transportation means, or taking part in a leisurely sports activity such as jogging, walking the dog and going to the gym are being restricted. Furthermore, these drastic measures also make it so much easier to be sedentary at home for long periods of time. The impact of this physical inactivity may very likely be seen in many areas such as health and social care and the mental wellbeing of people all across the globe. Although these social distancing measures are important and needed in a time such as now our bodies and minds still need physical activity, but how do we exactly define what physical activity is? Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy expenditure. There are two components to physical activity that needs to be considered. First is aerobic fitness. Aerobic fitness usually includes moderate to vigorous activity that makes you feel a bit warm, which in turn causes your breathing to increase and your heart rate to increase as well. The next factor to be considered is strength and balance. This is often the forgotten component of physical activity, but it is an essential part and has many benefits. Physical activity may include active recreation, sports participation, cycling, walking, playing, dancing, gardening, cleaning the house, or carrying heavy objects During the COVID-19 pandemic. This even more important for all people to be physically active, even if it is only a short break from sitting at your desk and doing some stretching or walking. Doing something simple as this will ease muscle strain, relieve mental tension, improve blood circulation, improve muscle activity, helps to give some routine to a day in these unprecedented times. There are certain sports such as golf bowl and tennis that for the most part are considered individual sports, which are sports, played alone without teammates. Yes, there are exceptions such as the Rider Cup in golf in which two teams from either side of the Atlantic Ocean compete, but often the competition is for an individual trophy. A sample of a thousands of individual sports include badminton, bowling, boxing, cycling, figure skating, golf, skiing, snowboarding, surfing, swimming, track and field, and wrestling. Now let me give you some tips to manage your stress. First of all, we all need to exercise. Working out regularly is one of the best ways to relax your body and mind. Exercise can also improve one mood. Work up to two hours and 30 minutes of moderately intense exercise like brisk walks or 75 minutes of a more vigorous exercise like swimming laps, jogging or other sports would prove beneficial to one\'s health. Second, relax your muscle. When you\'re stressed, your muscles get tense. You can help loosen them up on your own and refresh your body by stretching, enjoying a massage, taking a hot bath or shower or getting a good night\'s sleep. Deep breathing, stopping and taking a few deep breaths can take the pressure off you right away. You\'ll be surprised at how much better you feel once you get good at it. Just follow these five steps. First, sit in a comfortable position with your hands in your lap and your feet on the floor. You may also choose to lie down. Second, you need to close your eyes. Next, imagine yourself in a relaxing place. It can be on the beach in a beautiful field of grass or anywhere that gives you a peaceful feeling. Fourth, slowly take deep breaths in and out. Lastly, do this for five to 10 minutes at a time. The next step on how to live or manage stress is to eat well. Eating a regular well-balanced diet will help you feel better in general. It may also help control your mood. Your meals should be full of vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and lean protein for energy. Don\'t skip meals. It\'s not good for you and can put you in a bad mood, which can actually increase your stress. Moving on. Another tip is to slow down. Modern life is so busy and sometimes you just need to slow down and chill out. Look at your life and find small ways for you so you can do that. For example, you can set your watch five to 10 minutes ahead. That way you\'ll get to places a little early and avoid the stress of being late when you\'re driving a bike on the road. Switch to the bicycle lane so you can avoid road accident. Break down the school requirements into smaller ones. For example, arrange this from easiest to hardest and so on. Lastly, take a break. You need to plan on some real downtime to give your mind time off from stress. If you\'re a person who likes to set goals, this may be hard for you at first, but stick with it and you\'ll look forward to these moments. Restful things you can do include meditation, yoga, tai chi, prayer, listening to your favorite music and spending time in nature. We should not also forget to make time for our hobbies. You need time to set aside for things you enjoy. Try to do something every day that makes you feel good and it\'ll help relieve your stress. It doesn\'t even have to be a ton of time. Even 15 to 20 minutes will do so. Relaxing hobbies include things like reading, knitting, doing an art project, playing golf, watching a movie, doing puzzles, playing cards and board games like chess or checkers. Talk about your problems if things are bothering you. Talking about them can help lower your stress. You can talk to family members and friends, and you can also talk to yourself. It\'s called self-talk and we all do it, but in order for self-talk, to help reduce stress, you need to make sure it\'s positive and not negative. Go easy on yourself. Accept that you can\'t do things perfectly no matter how hard you try. You also can control everything in your life, so do yourself a favor and stop thinking so much. Don\'t forget to keep up your sense of humor. Laughter goes a long way towards making you feel relaxed. Eliminate your