Human Biology Respiratory System RQ PDF

The Respiratory System and Gas Exchange The main function of the Respiratory System is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of the The Respiratory System carbon dioxide. To accomplish this function at least four processes, collectively called respiration, must happen: ❖...

The Respiratory System and Gas Exchange The main function of the Respiratory System is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of the The Respiratory System carbon dioxide. To accomplish this function at least four processes, collectively called respiration, must happen: ❖ Pulmonary Ventilation. ❖ External Respiration. ❖ Internal Respiration.  Respiration  Pulmonary Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs so that the gases there are continuously changed and refreshed (commonly called breathing).  External Respiration is the movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs.  Internal Respiration is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, and of carbon dioxide from the tissue cells to the lungs. This is accomplished by the cardiovascular system using blood as the transporting fluid. The Respiratory System  The Nose  The Nose is the jutting external portion supported by bones and cartilage; internal nasal cavity divided by the nasal midline septum and lined with mucosa. It is the only external visible part of the respiratory system.  The function of the Nose; 1. Provides an airway for respiration. 2. Moistens and warms entering air. 3. Filters and cleans inspired air. 4. Serves as a resonating chamber for speech. 5. Houses the olfactory (smell) receptors.  The Nose  When the air comes into the nose it gets filtered by tiny hairs and it is moistened by the mucus.  The Paranasal Sinuses also help out in the Respiratory System. They help to moisten and heat the air that is breath in.  Air can also get into your body through your mouth/oral cavity but air is not filtered as much when it enters in through your mouth. The Nose animation  The Pharynx The funnel shaped pharynx connects the nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus. From superior to inferior, the pharynx is divided into three regions :the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The muscular pharynx wall is composed of skeletal muscle throughout its.  The function of the pharynx; 1. It is a passageway for air and food. 2. It houses the tonsils and it facilitates the exposure of the immune system to inhaled antigens. 3. It also exchanges air with Eustachian tube to equalize pressure. The Pharynx  REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Internal respiration is defined as  A. exchange of gases between blood and air.  B. production of ATP, CO2 and H2O in cells.  C. exchange of gases between blood and tissues.  D. entrance and exit of air into and out of the lungs. 2. Use the following information to answer the question:  1. Alveoli 2. Bronchi 3. Trachea 4. Bronchioles  What is the order in which air passes through these structures during inhalation?  A. 2, 1, 3, 4 B. 2, 4, 1, 3 C. 3, 2, 4, 1 D. 3, 4, 2, 1 3. The vocal chords are found in which structure?  A. Larynx. B. Bronchi. C. Pharynx. D. Epiglottis. 4. The destruction of the cilia lining the respiratory tract would result in  A. decreased breathing rate. B. decreased mucus production.  C. increased debris in the airways. D. increased temperature in the lungs.  The Larynx  The larynx , or voice box, extends for about 5 cm from the level of the third to the sixth cervical vertebra. Superiorly it attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx. Inferiorly it is continuous with the trachea.  The functions of the Larynx; 1. To provide an open airway. 2. To act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that prevents food from going into the trachea to the lungs. 3. Because it houses the vocal cords, the third function of the larynx is voice production. The Larynx The Larynx  The Trachea  The trachea or windpipe, descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum (space between the 2 lungs). It ends at the hylum and devides into the two main bronchi at midthorax. In humans, it is 10–12 cm long and 2 cm in diameter, and very flexible and mobile.  The tracheal wall consists of several layers that are common to many tubular body organs—the mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia. The mucosa has the same goblet cell–containing pseudostratified epithelium that occurs throughout most of the respiratory tract. Its cilia continually propel debris-laden mucus toward the pharynx.  