triggers. Figure the biggest causes of stress in your life. Is it your job, your commute, your schoolwork? If you\'re able to identify what they are, see if you\'re able to eliminate them from your life or at least reduce them. If you can\'t identify the main causes of your stress, make note of when you become most anxious and see if you can determine a pattern. Then find ways to remove or lessen those triggers. Skills. There are thousands of individual sports and the skill requirements for each vary greatly. However, there are certain skills that apply to most individual athletes. Most have high levels of cardiovascular fitness to allow for long hours of practice and play. Most have well to muscles and are flexible. One major advantage of competing in individual sport is that the athlete can progress at his own pace to improve his or her skills. The skills one need are more mental than physical. One needs autonomy, self-discipline focused thinking and passion. He must work on a specific skill over and over until it is mastered. He or she gets to take all the credit for winning, but he or she is on his or her own and can blame no one but theirselves for any lackluster performance. Critical elements. Individual sports also allow athletes to aim for personal goals without worrying about hurting the team. For example, in distance running, an athlete will commonly shoot for a personal best known as a PB several times per year. In fact, individual athletes are often said to be competing against themselves. They do have competitors to beat, but they also attempt to improve on their previous best performances as well. There are two basic types of motivation, their external and intrinsic motivation. External motivation comes from someone else or involves gaining a reward. Examples of external motivation include a coach yelling at you to do pushups, winning a medal, or a parent telling you to clean your room. On the other hand, intrinsic motivation literally means that the desire comes from within. This is a trait that many individual sports athletes possess. Examples include deciding to run a personal best in a 5K race or attempting to qualify for a big tournament. In individual sports, there are no teammates to please or to put peer pressure upon you as the pressure comes from yourself. So what types of sports can we apply our subs in? First of all, we define what sports is. Sports is an activity that requires physical actions and skills where individual or teams compete under a set of rules. It\'s classified into individual, dual or team sports. Dual sports are played by two people opposing each other more so dual sports. Develop teamwork and coordination since it needs both to win the game like individual sports, dual sports build muscular strength and promote tactical strategy. Examples of individual and dual sports are badminton, tennis, pickleball, golf, archery, dance, cross country skiing and table tennis. A team sport includes any sport where individuals are organized into opposing teams which compete to win. Team members act together toward a shared objective. This can be done in a number of ways such as outscoring, the opposing team, or letting the other team run out of time. Team sports are practiced between opposing teams where the players generally interact directly and simultaneously between them to achieve an objective. The objective often involves teammates facilitating the movement of a ball or similar object in accordance with a set of rules in order to score some points engaging in different sports. Whether individual dual or team sports is beneficial to everyone participating in physical activities like an individual dual or team sports is also considered vital for maintaining mental fitness and it can reduce stress. Studies show that it is very effective at reducing fatigue, improving alertness and concentration, and at enhancing overall cognitive function. This can be helpful when stress has depleted your energy or ability to concentrate. Knowing how to manage time properly and identify the priorities associated with proper physical activities is considered one of the best remedies to fight and reduce stress. With our discussion for today, I hope you\'ve learned a lot and would eventually apply these things to your daily routine as you move along the path towards achieving a better you. **PE LESSON NO: 2** Athletics is composed of sports involving running, walking, jumping, and throwing. It is a group of sports divided mainly in what is popularly known as track and field, and it has been played centuries ago in a sports competition. In 776 bc, Greeks started to promote track and field and it opened the Olympic Games. Since then, it has been staged every four years until 394 ad Athens revived the Olympic Games in 1896. After that, the Olympic games is staged every four years. In the early stage, the Greeks participation in athletics was intended to show the strong body and skills of the soldiers. The beauty of the games got the attention and interest of more than 5,000 people. Olympic games became very competitive, and in 1923, women were included in the event. The competition was under the support of the Amateur Athletics Union and track and field was introduced to the Filipinos by the Americans. It was warmly accepted as one of the events for competition. Athletics as part of the local competition was governed by the Philippine Athletics Track and Field Association or Pat afa. It followed the rules of International Amateur Athletic Federation as a world governing body for track and field athletics. Because of its worth in value, it was included as a subject in physical education. Now what are some events In athletics, we have three main divisions. First are the running events. We have the jumping events, and last but not the least, the throwing events, athletics, playing venue. Running events are played in an ova. It has eight lanes and the innermost lane measures 400 meters. The seven other lanes are appropriately marked to indicate the 400 meter distance and the exceeding land measurement. The surface of the oval is even and leveled covered by mixture of sand and cinder. Some are combination of asphalt and synthetic rubber. The modern running tracks are made out of synthetic rubber like materials. Some of these events played in these fields are the long jump and triple jump, the high jump, the pole vault, the shot put, the disc throw, and the javelin throw. Different athletics events or games according to our website. Similar to ballet, running is just as graceful. Every stride and kilometer has a purpose Inside the race, each section of the race must meet specific criteria. In order to complete the race in a specific time, ballerinas have to time their steps to music. Runners must time their strides to pace. On the other hand, Stephen Baker says, understanding and applying physiology could improve your running. Therefore, by combining the art of running and science-based running a champion shall be born. For this section, we\'ll be looking at the body position of the sprinter and the body position of the distance runner. Can you be both a sprinter and a distance runner? Not really. For sure. You can do both activities for recreational purposes and overall fitness. However, your training routine and your genetics shall eventually determine what you are best at. Sprinters are in innately gifted with a larger number of fast twitch muscle fibers. It permits them to execute explosive movements and participate in high intensity exercise for a short period of time. According to the National Academy of Sports Medicine, the same goes for powerlifters, bodybuilders and other strength athletes. Fast twitch fibers can produce more force in a shorter time than slow switch fibers. Also, sprinters are naturally more muscular and have a bigger build than long distance runners. The relatively short sprint distances ranging up to 400 meters require a sustained top speed. Originally, all sprinters start from standing position, but in the 1880s, the crouch start was invented and it became a rule that sprinters must start with both feet, both hands on the track. The introduction of the adjustable starting block aided the quick start, which is critical in the sprints. Endurance athletes or long distance runners have 90 to 95% slow twitch muscle fibers. According to the American Council on exercise, slow twitch fibers are lighter and less powerful, but more resilient to fatigue than fast twitch fibers, so they rely on oxygen to function properly. Slow twitch muscle fibers are well suitable for long duration aerobic activities, but we should all well note that short sprint distances ranging up to 400 meters must start with both feet and both hands on the track. This is called the crouch start. Did you know that Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt is the fastest man in history with a world record dime of nine point 58 seconds and the fastest woman in history is Florence Griffith joiner with a world record time of 10 point 49 seconds. Let\'s move on to the hurdles. Hurdling is a sport in athletics in which our runner sprints and leaps over a series of hurdles which are set on a track with specific distance apart. Runners must stay in their respective lanes throughout the race. If the runner knocks the hurdles down with leaping a runner who trails a foot or leg alongside a hurdle or knocks it down with a hand is disqualified. The winner will be the first player who has completed the course without violation. Let\'s now move on to relays. The relays involve four runners per team. There are two standard events for the relay, the four by 104 by 400 meter relays. They\'re both included in local meets and Olympic games and IAF world championships. The first runner in the four by 100 meter relay begins the race in starting blocks. The next three runners receive the baton in the 30 meters passing and receiving zone. The receiver begins running in the acceleration zone within the exchange zone, which is by 30 meters in distance in the relay. Runners should not switch hands when carrying the baton. Therefore, if the first runner will carry the baton in his right hand, the receiving hand of the second runner will be the left hand. The receiving hand of the third runner will be the right and the final runner will handle it in his left hand. Rules of a relay, a team may be disqualified from a relay for false starting incorrect button passing for four by 400 meters. Illegal switching, passing of the baton outside the takeover zone. During the race, an athlete takes or picks up the bat of another team deliberately impending and properly crossing the lane or in any other way interfering with another competitor. Jumping events similar to running races. Jumping games seem to be part of our childhood life. We tend to see how far and how we can jump and who can do it. Best example of Filipino games like these are Nic and cca, but in the Olympics there are four athletic jumping events. First of them is the high jump. In the high jump event. The athlete must run in the start and must jump over a bar without knocking it over. They land on a big soft cushion and being able to jump high without knocking the bar is an advantage to win the game In this event technique is important. There are many techniques used for high jump, but the current and most successful is called the Foss berry flop. The Foss berry flop technique involves an approach from the almost straight ahead, then twisting on takeoff and going over the head first with a back to the bar. Jumpers then land on their back. Long jump, long jumping is the least