The Trachea  The function of the Trachea. 1. It functions as an air passageway ( it is held open by incomplete rings of cartilage) and it cleans, warms and moistens incoming air. The Trachea  Bronchi and Bronchial Tree  It consist of right and left main bronchi, which subdivides within the lungs to form secondary and tertiary bronchi and bronchioles. The bronchiolar walls consist of a complete layer of smooth muscle. Smooth muscle and mucus secreting cells (Goblet cells) are also present. The bronchus is lined by ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium.  The function of the Bronchi ; 1. They are air passageways connecting the trachea with alveoli; cleans, warms and moistens incoming air. The Bronchi  REVIEW QUESTIONS  The Adam’s Apple consists of a bone called ________ and a cartilage called___________.  The main function of the larynx is to provide an open airway for air to pass into trachea, voice production and ________________________.  The trachea has ___________cells that produce mucus and are lined by ______________ which sweep away debris material.  The pleural membranes begin to expand and stretch when  A. both the diaphragm and rib muscles relax.  B. both the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.  C. the diaphragm contracts and the rib muscles relax.  D. the diaphragm relaxes and the rib muscles contract.   Which of the following is caused by the contraction of the diaphragm?  A. Exhalation.  B. Relaxation of the rib muscles.  C. Downward movement of the rib cage.  D. Increase in volume of the chest cavity.  The Alveoli  Alveoli are microscopic chambers at termini of bronchial tree. They are covered with surfactant that keep them from collapsing.  The function of the Alveoli; 1. It is the main site for gas exchange (i.e. Internal Respiration. 2. The surfactant reduces surface tension and prevent the lungs from collapsing. The Alveoli The Alveoli  REVIEW QUESTION 1. Draw and Add the following labels to the diagram of a section cut across lung alveoli shown below. alveoli; thin layer of water; area of high oxygen concentration; area of high carbon dioxide concentration; movement of oxygen; movement of carbon dioxide; air flowing in and out of alveoli; area of high oxygen concentration. File:Gas exchange in the alveolus unlabeled diagram.JPG  REVIEW QUESTION 2. Which of the following help the lungs to be such good gas exchange organs? (Choose at least 4).  They are close to the heart.  They are surrounded by pleural membranes.  They have a large surface area.  The air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries are separated by a 2 very thin layers of cells.  The blood flows more slowly in the lung capillaries as they are so narrow.  The haemoglobin carries lots of oxygen.  Breathing constantly changes the air in the alveoli.  Active transport increases the rate at which the two gases move.  The Lung and Pleura  The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the mediastinum.  On the mediastinal surface of each lung is an indentation, the hylum, through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels enter and leave the lungs. Each main bronchus also plunges into the hilum on its own side and begins to branch almost immediately.  The Pleura  The pleurae form a thin, double-layered serosa. The layer called the parietal pleura covers the thoracic wall.  The pleurae produce pleural fluid, which fills the slitlike pleural cavity between them. This lubricating secretion allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during our breathing movements. Although the pleurae slide easily across each other, their separation is strongly resisted by the surface tension of the pleural fluid. Consequently, the lungs cling tightly to the thorax wall and are forced to expand and recoil passively as the volume of the thoracic cavity alternately increases and decreases during breathing. The Pleura Respiratory Cycle  REVIEW QUESTION 4. Arrange these statements in the right order to describe inspiration. A. The air pressure in the air tight pleural cavities decreases B. The muscles between the ribs contract to move the ribs up and out C. Air is drawn down the trachea into the lungs D. The diaphragm contracts and domes up into the thoracic cavity E. The lungs expand to fill the space create Respiration Worksheet Answers - WikiEducator.mht  REVIEW QUESTION 3. Add the terms from the list below to the blanks in the following statements. A. Active transport ; B. Air of alveoli; C. Carbon dioxide -poor and oxygen –rich; D. Capillary blood to alveolar air; E. Capillary blood to tissue cells; F. Diffusion; G. Higher concentration; H. Lower concentration; I. Oxygen-poor and carbon dioxide – rich; J. Tissue cells to capillary blood. The process of gas exchange is by (1).....................