complicated of all field events. It is formerly called broad Jumping. Long jump has been a popular athletics event since ancient Greece Olympics and long jump speed is the most vital ingredient for a successful jump. Jumpers make their approach down the runway at almost top speed plant afoot on the takeoff board and leap into the air. Jumpers must plant the forward foot, not be on the takeoff board to become legal. The most popular long jumping style is hitch kick where in the runner apparently walks in air. Next up, we have the pole vault. Pole vaulting is quite similar to high jump Vaulters attempt to vault over a crossbar placed on uprights. Each height they\'re given three tries. Then they land on a large soft mattress. For safety, the vaulter runs down the track holding a pole at one end. After planting the end of the pole in a metal box in the ground level, the vaulters propel themselves up and over a high bar using both a jump and the spring. To gain height, they must get over the bar without knocking it off The triple jump. The triple jump is similar to the long jump. It is known as the hop step and jump. The jumper will first run down the track speed at the start of the jump or takeoff point, they will jump off or spring from one foot and land on that same foot. Next, they jump again at this time landing on the opposite foot and lastly, they jump as far as they can and land on both feet into the sand pit or landing pit Throwing events. It\'s always fun to see who can throw something the furthest, whether it\'s a ball or even a rock. These events necessitate explosive movements. Power is the component to be considered. Athletics is the place where you can throw stuff for a distance as a real sport. There are four major throwing events outlined below discus. A discus is plate like or a round disc or implement, typically made of plastic with a metal rim. It is thrown from a concrete circle that is around 2.5 meters in diameter. The thrower\'s foot cannot leave the circle unless the discus lands on sector area or else the thrower will be at fault and the throw will not be counted to achieve maximum distance in the discus, the thrower shall maintain these three components, speed, technique, and strength. The thrower that throws the for inside the sector area, committing any violations. Win javelin. The javelin is something like a spear. It was introduced in the Olympics of 708 bc. This event should be supervised at all times to be sure no one is hurt. Javelin throw does not use a circle and throwing the thrower must hold the javelin at the grip part and should always be maintained above the shoulder level. The javelin must lie before the specified zone and its tip should hit the ground to become valid. The thrower should maintain his balance until the javelin lands on the ground. Once the competition has started, the athletes cannot use the perimeter for practice purposes. The throw will be considered as foul in the following cases. In proper throw of the javelin. In the attempt thrower goes out of the marking line while throwing. The tip of the javelin lies outside the edges of the landing sector and the thrower who throws farthest inside the landing sector and didn\'t commit any violation wins. Shot A shot is a piece of spherical iron ball that is thrown from a concrete circle that is seven feet in diameter. The front of the circle has a metal board called a tow board or board. The thrower can attach the of the stop board or step over it during the throw, the thrower holds the shot close to his or her neck in one hand. There are two common techniques for the sport. First of all is a slide ortho glide, and the last is the spin or rotational throw. The goal is to build momentum and finally push or put the shot aside the sector landing area. The thrower must stay in a circle until the shot has landed or else their throw was invalid. The thrower who throws farthest inside the landing sector and without committing any violation wins. Let\'s move on to the hammer throw. ( The hammer throw does not actually involve throwing a usual hammer like you think, and this athletics throwing event. The thrower throws a metal ball attached to a handle in a straight wire about three feet long. The hammer is thrown from a concrete circle, two point 15 meters in diameter just like the shot put, but there is no toe board or stop board like the discus and the shot, but the thrower must stay in a circle until the hammer lands. The thrower rotates several times to gain momentum prior to releasing and throwing the hammer. Maintaining balance is important due to the force generated by having the heavy ball at the hand of the wire. The thrower, the throws farthest without committing any violation wins official implements in all international competitions. The implements used show comply with current IAAF specifications. Only IAF certified implements may be used. **UCSP LESSON NO: 1** Most often that not we are influenced by the culture and society in which we grew up in. These things are not exclusively formed by past events or ancestral traditions passed down from generation to generation. Even today, there are multiple cultures being hosted, created, and formed in society today, but how exactly do we define culture? To give you an idea of what it is I present to you the culture wheel. Now looking at the wheel, can you state your own definition of culture? Culture is essentially manmade. Culture is a diverse set of things, which essentially makes up a group of people\'s collective identity. This may include things like language, artworks, values, beliefs, and traditions that bind a society together. As you travel across the globe or even within our country, it would be hard not to witness cultural diversity, even with very simple things such as food regions and provinces can be identified with such distinct or unique ingredients they use in cooking. An example would be how the Bele region is popularly distinguished as the spice capital of the Philippines due to the local fondness of cooking with Sealy. In a nutshell, culture provides the guidelines for the actions and interactions within a society. When we talk about society, we are referring to a group of people interacting with each other and sharing a common culture where a bunch of people who live together usually in a specific geographic area, society has key parts called institution. Example of these institutions are family, education, religion, and government. The culture shared in a society is the basis of its identity. The Philippines Being a nation state is a sovereign state. By sovereign we mean having the fuller right and power of a governing body over itself without any interference from outside sources or bodies or simply having the authority of a state to govern itself. Filipino citizens have a common culture. Though we have various local languages and dialects, we have one national language and share a common history. Our nation state is therefore a major component of our personal identity. However, since our country has more than a dozen regions, some of us may identify ourselves by the specific group we belong to. It could be based on religion, language, social background, ethnicity, or other identifying factors such as what kind of music we\'ll listen to or what political ideologies we subscribe to. Identifying oneself as belonging to a specific social group is called political identity. For example, a person may identify himself as a Filipino and as Bueno, remember that our personal identity is both cultural and political. Cultures differ depending on the needs of individuals. Culture can be material or non-material. Material culture includes all physical things that people create your food, for example, your clothes, your house and television are examples of material culture. On the other hand, rocks, trees and others are not part of material culture. They\'re considered as natural objects. Non-material cultures, however, are intangible things, meaning we cannot touch them. Examples include ideas, belief, languages, values and norms that may help shape society. Can you cite an example of material and non-material culture? The pandemic, for example, provided an opportunity for social change during its onset. Together with the development of artificial intelligence or ai, some jobs have become non-essential and other jobs were created as well. In the beginning of the pandemic jobs in the tourism and hospitality sectors saw a massive decline in demand. On the other hand, online sellers and social media content creators rose in numbers. So far we\'ve discussed culture and society. At this point, let\'s touch on politics. Let us say your class decides to give your advisor a gift for her birthday. Some of your classmates suggested to buy her a bouquet of flowers. Others proposed to get her a coffee maker while others pushed for a limited edition skin to go with their favorite moba character. While suggestions differ among you, you know that eventually you have to come up with a decision as to what to give your teacher. Reconciling these diverse suggestions and providing whichever you desire to give your teacher with can simply be called politics. Politics comes from the Greek word politica, which means affairs of the cities. It is a process by which individual interests, such as desires and wants, are reconciled with collective action and the provision of public goods. While you decide on a gift for your teacher, the government decides on the goods and services it can provide its citizen. Examples include utilities such as water and electricity. Will renewable sources of energy be utilized? How much does it cost to generate that type of energy, and so on and so forth. Another example is healthcare. What health issues should be given top priority? Will vaccines be provided for free? And in what areas will the vaccines be given to the government? Is the institution responsible for making those decisions? With that discussed, why is it important to study each of these disciplines and their relationship with one another? Studying culture allows us to value its function. Consider some of the following examples. Firstly, culture establishes patterns of acceptable social behavior. These can be etiquette, protocols, good manners, and right conduct, role and duty as established by poque morals and laws. Filipino culture dictates the use of Paul and oppo as a form of respect to our elders. Second, culture conveys and facilitates meaning. This can be through verbal and nonverbal communication, written and non-written language, forms of expressions and symbolism. Wang odd. A 100 3-year-old Filipino tattoo artist from the mountains of KA is often described as the last and oldest maba bat. She is part of the Bud book, people of the larger Kalinga ethnic group. She has been tattooing headhunters and the women of the indigenous people of her tribe since she was merely 15 years old. In today\'s society, getting a tattoo is a form of artistic or self-expression. Back in the day in some of our tribal communities, warriors would have to earn these tattoos once they\'ve successfully protected their tribe from invaders or other hostile tribes by killing their enemies. Third culture produces manmade things such as clothing, tools, and structures. Life becomes more convenient and enjoyable as culture also facilitates the development of things such as recreational activities, music, sporting games, and art forms among others. To recap, the significance of culture includes adaptation and integration. Patterns of acceptable social behavior conveys and facilitates meaning and the production