…When substances pass in this manner, they move from areas of (2)................. to areas of their (3)................. Thus oxygen continually passes from the (4)................ and then from the (5)................. Conversely carbon dioxide moves from the(6)................. and from (7)................... From there it passes out of the body during expiration. As a result of such exchanges, arterial blood tends to be (8).................. while venous blood is (9)...................  Regulation of Breathing  The most important factor affecting the control of breathing in the body is the Co2 levels in the blood.  An increase in the arterial Co2 causes an increase in acidity of the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).  An increase in the CSF acidity is detected by the pH sensors in the medulla in the brain.  The medulla then increases the rate and depth of breathing.  Medulla stimulates inspiratory muscles (diaphragm & external intercostal muscles). Regulation of Breathing  Respiratory System Disorders  Bronchial Asthma – Bronchial Asthma is the widespread narrowing of Bronchial Airways.This may be as a result of exposure to one or more stimuli, including allergens, drugs, exertion, emotion, infection and air pollution. Respiratory System Disorders  Respiratory System Disorders  Bronchitis- Bronchitis is inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi, the airways that carry airflow from the trachea into the lungs. Bronchitis can be classified into two categories, acute and chronic.  Acute Bronchitis is caused by viruses and bacteria.  Chronic Bronchitis is caused by recurring injury or irritation to the respiratory epithelium of the bronchi, resulting in chronic inflammation, edema (swelling), and increased production of mucus by goblet cells Respiratory System Disorder  Respiratory System Disorder  Emphysema- Emphysema is caused by over expansions of alveolar sacs which leads to lost in elasticity, surface area and lung capacity and therefore insufficient take up of oxygen.  Respiratory System Disorder  Pleurisy- Pleurisy is the inflammation of the pleura and is often cause by pneumonia in the underlying lung.  Rhinitis- Rhinitis is the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. It is caused by a virus infection or allergic reaction.  Pneumonia- Pneumonia is the inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria, in which the air sacs (alveoli) become filled with inflammatory cells and the lung becomes solid. Respiratory System Disorder  Respiratory System Disorder  Tuberculosis- Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus mycobacterium tuberculosis is characterized by the formation of nodular lesions (tubercles) in the tissue.  BIO 105 QUIZ ON RESPIRATION PART2 1. The most important factor affecting the control of breathing is the level of___________. 2. What is CSF? 3. An increase of CSF is detected by __________ sensors in the _______________of the brain. Use the word bank below for # 4—9. a. Bronchitis b. Rhinitis c. tuberculosis d. Pneumonia e. Emphesema f. Chronic bronchitis g. Pleurisy h. Asthma 4. Causes inflammation of the mucus membrane of the nose. 5. Caused by inflammation of the mucus membrane of the bronchi. 6. Condition characterized by the formation of nodular lesions in the lungs. 7. Is caused by recurring injury to the respiratory epithelium of the bronchi. 8. Is caused by over expansion of the alveolar sacs. 9. Condition in which bacteria causes the alveoli to become solid.  BIO 105 QUIZ ON RESPIRATION PART2 1. The most important factor affecting the control of breathing is the level of___________. CO2 2. What is CSF? Cerebrospinal fluid 3. An increase of CSF is detected by __________ sensors in the _______________of the brain. pH, Medula Use the word bank below for # 4—9. a. Bronchitis b. Rhinitis c. tuberculosis d. Pneumonia e. Emphesema f. Chronic bronchitis g. Pleurisy h. Asthma 4. Causes inflammation of the mucus membrane of the nose. B 5. Caused by inflammation of the mucus membrane of the bronchi. A 6. Condition characterized by the formation of nodular lesions in the lungs. C 7. Is caused by recurring injury to the respiratory epithelium of the bronchi. F 8. Is caused by over expansion of the alveolar sacs. E 9. Condition in which bacteria causes the alveoli to become solid. D Thanks for listening