of manmade things for human satisfaction. Now, let\'s talk about society. Society is the result of human interaction and interconnected. As individuals continue to interact, societies are formed and continue to be formed, being constantly organized and reorganized in such a way that there are rules of conduct, customs, values and traditions. Societies are never static. They\'re always ever changing. A society can grow economically, increase in population, have improved infrastructure and facilities adopt new technologies and others. Studying society allows us to better understand our individual and collective identity, manage our natural and human resources for the better, and regulate the distribution of public facilities to the individual members of society. Studying society helps us come up with a better way of improving it or sustaining an equal just and humane environment for all of its members. Now, how about politics? According to writer, Ricardo Lazo, politics may be viewed in different ways. In describing the characteristics of politics, Mr. Lazo emphasized two important things. First, all questions involve the making of a common decision. For a group of people, that decision is uniform, meaning it applies in the same way to all members of the group, and secondly, all involve the use of force of one person or a group of people to affect the behavior of another person or group of people. Hence, politics talks about collective decision of individuals based on defined rules of society. These rules bind people together in order to preserve culture and improve human life. With that being said, it is important for us to learn about politics because number one, politics helps us know our rights. These rights are guaranteed in our constitution. They offer us protection, help and preserve our wellbeing as citizens of this country, allowing us to be responsible and productive members of it. Secondly, politics clarifies what we believe. It provides us the opportunity to discover our own political beliefs, our causes, core values, and allows us to see in much greater detail the pros and cons of various political ideologies that are present in the world today. Being able to express what you believe accurately and concisely is very useful and forces you to look at yourself. It allows you to answer the question, what am I contributing to my nation? And lastly, third, politics prepares us for adult life. When you turn 18, you\'re granted the ability and the privilege to vote, giving you the opportunity to change our nation and allow the principles we hold dear to thrive. Now with peace in mind, it could easily be said that studying politics prepares you for entering the adult world. Culture and politics play a critical role in our formation as contributing members of our society. The more we understand it, the more we understand it, the more we understand ourselves and become more empathetic towards the people around us. **UCSP LESSON NO: 2** Anthropology is the study of various aspects of humans within past and present societies. It includes man\'s physical, social, and cultural development. Bernardino, Deshaun, a Spanish Franciscan Friar, is considered to be the modern founder of anthropology. In 1529, he journeyed on Spain or New Spain or what is now known as Mexico for religious mission. From then, he learned the local language and spent more than 50 years in the study of Aztec beliefs, culture, and history. His extraordinary work documenting worldview and culture has earned him the title of the first anthropologist in the Philippines. One of the biggest finds in anthropology was accomplished by Dr. Robert B. Fox and his team together with a national museum of the Philippines. He who conducted research in the caves of Palauan. Between 1962 and 1965, they discovered the skull cap of the tab man. This believed to be approximately 22,000 to 24,000 years old. Other fines included earthenware, jade, ornaments and jewelry, many stone tools, animal bones, and human fossils dating back to 47,000 years ago. The earliest human remains found in the Philippines. Anthropology is divided into four separate subfields, namely sociocultural, anthropology, linguistic anthropology, biological anthropology, and archeology. So how do these subfields differ? Let\'s explore them. Sociocultural anthropology describes and analyzes the beliefs that people have about their social and material worlds. It studies how these beliefs affect human action. Some of the topics of sociocultural anthropology are questions like, how do humans acquire culture? What\'s the relationship between language and culture? How do people organize their social systems? Why does society have systems of hierarchy such as inequality, classes and races? How does society manage economic survival and the like? Linguistic anthropology studies how language affects social life. Linguistic anthropologists study the many ways people communicate across the globe. They\'re interested in how language is linked to how we see the world, how we relate to each other, and of course how language changes over time. Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans. Biological anthropologists study the biological prehistory of man to understand human nature and ultimately the evolution of the brain and the nervous system itself. Archeology. The fourth subfield of anthropology on the other hand, is the study of human culture through their material remains. Archeologists study passed human cultures through investigation of physical evidence such as the development of the first stone tools at qui in East 3.3 million years ago. Archeology is particularly important for learning about prehistoric societies, which may have no written records at all. How can you study cultures with no alphabet or written language yet? Well, that is the job of the archeologist in Europe. Archeology is considered a course or discipline in itself and not as a subfield of anthropology. Now let\'s go to sociology. Have you ever wondered why some people like classical music while others like hip hop and some like both? Well, if you like hip hop like me, rest assured there are numerous people all over the world who share the same preference with us. According to Joseph Henry Victor, a Jesuit sociologist, sociology is the scientific study of patterned shared human behavior. Again, again, patterned shared human behavior. Our choices in music and even food, even our opinions on various matters are influenced directly or indirectly by people around us. Your choice of music may have been result of having members in your family who like hip hop or having friends who introduced you to this genre. Even the show we watch have an influence on our choices or preference. Sociology got its first start. Thanks to French philosopher August K in the 18 hundreds. He wanted a systematic approach to studying society, a way to investigate and solve its problems. Sociology is the broadest discipline among the social sciences. The social sciences include disciplines like economics and psychology. What makes sociology different is that it looks at all aspects of society from two people having a same taste. In music, the cultural differences between two nations. The big three founding members in sociology are Karl Marx, max Weber, and Emil Durheim. Karl Marx was a German philosopher and revolutionary. Marx paved the way for the conflict theory that society is in a state of continuous conflict because of competition for limited resources, he wrote the Communist Manifesto, a book that focused on the misery of the lower class or the working class caused by the existing social order. He stressed that political revolution was a crucial method or way in making society and the only means to achieve improvement of social conditions. On the other hand, we have Max Weber. He was a German sociologist, tourist and political economist. Weber is best known for combining economic sociology and the sociology of religion. Weber saw religion as one of the core forces in society, the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism is Weber\'s most famous word. In contrast, Emil Durkheim was a French sociologist. He put forward the idea that individuals are more products rather than the creators of society. Society itself is the external to the individual. Simply put, who we are is a product of society and not that we have an influence towards society. His concern was to establish sociology as a science in itself and not as a subfield of any other science. The division of labor in society is one of durkheim\'s famous works. Modern sociologists are interested in a general pattern composed of a huge number of individual choices. Each individual forms a part of the pattern, and in looking at the individual choice, a sociologist can see elements of the whole pattern. For example, in answering the question, will you go to college? Whether you go to college or not can be greatly influenced by whether the social class you grew up in considers college as something valuable. Let\'s say your social class gives value to enrolling in college. So what is seen here is that your choice of going to college is part of your social class\'s whole pattern. In studying sociology, it is important to set aside our prejudices and be more understanding of the customs of other people and realize that behavior depends upon the norms or customs of the society. For example, in Western countries, it is normal for younger people to address elders by their first name. For us, Filipinos addressing elders by their first name is generally considered disrespectful, but then we cannot be prejudiced to western countries because that is not the custom of their society. The results of sociological investigation are essential for leaders, business people, and government officials in maintaining social stability and creation of programs and policies for development. Now let\'s go ahead and talk about political science. This is the study or systematic study rather of a state and its government. It considers the relations of people in the community, the relations of people and groups within the state, the relation of the state with other sovereign states abroad or other countries. It emphasizes on the use of power, interest, influence, and diplomacy In creating a well-ordered society. Political scientists analyze how people attain political position in society, how they maintain their position and the outcomes of the policy they implement in the society. According to the author Ricardo Lazo, the main goal of political science is citizenship education. It requires the students to understand and appreciate the duties and obligations of being a member of society. What are the benefits of studying political science? First, it helps you to know your rights. It\'ll help us understand that if we engage in political processes using those rights, then we have the opportunity to change society. Second, it clarifies what you believe in. Studying political science will give us the opportunity to discover our own political beliefs and see in greater detail the prose and cons of various political ideologies in our society. Being able to express what you believe is very useful and forces you to really look at yourself and your possible contribution to our nation. Lastly, studying political science prepares you for adult life. On your 18th birthday, you\'ll be given the right to vote with a vote, giving you the ability to change our nation and allow the principles we hold dear to thrive. As society thrives when its members not only contribute positively, but live in harmony with each other as well.